HYDROLOGY

By:

Ferial Asferizal

INSTITUTE TECHNOLOGY OF SUMATERA

WATER SUPPLY AND WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING STUDY PROGRAM
Water resources engineering/Management

Ingredients of water resources management (from Mays, 1996). Water Resources Management, 2005 Edition by Larry W. Mays
Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Hydrologists

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Hydrologists

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 Berapa banyak 1 m3/s?
1. Can meet the needs of clean water 576 thousand people (Standard needs 150 l / person /
day-MDG’s(Millenium Development Goals))

2. Worth Rp.600 thousand / s (unit price A *** gallons ± Rp.600 thousand / m3)
1. Rp. 2.2 billion per hour
2. Rp. 51.8 billion per day
3. Rp. 18.9 trillion per year
4. If the water discharge is equivalent to discharge in Nanjung 66.9 m3 / s, then in a year
it is equivalent to 1265 Trillion Rupiah.
5. If the rain height is 2000 mm / year, then in the Nanjung watershed 1 mm is worth 633
billion.
6. The tariff for PDAM Bandung City is Rp. 900-16300 (average Rp.6 thousand / m3)

3. Can irrigate 667 Ha of paddy fields (technical irrigation, 1.5 l / sec / ha)
Hydrology cycle

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The Hydrologic Cycle Schematic view of the hydrologic cycle (By
Permission from “Dynamic Hydrology”, P.S.
Eagleason, 1970, McGraw-Hill [3]).
Hydrology cycle
Water balance:
ΔS = P – (E + Q + T + F) Schematic view of the
ΔS = Storage hydrologic cycle (By Permission
from “Dynamic Hydrology”, P.S.
P = Precipitation Eagleason, 1970, McGraw-Hill
E = Evaporation [3]).

T = Transpiration
Q = Water Discharge
F = Infiltration

Long term periode(ΔS = 0):

P=E+Q+T+F
And
Q = P – (E + Q + T + F)
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General themes in Hydrology

Flood Water Availability

Drought Sedimentation
D A TA C UR AH H UJ A N H A R IAN
Tahun 2005

NAMA STASIUN JANJING

Kode stasiun 187 Wilayah Sungai Sukodono Kode Database
Lintang Selatan 07.35,692 Desa Kesemen Tahun pendirian
Bujur Timur 112.34,912 Kecamatan TRAWAS Tipe Alat Biasa(MRG)
Elevasi 1040 m dpl Kabupaten Mojokerto Pengelola Dinas Kab/Kota

TANGGAL B U L A N (mm)
JAN PEB MAR APR MEI JUN JUL AGS SEP OKT NOP DES
1 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
2 0 0 10 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 37 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 27 0 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 7 0 17 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 21 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 40 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36
Ground Water 9 0 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Data base
Technology for Hydrology support

Water discharge
measurement Telemetry Geoelectricity
 Example Scope
of Hydrological
Work

The scope of work in this activity is as

follows:
• Collecting and analyzing all data related
to the work including rainfall data,
climatology, river flow, Topographic
Map, Land Use Map, Hydrogeological
Map and other study results.
• Water Availability Analysis which
includes:
 Fill in the blank rain data
 Preparation of water availability
models and model calibration
 Generating model to generate
simulated discharge data.
 Example Scope
of Hydrological
Work

• Flood Analysis Plans for various return periods

include:
 Analysis of Rain Plans return periods 2, 5, 10,
25, 50, 200, 500 and 1000 years.
 Making a flood model configuration with a
rain-runoff mathematical model
 Prediction Model which is a combination of
the results of the rain plan with the results of
flood modeling.
 Example Scope
of Hydrological
Work

• Water Requirements Analysis which includes:

 Determination of Planting Patterns
 Water needs according to the type of plant and
cropping pattern
• Water Balance Analysis which includes:
 Water balance analysis results of water needs
and availability
 Recommendation on existing condition areas
and future plans
 Precipitation (P) :
Definition, measurement, publication format, analysis
 Tiga pola hujan di Indonesia
Sumber: Hary Tirto Djatmiko,
2014

West Monsoon - October s.d March (Rain Seasons)

Sumber: Hary Tirto Djatmiko,

Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi dan
Geofisika (BMKG), 2014. East Monsoon – April s.d October (Dry Seasons)
1. Estimation of early rain season 2018/2019 3. Forecast of Rainy Nature in 2018/2019 Rainy
Season Zone in Indonesia
in west Java Season in West Java

2. Comparison of Early Rainy Season Prediction

Source: BMKG, 2018
2018/2019 Against ZOM Average
Rain depth trends in
Indonesia
Source: BMKG, 2019
 Fungsi alat : Pencatat Instensitas Curahhujan / tingkat kelebatannya
Satuan : Milimeter ( mm ).
Keterangan : * Setiap hari pias diganti (pias Harian atau Pias Mingguan).
Mingguan). Hujan
dengan Instensitas lebat bentuk grafik terjal hujan dengan
intensitas Ringan bentuk grafik landai.
landai.
* Waktu terjadi dan berakhirnya hujan dapat diketahui.
diketahui.

Automatic rain gauge (Hellman)

Tool function : recording rainfall intensity / level of intensity
Unit : Milimeter (mm)
Additional information :
• Everyday pias paper is replaces (daily pias or weekly pias), rain with heavy intensity,
is steep chart shape, and rain with light intensity is sloping chart shape.
• the time it occurs and the end of the rain can be known.

Manual rain gauge

 Rain gauge with
Telemetry Technology
 Rain Post
Raw Data Processing Process

Raw data:
• Maximum annual daily rainfall
• Hourly rainfall data
• Daily rainfall data
• monthly rainfall data

Data Filtering:
-Long recording of data
-Test for homogeneity (F value), independence (Chi Square with p value), and outliers (occurrence
extreme number in a data)
-Fill the empty data

Data ready to use as a raindrop (point rainfall)

Regional rainfall / average area rainfall (areal rainfall)

INFILTRATION (F)
DOUBLE RING
INFILTROMETER Outer Ring
Φ 50 Cm

Inner Ring (Ring

Ring dalam gauge)
Φ 25 Cm Outer Ring
(Ring of Support)

dh 50 Cm

5 Cm
10 Cm
HORTON FORMULA

GRASS FIELD c= 6 Set K numbers

Infiltrometer data fc= 20 mm/hours
fo= 200 mm/hours Height of first water inside of infiltrometer
Time Time Water level Water level
dh/dt
(minute) (hour) (cm) (mm)
t f f Error
0 0 21 210   0 200 0.00    F= Fc + (Fo – Fc)
0.1 118.79 120.00 0.01
6 0.100 19.8 198 120.0
0.2 74.21 30.00  
F = Infiltration Capacity
12 0.200 19.5 195 30.0
18 0.300 19.3 193 20.0
0.3 49.75 20.00   Fc = Final Infiltration rate
0.4 36.33 50.00 0.27
24 0.400 18.8 188 50.0
0.5 28.96 30.00  
c = a (Constanta)
30 0.500 18.5 185 30.0 0.6 24.92 0.00   t = Time (Hour)
36 0.600 18.5 185 0.0 0.7 22.70 20.00 0.13
42 0.700 18.3 183 20.0 0.8 21.48 20.00 0.07
48 0.800 18.1 181 20.0 0.9 20.81 20.00 0.04
1 20.45 20.00 0.02
54 0.900 17.9 179 20.0
0.56
60 1.000 17.7 177 20.0
 Grass field
250

t (hour) F(a) F (i-j) F

200
0 -30    
150
19.925637 0 ke 1 49.92563743
1
100
39.999816 1 ke 2 20.07417824
50 2
60 2 ke 3 20.00018387
0 3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
80 3 ke 4 20.00000046
4
5 100 4 ke 5 20
6 120 5 ke 6 20
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (E + T)
Evapotranspiration Calculation:
• Evaporation: The transition from a liquid to a
gaseous form in the atmosphere
• Transpiration: Evaporation through biochemical,
biological and biopysical processes
• The amount of evaporation depends on
• Available energy
• Solar radiation
• Air and surface temperature
• Saturation deficit
• Wind velocity
• Soil moisture

• Atmospheric pressure: the weight of an air column with a

unit of cross-sectional area from the measurement point
to the top of the atmosphere layer
• Air temperature decreases because air pressure decreases
at elevated elevation
 METHOD OF DETERMINING
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION VALUE

1. DIRECT MEASUREMENT

Direct measurement with evaporation pan or Lysimeter.

Constraints: Expensive, complicated Oerational, and need
special personnel in its operation.

2. CALCULATION

A. PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD  SNI T-01-2004

B. PENMAN MODIFICATION METHODS

River Flow Discharge (Q):
events, measurements, publication
formats, analysis
Source : Ibrahim, Agung B.
LOW WATER ADVANCE - MEDIUM ADVANCE OF HIGH WATER

MERAWAS CABLE CAR

Source: Ibrahim, Agung B.
 Water surface/m.a

Monitoring
of
AWLR
time

e
rv
g cu
t in
g ra
in
Us

Water discharge
measurement
Q (Debit)
Water surface/m.a

Q
Source : Ibrahim, Agung B. time
The shape of the watershed will affect the speed of the flow which causes
differences value of water discharge

Source :
https://puguhdraharjo.wordpress.com/2010/03/18/ektraksi-hidrologi-
dengan-penginderaan-jau/
 In addition to the influence of the shape from watershed that affects the Time
concentration/TC and the shape of the hydrographic arch, the direction of rain also
determines the magnitude of the TC and the shape of the hydrographic arch. like in the
picture below

Source :
https://puguhdraharjo.wordpress.com/2010/03/18/ektraksi-hidrologi-
dengan-penginderaan-jau/
https://bit.ly/376tog4
Collecting Data and Technical Information Base information
• Location, Data length, data quality,
Source : Management Agency
1. Subdit PHKA (Direktorat Jendral Perlindungan Hutan dan • Location of Water Quality measurements
Konservasi Alam) • Water resources infrastructure location
2. BBWS Terkait • Etc.
Rain gauge
Rain gauge post:
post:
3. Puslitbang SDA
1. Manual
1. Manual ::
2. Telemetry
2. Telemetry ::

Water level gauge :

Analysis needs
1. Manual : • Discharge Curve
2. Telemetry : • Data validation
• Telemetry Data Synchronization
Klimatology post: • Etc.
1. Manual :
2. Telemetry :
Hydrology Information
Water Quality: • TMA/Height of water level post use
1. Location of measurement Telemetry (EWS)
2. Measurement result • Isohiet's rain plan return period
• Dependable flow
• coefficient of river regime
• Watershed analysis
• Etc.
 RAIN DATA RESOURCES
Data
Data Type Data Name Source
Avaibility
Real Time AWS-BMKG (Radar) Rainfall http://202.90.199.132/aws-new/

Rainfall and Water

Ground Station BBWS Cilicis http://sda.pu.go.id/bbwscilicis/
Level

GPM (Global Precipitation

Real Time Rainfall https://gpm.nasa.gov/data-access/downloads/gpm
Measurement)

Rainfall and Water

Telemetri PU DKI https://data.jakarta.go.id/dataset/data-curah-hujan-dan-
Level hari-hujan-di-dki-jakarta-menurut-bulan
SIHLSDA (Sistem Informasi Hidrologi dan
Telemetri PUSAIR Rainfall
Lingkungan Sumber Daya Air)
Rainfall and Water
Telemetri SEBA https://envscot-csportal.org.uk/rainfallobs/view-data/
Level

Real Time TRMM Rainfall http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~bodo/TRMM/

Forecast GFS (Global Forecast System) Rainfall https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.ncd

c:C00634

Forecast ECMWF Rainfall https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets

Real Time GSMaP Rainfall https://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GSMaP/

KARIKATUR: KOMPAS/ Sabtu 10 Februari 2007
 REFERENCES
• Gambar Angin Muson Barat, Angin Muson Timur dan Tiga Pola Hujan di Indonesia, (2014): Materi Meteorologi &
Klimatologi (OSN Ilmu Krebumian). Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika (BMKG). Jakarta.
• Gambar tren tinggi hujann di Indonesia dan Tren tinggi hujann Stasiun Meteorologi Hasanuddin, diperoleh melalui situs
internet: https://www.bmkg.go.id/iklim/?p=tren-curah-hujan. Diunduh pada tanggal 23 Januari 2019 pukul 09:40 WIB.
• https://www.uni.edu/hydrology/Whatishydrology.html, Mar 2nd, 2020, at 16.55.
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• https://www.gooduniversitiesguide.com.au/careers-guide/browse/hydrologist, Feb 2nd, 2020, at 16.50.
• Alberto Montanari. (2015). Advance Hydrology and Water Resources Management. University of Bologna, Italy.
• https://cdn.historycollection.co/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/aswan_nilometer.jpg. Aswan Nilometer. Mar 4rt, 2020, at
17.00.
• Figure 5. https://traveltoeat.com/kom-ombo-temple-egypt. Nilometer. Kom Ombo Temple Egypt. Mar 4rt, 2020, at 17.00.
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• Data jumlah pos tinggi hujann (2019). Sinstem Informasi Hidrologi dan Lingkungan Sumber Daya Air (SIHLSDA).
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2020, at 10.00
• http://pse.ugm.ac.id/jasa/jasa-survei-geofisika-untuk-eksplorasi-air-tanah/. Jasa Survei Geofisika untuk Eksplorasi Air Tanah.
Mar 13th, 2020, at 10.00
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