Hidrologi - Struktur Dan Peralatan

PENGENALAN KEPADA ASAS HIDROLOGI UNTUK
KUMPULAN SOKONGAN JPS MALAYSIA

15 SEPTEMBER 2021
DISEDIAKAN OLEH :
BAHAGIAN PENGURUSAN SUMBER AIR DAN HIDROLOGI
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN.
KANDUNGAN :
➢ Definasi Hidrologi
➢ Kitaran Hidrologi
➢ Keperluan Sumber Air
➢ Bahagian Pengurusan Sumber Air
dan Hidrologi
➢ Stesen RHN
➢ Data Hidrologi
➢ Keperluan Analisis Data Hidrologi
➢ Prosidur Hidrologi (HP)
➢ Pengurusan Sumber Air -NAWABS
➢ Ramalan Banjir - PRAB
Thiessen Polygon? Design RF?
Imbangan Air?
Arithmetic Mean Method
The simplest method for determining areal average rainfall over acatchment.
For the storm of interest over the catchment shown the

following point rainfalls were recorded;
• P1 = 10 mm
• P2 = 20 mm
• P3 = 30 mm
The arithmetic mean of the rainfall P would be;

N
10 + 20 + 30
P=
1

N i=1
Pi P=
3
= 20 mm
Thiessen Polygon Method
Assumption =Any point in the watershed receives the same amount of rainfall as that at the
nearest gauge.
Steps:
1. Draw lines joining adjacent gages;
2. Draw perpendicular bisectors to the lines created in step 1;
3. Extend the lines created in step 2 in both directions to form
representative areas for gauges;
4. Compute representative area Ai for each gauge;
5. Compute the areal average using the following formula;
AP
1
P = i i
A i=1
P1= 10 mm, A =1 9.9 km2
P2 = 20 mm, A2 = 7.8 km2
P3 = 30 mm, A3 = 12.3 km2 61
Isohyetal Method
If many point rainfall data are or if radar raingauge data is available it is possible to plot a
isohyetal map of the variation of rainfall over the catchment during a particular time
interval.
Steps:
1. Compute area between each pair of adjacent isohyets (Ai);
2. Compute average precipitation for each pair of adjacent
isohyets (Pi);
3. Compute areal average using the following formula.
55 +1815 +12 25 +12 35

N
AP
1
P = i i P= = 21.6 mm
A i=1
47
62
DEFINASI HIDROLOGI
Satu bidang sains tentang kewujudan, pusingan dan

taburan, sifat kimia dan fizik air di dunia ini serta tindak
balas dengan persekitarannya.
-Kompendium Data dan Maklumat Asas JPS
Hydrology is the science that encompasses the

occurrence, distribution, movement and properties of the
waters of the earth and their relationship with the
environment within each phase of the hydrologic cycle.
The water cycle, or hydrologic cycle, is a continuous process by

which water is purified by evaporation and transported from the
earth's surface (including the oceans) to the atmosphere and
back to the land and oceans.
-U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS)
Rujukan : http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclemalay.html
Komponen Asas Kitaran Hidrologi
• Kerpasan (Precipitation)
- Proses pelepasan air dari awan. Jumlah air yang jatuh ke bumi
sama ada cecair (hujan) atau pepejal (salji dan hujan batu).
• Sejatan (Evaporation)
- Proses perubahan cecair kepada wap akibat penyerapan haba daripada cahaya
matahari. Sejatan berlaku di permukaan air seperti laut, sungai dan tasik
• Perpeluhan (Transpiration)
- Proses perubahan daripada air menjadi wap oleh tumbuhan.
- Merupakan proses sejatan air dari permukaan daun.
- Tumbuhan menyerap air daripada tanah dan atmosfera. Air yang diserap ini
akan berpeluh ke udara bergantung kepada jenis tumbuhan dan peringkat
tumbesarannya, suhu, radiasi solar, kelembapan dan sebagainya.
• Sejatpeluhan (Evapotranspiration)
- Gabungan proses sejatan dan perpeluhan
Komponen Asas Kitaran Hidrologi
• Pemeluwapan (Condensation)
- Proses perubahan wap kepada cecair akibat pelepasan haba dan berlaku di
atmosfera.
• Pemejalwapan (Sublimation)
- Proses perubahan pepejal kepada wap akibat penyerapan haba tanpa melalui
keadaan cecair atau sebaliknya.
• Larian Permukaan (Surface Runoff)

- Bahagian kerpasan yang tidak hilang akibat proses sejatan, perpeluhan dan
penyusupan tetapi mengalir di atas permukaan ke storan (tasik) atau ke lautan
melalui sungai-sungai.
• Airbumi (Ground water)

- air yang berada di bawah permukaan bumi dalam bentuk mata air dan lahang
batu.
• Tasik dan Waduk

- kawasan permukaan air yang luas sama ada buatan manusia atau asli.
Komponen Lain Kitaran Hidrologi
▪ Air simpanan di lautan

▪ Air simpanan di dalam ais dan salji
▪ Aliran air dari cairan salji ke dalam sungai
▪ Simpanan Air Tawar
▪ Infiltrasi/Penyusupan
▪ Mata air
11
Mean Annual Hydrological Cycle
Cloud
Rainfall
972 bill. m3
(100%) Evapo-transpiration
413 bill. m3
Surface Runoff (42%)
496 bill. m3
(51%)
Groundwater
63 bill. m3
(7%)
SKOP DAN CABANG HIDROLOGI
Hidrologi mempunyai hubungkait yang rapat dengan ilmu sains yang lain :
Proses Hidrologi Ilmu Sains

Sejatan Iklim dan Kajicuaca
Penyusupan Sains Tanah
Larian Air Tanah Geologi
Larian Air Permukaan Geomorfologi
Aliran Sungai Mekanik Bendalir
Pengangkutan zarah-zarah Kimia dan fizik
Cabang Hidrologi :
- Hidro-meteorologi - mengkaji masalah antara hidrologi
dan meteorologi
- Limnology - kajian terhadap pemukaan tasik
- Geo-hidrologi - kajian terhadap air sub permukaan
AKTIVITI-AKTIVITI HIDROLOGI
▪ Hidrologi Operasi - pemungutan, pemprosesan, arkib dan

penyebaran data hidrologi untuk pembangunan sumber air
▪ Hidrologi Gunaan - analisis data hidrologi untuk projek
sumber air, ramalan dan amaran banjir serta kemarau
▪ Hidrologi Saintifik– fokus kepada penyelidikan asas dan
gunaan
15
KEPENTINGAN AIR
KEPADA MANUSIA
“Dan daripada air Kami
jadikan sesuatu yang hidup”
(Al-Anbiya’ (21): 30)

Hujan
"Dialah Allah Yang mengirimkan angin, lalu angin

itu menggerakkan awan dan Allah
membentangkannya di langit menurut yang
dikehendakiNya, dan menjadikannya
bergumpal-gumpal; lalu kamu lihat air hujan
keluar dari celah-celahnya; maka, apabila hujan
itu turun mengenai hamba-hambaNya yang
dikehendakiNya, tiba-tiba mereka menjadi
gembira" (Surah Al-Ruum, 30:48)
KEPERLUAN SUMBER AIR
Perikanan
Pembangunan Alam sekitar Rekreasi
Perindustrian
Minuman Hidupan Tenaga

Pertanian
20
WATER USE
Hydropower
Industrial
Irrigation
Domestic Flood Management

KOMPONEN PENGGUNAAN AIR DI MALAYSIA
Dimana tugas
kita bermula?
Hujan diturunkan dengan sukatan
yang tertentu…
BAHAGIAN PENGURUSAN
SUMBER AIR DAN
HIDROLOGI
(BPSAH)
BAHAGIAN PENGURUSAN SUMBER
AIR DAN HIDROLOGI (BPSAH)
BPSAH
SEKSYEN SEKSYEN SUMBER PUSAT RAMALAN DAN DAN

HIDROLOGI AIR AMARAN BANJIR NEGARA
(SH) (SSA) (PRABN)
SEKSYEN PERALATAN HIDROLOGI

(SPH)
BAHAGIAN PENGURUSAN SUMBER
AIR DAN HIDROLOGI (BPSAH)
Objektif
Memberi perkhidmatan cemerlang dalam pembangunan dan

pengurusan sumber air dan hidrologi sebagai sumbangan kepada
kemajuan sektor pertanian, peningkatan kualiti hidup
penduduk, pemuliharaan alam sekitar.
Fungsi
▪ Untuk mengumpul dan memproses data hidrologi bagi

pembangunan dan pengurusan sumber air untuk sekarang dan
masa depan.
▪ Untuk mengakses data hidrologi bagi sumber air untuk
memastikan maklumat yang diberikan adalah mencukupi bagi
melaksanakan rancangan pembangunan dan pengurusan.
▪ Untuk menyediakan perkhidmatan hidrologi (banjir dan
kemarau) di lembangan sungai utama di Malaysia.
PIAGAM PELANGGAN
▪ Membekal data dan maklumat hidrologi yang berkualiti dalam

tempoh 7 hari bekerja berdasarkan kepada objektif kualiti
MS ISO 9001 : 2015.
▪ Mengambil tindakan terhadap aduan kerosakan peralatan

hidrologi dalam masa lapan (8) jam dan menyelesaikannya
dalam tempoh tiga (3) hari bekerja.
▪ Memberi khidmat nasihat /ulasan teknikal / maklumbalas

dalam tempoh tidak melebihi 14 hari bekerja.
PUSAT RAMALAN DAN AMARAN BANJIR NEGARA
(PRABN)
Objektif
Menyediakan ramalan dan amaran banjir yang tepat dan boleh

dipercayai demi keselamatan penduduk awam dan mengurangkan
risiko serta kerosakan hartanah.
Fungsi
▪ Membangun, menyenggara dan mengoperasi sistem ramalan dan

amaran banjir yang merangkumi model hidrodinamik dan
hidraulik, sistem pencerapan data hidrologi dan telemetri serta
infrastruktur ICT.
▪ Menyediakan hebahan ramalan banjir dan amaran awal banjir
secara berkala kepada orang awam dan agensi berkaitan dengan
pengurusan banjir.
▪ Meningkatkan komuniti yang berdaya tahan terhadap bencana
banjir, mampu menghadapi banjir dan kemudiannya segera pulih
setelah kejadian banjir berlalu.
Piagam Pelanggan
▪ Melaksanakan hebahan ramalan dan amaran banjir monsun 2

hari lebih awal kepada agensi berkaitan bencana banjir dan
penduduk yang terlibat dengan banjir di Lembangan Sungai
Kelantan, Sungai Terengganu dan Sungai Pahang.
▪ Menyediakan laporan banjir semasa dalam tempoh 24 jam
selepas kejadian banjir.
BAHAGIAN PENGURUSAN SUMBER AIR
DAN HIDROLOGI (BPSAH),
JPS MALAYSIA
Bidang kerja utama :
▪ Mengutip dan memproses data dan maklumat hidrologi untuk memenuhi

keperluan-keperluan pembangunan dan pengurusan sumber air
▪ Penilaian asas sumber air untuk melaksanakan rancangan pembangunan dan

pengurusan
▪ Perkhidmatan hidrologi dalam ramalan dan amaran banjir serta kemarau
▪ Menyediakan piawaian dan garispanduan dalam amalan-amalan hidrologi

AKTIVITI HIDROLOGI
pemungutan,
Hidrologi Operasi pemprosesan, arkib Seksyen Hidrologi
dan penyebaran data
hidrologi
analisis data
hidrologi untuk Seksyen Sumber
Hidrologi Gunaan pembangunan Air
sumber air, ramalan
dan amaran banjir PRABN
serta kemarau
fokus kepada Institut

Hidrologi Saintifik penyelidikan asas Penyelidikan /IPT
dan gunaan
SUMBER MAKLUMAT HIDROLOGI
JENIS AGENSI
MAKLUMAT
JPS PKM JAS KKM Lain-lain JUMLAH
Hujan 1038 271 49 1358

Sejatan 55 60 115 230
Tahap Luahan &
195 24 219
Sungai
Endapan Ampai
108 108
Sungai
Kualiti Air Sungai 70 800 458 1328
Air Bumi 115 115 33

Stesen Rangkaian Hidrologi Nasional (RHN)
Stesen (Aktif)
Bil. Negeri
Sukat Enapan Kualiti
Hujan Aras Air Sejatan
Luah Ampai Air
1 Semenanjung 652 105 96 82 75 17
2 Sarawak 281 15 5 0 0 0
3 Sabah 44 30 17 31 0 8
Jumlah 977 150 118 113 75 25
Jumlah Besar 1,458
DATA-DATA HIDROLOGI
 Hujan
 Aras Air Sungai
 Kadar Alir Sungai
 Sejatan
 Kualiti Air
 Enapan ampai
TAHAP KETEPATAN MINIMUM
Parameter Tahap Ketepatan
Hujan 0.5 mm
Hujan (keamatan) 1 mm/jam
Sejatan 0.1 mm
Halaju angin 0.5 m/s
Tahap sungai 1.0 cm
Halaju sungai 2-5%
Luahan sungai 5-10%
Endapan ampai 10%
Suhu air 0.1 - 0.5 C
DO > 10 C 3%
◼River Stage : 1.0 cm
◼River discharge and suspended sediment : 5 %
◼Rainfall : 0.5 mm
◼Evaporation : 0.1 mm
KEPERLUAN ANALISIS
 Analisis kemarau
 Analisis banjir
 Analisa kebolehdapatan air (water available)
 Analisis permintaan air (water demand)
 Potable water
 Irrigation
 Analisis water quality

 Analisis water balance
Analisis Yang Memerlukan Data Hidrologi
Analisis Kegunaan Bidang Kegunaan
Penjanaan Rekod Menentukan aliran sungai

untuk bagi tempoh jangka Menentukan saiz waduk
Data Hidrologi panjang
Menentukan keupayaan Menentukan saiz waduk untuk

waduk yang optimum pengairan, bekalan air, hidroelektrik,
Analisis Storan
projek tebatan banjir dan
pengoptimum operasi waduk
38
Analisis Yang Memerlukan Data Hidrologi (Samb.)

Kajian Menganggar peratusan Pengurusan sumber air; skim pengalihan
Tempoh masa pelbagai aliran aliran, projek tebatan banjir, pengurusan
Aliran melebihi aliran tertentu persekitaran dan rekreasi.
Meramal Menentukan saiz jambatan dan pembetung

Anggaran untuk jalanraya dan keretapi, saliran bandar,
kebarangkalian
Banjir saliran lapangan terbang, pelimpah
luahan banjir empangan dan kajian tebatan banjir
39
Analisis Yang Memerlukan Data Hidrologi (samb.)
Menganggar kadar Kajian persekitaran, meramal jangka

Kajian endapan, meramal kadar hayat waduk, pengurusan sumber tanah,
Endapan pengumpulan banjir di penilaian langkah-langkah pengawalan
waduk hakisan
Permodelan Meramal pencemaran

Pengurusan persekitaran, kawalan,
sungai,dan kepekatan
Kualiti pencemaran, kumbahan, perikanan dan
parameter-parameter
Air Sungai hidupan liar
kualiti air
40
Analisis Yang Memerlukan Data Hidrologi (samb.)
Pengurusan sumber air, menentukan

Kajian kualiti Air, Meramal eutrophikasi, air
saiz waduk untuk pelbagai kegunaan,
Tasik dan Waduk masin dan parameter kualiti air
rekreasi, perikanan dan hidupan liar.
Menganggar kadar sejatan

Pengairan, pembangunan pertanian
daripada permukaan air
Kajian Sejatan dan hutan, menentukan saiz waduk,
terbuka daripada waduk dan
komponen bagi kajian hujan-larian.
sejatpeluhan dari tumbuhan
41
Rekabentuk Struktur Hidraulik Analisis data sukat luahan sungai
Lengkung Kadar Luahan
Empangan
Jambatan
Pertanian
PENYEDIAAN LAPORAN BANJIR
2007 2008
(33 Laporan) (12 Laporan)
Pahang, 3 Kelantan, 1 Kedah, 7 Johor, 2 Kedah, 2
Terengganu, 1
Melaka, 2
Johor, 9 P.Pinang, 5
WPKL, 4
N.Selangor, 2
Kedah, 2
Melaka, 2
WPKL, 6 Selangor, 4
Selepas Banjir : Penyediaan Peta-peta Banjir
PENYEDIAN PETA-PETA ISOHYET
❖ Status Hujan Bulanan:
❖ Peta isohyet untuk % perbezaan
❖ Peta isohyet untuk taburan hujan bulanan
❖ Analisa Statistik (hujan 3 bulan kumulatif):

❖ Peta isohyet untuk % perbezaan
❖ Peta isohyet untuk jumlah hujan 3 bulan kumulatif
❖ Ramalan – 1 & 2 bulan kehadapan

❖ Hujan bersamaan purata jangka panjang
❖ Hujan melebihi 20% dari purata jangka panjang
❖ Hujan kurang 20% dari purata jangka panjang
STATUS HUJAN BULANAN MONTHLY RAINFALL STATUS 2006
MONTH : MARCH 2006
MONTHLY RAINFALL STATUS 2006
% Perbezaan
MONTH : MARCH 2006
dengan
R1 17(103)
KANGAR
K1 124(113)
K4 102(136)
136)
Taburan Hujan
K3 -33(85)
Purata Jangka
K5 110(120)
ALOR SETAR
KOTA BHARU
R1 17(103)
R1 17(103) D
D6 74(74)
Bulanan Panjang
KANGAR
K1 124(113) T5 -47(120)
47(120)
K4 102(136)
136) P1 27(125)
K3 -33(85)
K3
P3 17(98)
GEORGE P2
TOWN67(132)
K5 110(120) A16 46(99)
ALOR SETAR
KOTA BHARU
A14 -55(248)
DD6 74(74) A15 85(132)
A15 KUALA TRENGGANU
1(121)
T2 31(121)
T5 -47(120)
47(120) D2 10(89)
P1 27(125)
P1 D1 -21(199)
P3 17(98)
17(98) A12 -38(161)
P3
GEORGE P2
TOWN67(132)
A16 46(99)
T1 -36(152)
(152)
IPOH
A14 -55(248) C8 -15(191)
A15 85(132) KUALA TRENGGANU
A15
T2 31(121)
1(121)
A4 -26(179)
D2 10(89) A8 0(341)
D1 -21(199)
A6 10(300)
A12 -38(161)
C9 -69(211)
T1 -36(152)
(152)
IPOH
C8 -15(191) KUANTAN
B6 0(177)
LEGEND :
A4 -26(179) B
B3 -6(112)
A8 0(341)
A6 10(300) C3 -37(157) C4 -50(163)
163)
% Deviation from Long Term Mean B8 -35(238)
C9 -69(211) B7 78(235)
KUALAN3
LUMPUR
-65(203)
100%
KUANTAN B4 33(221)
B5 28(197)
B6 0(177) 80%
LEGEND : SHAH ALAM
N1 49(173)
BB3 -6(112) 60% J10 -14(166)
SEREMBAN J1 17(148)
40%
C3 -37(157) C4 -50(163)
163) J8 -53(209)
29(204)
J9 -29(204)
Cummulative Rainfall Total B8 -35(238)
B7 78(235) 20%
KUALAN3
LUMPUR
-65(203) M1 42(146)
1000mm 0%
B4 33(221)
B5 28(197)
900mm -20%
MELAKA
SHAH ALAM
800mm N1 49(173) J10 -14(166) -40%
SEREMBAN J1 17(148)
700mm
J9 -29(204)
-60% J2 -50(188)
J8 -53(209) 29(204)
600mm -80% J7 -7(214)
M1 42(146)
500mm -100%
Rainfall Stations J5 -37(236)
JOHOR BARU
400mm
MELAKA State Boundry
300mm International Boundry
200mm
J2 -50(188)
100mm
J7 -7(214)
0mm
Rainfall Stations J5 -37(236)

JOHOR BARU
State Boundry
International Boundry
Kaitan Aras Air dan Luahan
Hidrograf aras air
Lengkung
tahap (aras air) -
luahan
Hidrograf luahan
“Data Collection, Data Processing and
Data Dissemination”
DISEDIAKAN OLEH :
UNIT PENGURUSAN MAKLUMAT
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN.
1. Introduction
2. Methods of observation
3. Hydrological Data
4. Data Processing And Quality Control
5. Data Storage, Access And Dissemination
1. One of the purposes of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is to
promote the standardization of meteorological and hydrological observations
and to ensure uniform publication of observations and statistics. With this
objective, the World Meteorological Congress has traditionally adopted Technical
Regulations laying down the meteorological and hydrological practices and
procedures to be followed by Members of the Organization.
2. Technical Regulations (WMO-No. 49) are supplemented by a number of manuals

and guides describing in more detail the practices and procedures that
Members are requested or invited to follow, respectively, in monitoring and
assessing their respective water resources (WMO-No. 168).
3. It is therefore hoped that improved uniformity and standardization in

hydrological practices and procedures will also contribute to enhanced
collaboration among WMO Members and further facilitate regional and
international cooperation.
4. The aim of the WMO-No. 168 : Guide to Hydrological Practices (Volume 1 & 2) is
to provide the relevant information on current practices, procedures and
instrumentation to all those engaged in the field of hydrology, thereby enabling
them to carry out their work more successfully.
Scope :
For the purpose of operational works related to Department of Irrigation and
Drainage (DID), this course will concentrate on these scopes as outline by the WMO
which are :
1. Chapter 1 : Introduction & Outline

From Measurement to Hydrological Information, deals with networks, instruments,
methods of observation and primary data processing and storage. It contains ten
chapters, beginning with an introduction and an outline of the contents in Chapter 1.
2. Chapter 2 : Methods of observation

Water resources information systems, Need for data and information, Uses of water
resources information, Types of water resources information, Accuracy of
hydrological measurements, Calibration of instruments, Design and evaluation of
hydrological networks, General concepts of network design, Density of stations for a
network, Operational data acquisition networks, Data collection, Site selection,
Station identification, Frequency and timing of station visits, Maintenance of sites,
Observation & Transmission systems.
Scope :
3. Chapter : Precipitation Measurement

General requirements: accuracy and precision, Rain gauge location, Non-recording
rain gauges, General Standard rain gauges, Storage rain gauges, Methods of
measurement, Errors and accuracy of readings Correction of systematic errors,
Recording rain gauges, Weighing–recording gauge, Float gauge, Tipping-bucket
gauge, Rainfall-intensity recorder, Methods of recording the data, Factors affecting,
Summary of accuracy considerations, Doppler radar, Operational radar networks,
Observations of rainfall by satellite.
4. Chapter : Evaporation
Evaporation, evapotranspiration and interception, Measurement of evaporation,
Measurement of evapotranspiration, Remote-sensing measurements of evaporation
and evapotranspiration variables.
Scope :
5. Chapter 5 : Surface Water Quantity And Sediment Measurement

Water levels of rivers, lakes and reservoirs, Gauges for measurement of stage,
Procedures for measurement of stage, Frequency of stage measurement, Discharge
measurements and computation, Measurement of discharge by current meters,
Measurement of discharge by the float method, Stream-gauging stations, Purpose of
stream-gauging stations, Selection of site, Stage-discharge controls, Measuring
structures, Stage-discharge relationships, Computation of mean gauge height of a
discharge measurement, Sediment discharge and yield, Selection of site,
Measurement of suspended-sediment discharge.
6. Chapter 7 : Water Quality And Aquatic Ecosystems

Specific requirements for water-quality monitoring, Water-quality parameters,
Surface-water quality, Precipitation quality, Sediment quality, Sampling methods,
Types of water samples, Collecting a representative water sample, Field sampling
equipment and techniques, Preparation for field trips, Selection of sample volumes,
Checklist prior to field trip, Field measurements, Automatic monitoring, Field-
measured parameters, Biomonitoring and sampling for biological analysis.
Scope :
7. Chapter 9 : Data Processing And Quality Control

Principles, conventions and standards, Conservatism, evidence and guesswork,
Data accuracy standards and requirements, Coding, Developing codes, Location
codes, Variable (parameter) codes, Data qualification codes, Missing data codes,
Transmission codes, Geographical Information Systems, Data capture 9.4.1 Key
entry, Capturing chart data, Punched-tape data, Electronic data logging, Primary
processing activities, Preliminary checking of data, Traceability and processing, Data
registers and tracking, Identification and retention of original records, Data
adjustments for known errors, Aggregation and interpolation of data, Computation of
derived variables, Data status, Specific primary processing, Streamflow data, Water-
quality data.
8. Chapter 10 : Data Storage, Access And Dissemination

The importance of data, Data management processes, Data storage and retrieval,
Storage of data, Storage methods, Types of data and information to be stored, Data
retrieval, Data analysis tools, Extraction of single variable data, Data retrieval
system, Data dissemination, Catalogues of data availability, Summary reports,
Yearbooks.
Consideration :
1. The accepted principles of integrated water resources management (IWRM)

dictate that, in order to achieve environmental sustainability and economic
productivity, rivers must be managed at the basin level.
2. Many institutions and agencies within a country are engaged in the collection
of hydrological data and information. These data may be collected by various
agencies using different measurement procedures.
3. The resulting lack of homogeneity in the observations gives rise to a lack of

confidence. All partners should aware of the manner in which the hydrological
data are collected, the limitations and the reliability of the data, and how they
are to be managed by the responsible organizations in the basin.
4. Transparency in data collection, storage and sharing is an essential element

for cooperation among various users. A quality management framework for
hydrometry and hydrological information is fundamental in using hydrological
information from diverse sources.
Figure 1 : Guide to Hydrological Practices (Volume I) :
Hydrology – From Measurement to Hydrological Information.
Background :
Hydrology is the science that deals with the occurrence and distribution of the
waters of the Earth in time and space, both above and below the land surface,
including their chemical, biological and physical properties, and their interaction with
the physical environment (WMO/UNESCO, 1992).
It provides an understanding of various phases of water as it passes from the

atmosphere to the Earth and returns to the atmosphere. As such, it forms the basis
for water resources assessment and management and the solution of practical
problems relating to floods and droughts, erosion and sediment transport and water
pollution.
Increasing stress on the available water resources in the search for improved
economic well-being and concerns for the pollution of surface water and
groundwater have highlighted the central role of hydrology in all water and
environment initiatives.
The Hydrological Cycle As The Subject Of Observation
1. Water is found on Earth in significant amounts in all three of its

physical phases : liquid, solid and gaseous. It is also found in all
three of Earth’s major environments that are readily accessible to
humans : the atmosphere, the seas and oceans, and the land
masses.
2. As water can readily move from one environment to another and can
change from one phase to another in response to its environment,
it is a dynamic medium in both space and time.
3. The Earth’s system of repositories for the storage of water and the
multitude of paths among the many repositories has been
conceptualized as a cycle.
Uses of Water Resources Information
1. Hydrological Services or related agencies have been established in countries

for systematic water resources data collection, archiving and dissemination.
Their primary role is to provide information to decision makers on the status of
and trends in water resources. Such information may be required for the
following purposes (WMO/UNESCO, 1991) :
i. Assessing a country’s water resources (quantity, quality, distribution in
time and space), the potential for water-related development and the
ability of the supply to meet actual or foreseeable demand;
ii. Planning, designing and operating water projects;
iii. Assessing the environmental, economic and social impacts of existing and
proposed water resources management practices and planning sound
management strategies;
iv. Providing security for people and property against water-related hazards,
particularly floods and droughts;
v. Allocating water among competing uses, both within the country and
cross-border;
vi. Meeting regulatory requirements.
Uses of Water Resources Information
2. From the perspective of DID operational and services, data collection

were done mainly for :
i. Design of structure and civil facilities e.g. roads & highways,

bridges, dams, buildings, tunnels, hydropower plants, irrigations,
flood mitigations etc.
ii. Academic study by Universities, Students, Engineers, Consultants
etc.
iii. Climate Change study and analysis.
iv. Flood forecasting and warnings.
v. Drought forecasting and warnings.
vi. National data archive.
Design And Evaluation Of Hydrological Networks
General concepts of network design :

1. A hydrological data network is a group of data collection activities
that is designed and operated to address a single objective or a set
of compatible objectives.
2. Frequently, the objectives are associated with a particular use that is

anticipated for the data being collected in the network – for example,
for a water resources assessment, a development plan, or a project
design.
3. A network design could be based on a maximization of the economic

worth of the data that are to be collected.
Definition of network design :

1. A complete network design answers the following questions
pertaining to the collection of hydrological data:
a) What hydrological variables need to be observed?

b) Where do they need to be observed?
c) How often do they need to be observed?
d) What is the duration of the observation programme?
e) How accurate should the observations be?
Density of stations for a network :

1. The concept of network density is intended to serve as a general
guideline if specific guidance is lacking.
2. As such, the design densities must be adjusted to reflect actual

socio-economic and physio-climatic conditions. Computer-based
mathematical analysis techniques should also be applied, where
data are available, to optimize the network density required to satisfy
specific needs.
3. Minimum densities of various types of hydrological stations are

recommended for different climatic and geographic zones. These
recommendations are based on the 1991 review of Members’
responses regarding the WMO basic network assessment project
(WMO/TD-No. 671).
Table 1 : Recommended minimum densities of stations (area in km2 per station)

National Hydrological Network / Rangkaian Hidrologi Nasional (RHN)
1. DID Malaysia has 1,458 National Hydrology Network (RHN) stations

across the country providing hydrological data to private parties,
government agencies and universities. These hydrological data are
used for the purpose of research, planning, design, development and
management of national water resources.
2. The existing National Hydrology Network (RHN) station consists of

977 rain stations, 150 water stations, 118 water level stations,
113 stream flow stations, 75 water quality stations and 25
evaporation stations.
3. An average of 220 km2 (1 station: 220 km2) per station for Malaysia
while foreign countries such as Japan (1 station: 42 km2) and
Bangladesh (1 station: 68 km2).
National Hydrological Network / Rangkaian Hidrologi Nasional (RHN)
Table 2 : Summary of stations consist in National Hydrological Network (RHN)

Hydrological Stations : Rainfall
1. In general, precipitation (rainfall) gauges should be as uniformly
distributed as is consistent with practical needs for data and the
location of volunteer observers.
2. In mountainous regions, attention must be given to vertical zonality

by using storage gauges to measure precipitation at high altitudes.
3. The network normally consists of two types of gauge:

i. Standard (Manual) – These gauges are read daily for quantity
ii. Recorders (Automatic) – In developing networks, it is advisable
to aim to have at least 10 per cent of such stations. The
greatest density of recording stations should be achieved in
those areas subject to intense, short-duration rainfalls. For
reliable measurements, tipping bucket rain gauges with an
electronic memory (or another computer readable medium) are
recommended.
4. Installation of rainfall stations
4.1 Gauges sited near buildings, solid fences and trees can have serious
errors in rainfall totals. The distance of the gauge from buildings,
trees or other objects should be at least twice the height of
the obstruction, and preferably four times the height. For
instance, the gauge should be more than 10 metres from a house 5
metres high and more than 30 metres from the nearest branches of
a tree 15 metres high. The gauge should also be in a place where it
will not be disturbed by people, animals or vehicles.
Figure 3 : Obstructions distance consideration

4.2 Having decided on where to locate the rain gauge, the next question
is "How high?". As the height of the rain gauge above ground is
increased, the influence of the wind becomes more important
(because the speed of the wind generally increases with height above
the ground). This may increase the error associated with the
measured rainfall. The rain gauges installed by the DID have the
bottom of the collector 1.3 metre (4.5 feet) above ground level.
4.3 The opening should be horizontal, and the grass and vegetation
around it should not be allowed to grow more than a few centimetres
high. The rain gauge should be securely fastened so that it does not
blow over in strong storms, when high rainfall totals are of particular
interest.
5. There are also local criteria to be considered:
a) No moving sources of pollution, such as routine air, ground, or
water traffic, should be within 1 000 m of the site;
b) No surface storage of agricultural products, fuels, or other foreign
materials should be within 1 000 m of the site;
c) Samplers should be installed over flat undisturbed land,
preferably grass-covered, surrounded by trees at distances
greater than 5 m from the sampler. There should be no wind-
activated sources of pollution nearby, such as cultivated fields or
unpaved roads.
d) No object taller than the sampler should be within 5 m of the site;
e) No object should be closer to the sampler than a distance of 2.5
times the height by which the object extends above the sampler.
Particular attention must be given to overhead wires;
f) The collector intake should be located at least 1 m above the
height of existing ground cover to minimize coarse materials or
splashes from being blown into it;
5. Instruments
5.1 The standard instrument for the measurement of rainfall is the
203mm (8 inch) rain gauge. This is essentially a circular funnel with a
diameter of 203mm which collects the rain into a graduated and
calibrated cylinder. The measuring cylinder can record up to 250mm
of precipitation. Any excess precipitation is captured in the outer
metal cylinder.
Figure 4 : Manual rain gauge

5.2 In modern automatic weather stations a Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge
(TBRG) is employed, which also has an aperture of 203mm. There
are two advantages of this type of rain gauge. Firstly, it never needs
to be emptied, and secondly the amount of rainfall (and even the rate
at which the rain is falling) can be read automatically. An electronic
pulse is generated each time the volume of water collected in one of
the small brass buckets causes the bucket to tip. This is equivalent to
0.5 mm of precipitation.
Figure 5 : Tipping bucket rain gauge

Figure 6 : Typical rainfall stations

Hydrological Stations : Water Level (Stage)
1. Water level, or stage, is the elevation of the water surface of a
stream, lake or other water body relative to a datum (ISO, 1988b),
and may be used directly in forecasting flows, to delineate flood
hazard areas and to design structures in or near water bodies.
2. When correlated with stream discharge or with the storage volumes

of reservoirs and lakes, water levels become the basis for
computation of discharge or storage records.
3. There are places where additional observations of water level only

are needed as part of a minimum network:
a) At all major cities along rivers, river stages are used for flood
forecasting, water supply and transportation purposes;
b) On major rivers, at points between stream-gauging stations,
records of river stage may be used for flood routing and
forecasting purposes.
4. The site selected for observation of stage should be governed by the
purpose for which the records are collected and by the accessibility of
the site. Hydraulic conditions are an important factor in site selection
on streams, particularly where water levels are used to compute
discharge records.
5. To avoid negative readings, the gauge should be set so that a reading

of zero is below the lowest anticipated stage. The gauge datum
should be checked annually by levelling from local benchmarks.
6. It is important to maintain the same gauge datum throughout the

period of record. If feasible, the local gauge datum should be tied to a
national or regional datum. The precise locations of the benchmarks
should be carefully documented.
Figure 7 : River (water level & streamflow) site selections guideline

Figure 8 : Typical river / water level site selections guideline

(continue)
6. Instruments
6.1 Non-recording gauges
Several types of non-recording gauges for measuring stage are used
in hydrometric practice. The common gauges are of the following
types:
a) Graduated vertical staff gauge;
b) Ramp or inclined gauge;
c) Wire-weight gauge installed on a structure above the stream;
d) Graduated rod, tape, wire or point gauge for measuring the
distance to the water surface;
e) Maximum-stage gauge for obtaining the elevation of the flood
crest by the adherence of regranulated cork to a graduated staff
held in a fixed position with relation to the datum.
Note : Procedures related to Stick Gauge can be referred in HP 25.

Figure 9 : Staff / Stick gauge Figure 10 : Typical specifications

6.2 Recording gauges
a) Many different types of continuously recording stage gauges are in
use. They may be classified according to both mode of actuation and
mode of recording.
b) A commonly used installation consists of a stilling well connected to

the stream by pipes and a fl oat in the stilling well connected to a
wheel on a recorder by a beaded wire or perforated tape.
c) In high velocity streams, it may be necessary to install static tubes on

the end of the intake pipes to avoid drawdown of the water level in
the well.
Figure 11 : Chart Recorder Figure 12 : Stilling well and and inlet pipe
Figure 13 : Typical water level sensors

Figure 14 : Ultrasonic WL sensor

Figure 15 : Water level station (Sg. Kahang di Bt. 26 Jln. Kluang-

Mersing)
Hydrological Stations : Discharge (Streamflow)
1. The purpose of stream-gauging stations is to provide systematic records of

stage and discharge. Continuous streamflow records are necessary in the
design of water supply and waste systems, in designing hydraulic structures,
in the operations of water management systems, and in estimating the
sediment or chemical loads of streams, including pollutants.
2. River discharge, which is expressed as volume per unit time, is the rate at
which water flows through a cross-section.
3. Discharge at a given time can be measured by several different methods, and

the choice of methods depends on the conditions encountered at a particular
site.
4. Normally, the discharge shall be related to a corresponding water stage at a

gauging station.
5. The accuracy of the discharge measurement depends on the length of time

required to make the measurement, and the extent to which the stage and
the discharge change during the measurement.
6. Changes in the downstream conditions during the measurement can

influence the result and should be avoided.
7. Several methods widely used to determine stream flow (Velocity) data :

7.1 Float
7.2 Current meter
7.3 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
7.4 Dilution
Note : Procedures related to Stream Flow sampling and calculation can be

referred in HP 10.
7. Selection of site
7.1 Sites selected for measurements should ideally have the following
characteristics :
a) The general course of the stream is straight for about 100 m upstream
and downstream from the gauge site;
b) The total flow is confined to one channel at all stages and no flow
bypasses the site as subsurface flow;
c) The stream bed is not subject to scour and fill and is free of weeds
(no aquatic growth);
d) Banks are permanent, high enough to contain floods, and free of brush;
e) The gauge site is far enough upstream from the confluence with another
stream or from tidal effect
8. Measurement of velocity (Theory) :

8.1 Measurement of discharge by the velocity-area method is done by measuring
the depth of flow in the cross-section at verticals with a rod or sounding line.
8.2 As the depth is measured, observations of velocity are obtained with a current
meter at one or more points in the vertical. The measured widths, depths and
velocities permit computation of discharge for each segment of the cross-
section. The summation of these segment discharges is the total discharge.
Figure 16 : River cross section and point of observations

9. Measurement of velocity (Float Method)

9.1 Measurement of discharge by the float method should be used in the
following instances :
i. it is impossible to use a current meter because of unsuitable velocities or
depths
ii. when a discharge measurement must be made in a very short time.
9.2 Three cross-sections should be selected along a reach of straight channel.

The cross-sections should be spaced far enough apart for the time that the float
takes to pass from one cross-section to the next to be measured accurately.
9.3 A travel time of 20 seconds is recommended, but a shorter time may have to
be used on small rivers with high velocities where it is often impossible to
select an adequate length of straight channel.
9.4 A rod float has a depth of immersion exceeding one quarter the depth of the
water. Rod floats must not touch the channel bed. Floating trees or ice cakes
may serve as natural fl oats during periods when it is unsafe to be on the river.
Figure 17 : Float method

10. Measurement of velocity (Current Meter)

10.1 Meters for measurement of velocity of flow at a point is usually measured by
counting revolutions of a current meter rotor during a short-time period
measured with a stopwatch.
10.2 Two types of current meter rotors are in general use: the cup type with a
vertical shaft and the propeller type with a horizontal shaft. Both types use a
make-and-break contact to generate an electric pulse for indicating the
revolutions of the rotor.
10.3 For shallow channels, the current meter should be held in the desired position
by means of a wading rod. For channels too deep or swift to wade, it should
be positioned by suspending it from a wire or rod from a bridge, cableway or
boat.
Figure 18 : Current meter & Weight Figure 19 : Counter

Figure 20 : Wading Figure 21 : A-Frame

Figure 22 : Cableway
11. Measurement of velocity (Ultrasonic)

11.1 The principle of the ultrasonic method is to measure the velocity of flow at a
certain depth by simultaneously transmitting sound pulses through the water
from transducers located on either side of the river.
11.2 The transducers, which are designed both to transmit and receive sound
pulses, are located on opposite banks, so that the angle between the pulse
path and the direction of flow is between 30° and 60°.
11.3 The difference between the time of travel of the pulses crossing the river in an
upstream direction and those travelling downstream is directly related to the
average velocity of the water at the depth of the transducers.
11.4 The accuracy of the ultrasonic method depends on the precision with which
the travel times can be measured.
Figure 23 : Ultrasonic Flow Sensor

12. Measurement of velocity (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler)

12.1 An acoustic Doppler instrument measures the velocity of the water using a
physical principle called the Doppler shift.
12.2 The instrument transmits an acoustic pulse of energy into the water much like
a submarine’s sonar but at much higher frequencies.
12.3 The instrument measures water velocity, depth and vessel path
simultaneously to compute discharge. This method computes the discharge
as the vessel is crossing the river. The total discharge measurement is
completed in a few minutes.
12.4 All Doppler instruments operate within a pre-set frequency. The frequency
determines under which conditions they are best equipped to measure.
12.5 An instrument that operates on a lower frequency has a greater range of
distance than an instrument with a higher frequency. The amount and type of
particles in the water will also determine the range of the instrument and the
quality of the measurements.
Figure 24 : Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler

attached with river boat
Figure 25 : ADCP concept

Figure 26 : Stream flow data process flow

Hydrological Stations : Evaporation
1. Evaporation is process by which water is changed from the liquid or solid state
into the gaseous state through the transfer of heat energy.
2. In the hydrological cycle evaporation is an important process, approximately

70 to 75 percent of the total annual rainfall is returned to the atmosphere by
evaporation and transpiration.
3. In hot climates, the loss of water by evaporation from rivers, canals and open-
water storage equipment is a vital matter as evaporation takes a significant
proportion of all water supplies.
4. Storage reservoirs expose wide surfaces to evaporation and thus are a major
source of water loss even though they may lessen natural evaporation by
confining floods in deep storages instead of spreading over wide flood plains.
5. In general, evaporation is affected by temperature, wind, atmospheric

pressure, humidity, water quality, water depth, soil type and nature and
shape of surface.
6. Reasonably accurate methods of measurement of evaporation and

evapotranspiration are available from pans and small bodies of water and
soil, but direct measurement of evaporation from large water or land surfaces is
not possible at present.
7. In addition to the evaporation pan, a number of other instruments, such as

integrating anemographs or anemometers, non-recording precipitation
gauges, thermometers or thermographs for pan water temperature,
maximum and minimum thermometers or thermographs for air temperature
or hygro-thermographs or psychrometers, are also needed.
8. Instruments
8.1 For estimation of evaporation from open water bodies, evaporation records
of pans are generally used.
8.2 The pans could be either square or circular section, mounted entirely above
the ground or sunk in the ground so that the water level is approximately that
of the ground. They may be mounted on anchored floating platforms on lakes
or other water bodies.
8.3 Three types of pans deserve special mention:

i. United States Class A pan (Figure I.4.1),
ii. GGI-3000 pan (Figure I.4.2)
iii. 20 m2 tank of the Russian Federation.
8.4 When installing evaporation pans it is important to ensure that the site of the
pan is reasonably level and free of obstruction.
8.5 Under no circumstance should the pan or instrument shelter be placed on a

concrete slab or pedestal, or over asphalt or gravel.
8.6 The water level in the pan must be measured accurately before and after
water is added. This may be done in two ways:
a) The water level may be determined by means of a hook gauge consisting
of a movable scale and vernier fitted with a hook enclosed in a still-water
chamber in the pan. An alternative arrangement is to use a fl oat. A
calibrated container is used to add or remove
Figure 27 : Evaporation Pan

Hydrological Stations : Suspended Sediment
1. Sediment is transported by flowing water in different ways. The sediment

grains may be moved by saltation, rolling or sliding on or near the bed or may
be swept away from it and kept in suspension.
2. The type of movement experienced by the grains depends upon their physical
characteristics (size and form of particles, specific weight, etc.) and upon the
grain-size composition of the sediment, as well as upon flow velocities and
depths.
3. The different phases of sediment transportation generally occur

simultaneously in natural streams, and there is no sharp line of demarcation
between them. For convenience, sediment discharge is divided into two
categories:
i. suspended-sediment
ii. bed-material discharge.
Note :
WMO = Manual on Operational Methods for Measurement of Sediment Transport (WMO-No. 686).
4. Stream Load Classifications :

4.1 Bed Load : Sediments moving predominantly in contact with or close to the
stream bed.
4.2 Suspended load : Sediments that move primarily suspended in fluid flow nut
may interact with bed load and is comprised primarily of silts and clays and
sometimes sand. Suspended load has a continual exchange between
sediment in fluid flow and on the bed as it is constantly being entrained from
the bed and suspended while heavier particles settle out from the flow to the
bed.
4.3 Solute load : total amount of dissolved materials (ions) carried in suspension
and can only be quantified by laboratory analytical techniques.
4.4 Total load : total amount of sediment in motion and is the sum of bed load +
suspended load.
Note :
WMO = Manual on Operational Methods for Measurement of Sediment Transport (WMO-No. 686).
5. Selection of site
5.1 The same criteria used for the selection of a site for a water-discharge
measurement should be used in selecting a site for measuring sediment
transport.
5.2 For rivers where sediment-transport data are required, it is necessary to
locate the sampling sites near a gauging station so that accurate stream
discharge information is available at all times.
5.3 Sampling locations immediately upstream from confluences should be
avoided because they may be subject to backwater effects. In streams too
deep to wade, sampling sites should be located near bridges or cableways.
5.4 When sampling from bridges, the upstream side is normally preferred.
Sampling in areas of high turbulence, such as near piers, is often
unrepresentative. Attention should also be paid to the accumulation of debris
or trash on the piers, as this can seriously distort the flow and hence the
sediment distribution.
5.5 Sampling sites should be accessible during floods, since sediment-transport
rates are high during these times.
6. Sampling instruments and in situ gauges

6.1 Several types of suspended-sediment samplers are in use, for example,
instantaneous, bottle, pumping or integrating.
6.2 However, only some of these are designed so that the velocity within the
cutting circle of the sampler intake is equal to the ambient stream velocity.
This feature is essential so that the samples obtained are truly representative
of the suspended-sediment discharge at the point of measurement.
6.3 Instantaneous samples are usually taken by trap samplers consisting of a
horizontal cylinder equipped with end valves that can be closed suddenly to
trap a sample at any desired time and depth.
6.4 The very simple bottle sampler is corked or provided with an orifice of variable
diameter, or wide open. As soon as the bottle is opened and air within the
bottle is being displaced by the sample, bubbling takes place at the mouth,
which slows the filling process. Consequently, bottle-sampling is not actually
instantaneous.
6.5 The pumping sampler sucks the water-sediment mixture through a pipe or
hose, the intake of which is placed at the sampling point. By regulating the
intake velocity, the operator can obtain a sample that is representative of the
sediment concentration at the point of measurement.
6.6 The integrating sampler consists of a metallic streamlined body equipped with
tail fins to orient it into the flow. The sample container is located in the body of
the sampler. An intake nozzle of variable diameter projects into the current
from the sampler head. An exhaust tube, pointing downstream, permits the
escape of air from the container. Valve mechanisms enclosed in the head are
electrically operated by the observer to start and stop the sampling process.
Note : Procedures related to Suspended Sediment sampling and calculation can be

referred in HP 19.
7. Measurement procedure
7.1 Samples of suspended sediment in streams are taken in the discharge-
measuring cross-sections, but not necessarily in the velocity-measuring
verticals. The samplers are suspended in the water on a rod or on a wire.
7.2 In streams, there are two methods that give comparative results:
i. Equal discharge increment (EDI) method: The cross-section is divided into 3 to
10 subsections of about equal discharge. A depth-integrated sample is taken
at each vertical in the centroid of each subsection by lowering the sampler
from the stream surface to the bed and back at a uniform transit rate. This
gives a discharge weighted sample for each centroid;
ii. Equal transit rate (ETR) method: The stream width is divided into 6 to 10
equal distances separated by the verticals and one depth integrated sample
is taken at each vertical at a constant transit rate. In the latter case, all
samples can be composited into a single representative discharge-weighted
sample.
7.3 Sediment samplers have been standardized in some countries to have a

container capacity of one litre or less. In such cases, sampling should be
repeated until the required volume of sediment sample is obtained (ISO,
1977b).
Figure 28 : Sampler Figure 29 : Sampling Operation

8. Determination of sediment concentration

8.1 Suspended-sediment samples are usually processed and analysed in special
laboratories for the determination of the sediment concentration.
8.2 Evaporation, filtration or displacement methods are generally used for this
purpose. In general, the evaporation method is suitable for use with low
concentrations. Filtering may be used for samples with medium to high
concentrations.
8.3 The displacement method, however, is suitable only when the concentration is
high (WMO, 1989). The sample is usually allowed a settling time of one to two
days, the water is then carefully drained off and the remaining sediment is
oven dried at a temperature of about 110°C, and weighted.
8.4 If the sediment is separated by evaporation, a correction must be made for
dissolved solids.
8.5 The concentration of suspended sediment is the weight of dried sediment
contained in a unit volume of the sediment-water mixture and is expressed in
mgl–1, gl–1 m–3 or in kg m–3.
Figure 30 : Suspended sediment samples laboratory

analysis
Hydrological Stations : Water Quality
1. The parameters that characterize water quality may be classified in several

ways, including :
a) Physical properties, for example, temperature, electrical conductivity,
colour and turbidity;
b) Elements of water composition, such as pH, alkalinity, hardness or the
partial pressure of carbon dioxide;
c) Inorganic chemical components, for example, dissolved oxygen,
carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, fluoride, sulphate, nitrate, ammonium,
calcium, magnesium, sodium potassium, phosphate and heavy metals;
d) Organic chemicals, for example, phenols, chlorinated hydrocarbons,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides;
e) Biological components, both microbiological, such as faecal coliforms,
and macrobiotic, such as worms, plankton and fish, or vegetation.
2. Types of water samples :

2.1 Grab samples
Grab samples are appropriate when it is desired to characterize water quality
in a particular location. They are also used to establish the water quality
history based on relatively short time intervals. A discrete grab (or spot)
sample is taken at a selected location and depth. A depth integrated grab
sample is collected over the depth of the water column at a selected location
and time.
2.2 Composite samples
A composite sample is obtained by mixing several samples to obtain an
average value of water quality over the sampling period. Discrete or
continuous sampling can be used and the mixing proportion is calculated on a
time or discharge basis.
A portion of the composite sample is then analysed. An obvious advantage is

in the economy of reducing the number of samples to be analysed. However,
composite samples cannot detect changes in parameters occurring during the
sampling period.
3. Depth integration may not be possible in shallow streams where the depth is
insufficient to permit integration. In such cases, care must also be taken not
to disturb the river bottom when taking a sample.
4. Instruments
4.1 Discrete samplers are used to collect water samples at a specific depth. An
appropriate sampler is lowered to the desired depth, activated and then
retrieved. Van Dorn, Kemmerer and pump samplers are frequently used for
this purpose:
a) Van Dorn bottle – The Van Dorn bottle is designed for sampling at a depth
of 2 m. Its horizontal configuration should be used when samples are
taken at the bottom, at the sediment-water interface
b) Kemmerer sampler – It is one of the oldest types of messenger-operated
vertical samplers. It is commonly used in water bodies with a depth of 1
m or greater. The Kemmerer sampler is available in volumes ranging from
0.5 to 8 litre.
Figure 31 : Van Dorn bottle Figure 32 : Kemmerer sampler

4.2 The Van Dorn samplers have an advantage over the Kemmerer bottle in that
their lids do not lie in the path of the flow of water through the sampler, which
can cause eddies and disturbance.
Figure 33 : Sampling using Van Dorn bottle

5. General preparation :
a) Obtain specific instructions on sampling procedures;
b) Prepare an itinerary according to the sampling schedule
c) Prepare lists of required equipment and materials;
d) Ensure that all sample bottles have been cleaned in accordance with
standard procedures;
e) Ensure that the laboratory has prepared the chemical reagents and standards
needed for the trip;
f) Prepare a checklist.
6. Checklist prior to field trip

i. Check and calibrate meters (pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen and
turbidity) and thermometers;
ii. Replenish supplies of reagents for dissolved oxygen determinations as well as
reagents for chemical preservation;
iii. Obtain fresh buffer solutions. The pH values for the buffers should be close to
the values expected in the field;
iv. Obtain KCl solution for pH probes;

v. Obtain road maps, station-location descriptions, field sampling sheets,
sampling bottles, labels, samplers, preservation reagents, pipettes and
equipment manuals;
vi. Obtain writing materials, extra rope and a comprehensive toolbox;
vii. Obtain electrical cables if the equipment has in-field charging capabilities;
viii. Obtain ultrapure water (resistivity of 18.2 MΩ) and prepare clean beakers for
pH, blanks and buffer measurements;
ix. If microbiological sampling is to be done, obtain sterile bottles and ice chests.
Ice chests are recommended for all sample storage;
x. Check the contents of the emergency first-aid kit.
7. Field-measured parameters
7.1 Conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, turbidity, colour and
transparency can change on storage of a sample, and should therefore be
measured in the field as soon as possible after the sample collection.
7.2 The sample collector should also look out for any unusual features of the
water body being sampled or any changes since previous sampling periods.
These qualitative observations might include unusual colour, odour, surface
films and floating objects.
8. pH measurement
8.1 In unpolluted natural waters, the pH is largely controlled by a balance between
carbon dioxide, carbonate and bicarbonate ions. Changes in the pH are
caused by acid rain, industrial wastes, mine drainage or leaching of minerals.
The pH is an important criterion of the quality of water since it affects the
viability of aquatic life and many uses of the water.
8.2 Being temperature dependent, pH measurement must be strictly associated

to the sample temperature at the sampling moment. Optimally, the pH is
determined in situ, using a digital meter with a combined electrode permitting
simultaneous temperature measurement.
8.3 In the field, the instrument should be recalibrated before each reading with
appropriate buffer solutions and according to the instructions in the operating
manual. The temperature of the buffer solutions and electrodes can be
adjusted by submerging the bottles of buffer and electrodes in the water
sample.
8.4 Extreme care must be taken to prevent the water from entering the buffer
bottles. If the electrodes have not been used recently or have been allowed to
dry for several days, they may require 10 to 20 minutes to stabilize. The meter
should be protected from extreme temperature changes during measurement
as these affect the stability of the electronic system and measurement
accuracy.
9. Conductivity measurement
9.1 Conductivity is an indicator of salt, acid and base non-organic concentration
of ions dissolved in water. The relationship between conductivity and the
concentration of dissolved solids is usually linear for most natural waters. In
situ conductivity measurement is preferable.
9.2 Being temperature dependent, the conductivity meter should give a value for
either a reference temperature (generally 20°C or 25°C) or the sample
temperature, which must be recorded simultaneously. This is important to
calculate and compare sample conductivity at a given reference time.
9.3 Before any measurements are taken, the sample containers and probe should
be rinsed several times with the water sample. The water sample in which the
pH was measured should not be used to measure the specific conductance,
as KCl diffuses from the pH electrode.
9.4 The instrument should be recalibrated in the field before each reading. The
KCl standard solutions, with the specific conductance closest to the values
expected in the field, should be used.
9.5 Equipment for measuring conductivity must receive the same care and
maintenance required by all sensitive instruments. Accurate readings require
that the meter be protected from sludge, shocks and frost.
9.6 The accuracy of measurement will depend upon the type of instrument, the
way in which it has been calibrated and the actual conductivity value of the
sample.
9.7 If care is taken in selecting and calibrating the instrument, an uncertainty of

±5 per cent of full scale should be possible over a temperature range of 0°C
to 40°C with automatic temperature compensation.
10. Dissolved-oxygen measurement

10.1 Dissolved-oxygen concentration is important for the evaluation of surface
water quality and of waste treatment process control.
10.2 There are two methods for dissolved-oxygen measurement :

i. the first is in situ by using a polarographic or potentiometric (oxymeter)
probe.
ii. The second is by using a Winckler chemical analysis. In the Winckler
method the addition of reagents (Mn++ solution and basic iodure
solution) in the sample at the moment of its grab permits its oxygen
fixation. Analysis will then be performed in the laboratory on a sample
preserved by light. There is also a field method based on the same
principle, namely, the Hach method using pre-dosed reagents. As
concentrations may show large changes during the day, in situ time
measurements are advisable.
10.3 In the electrochemical methods the probe responds to activity of oxygen, not
concentration. Freshwater saturated with oxygen gives the same reading as
saltwater saturated with oxygen at the same pressure and temperature,
although the solubility of oxygen in saltwater is less. Thus, salinity,
temperature and atmospheric pressure should be considered when sampling.
10.4 For the chemical method, three water samples should be collect with the
dissolved-oxygen sampler. Measurement of the dissolved-oxygen
concentration of the samples is done by using a dissolved-oxygen meter or a
Winkler chemical analysis. The recorded dissolved-oxygen value should be the
average of at least two readings that are within 0.5 mg/l of each other.
11. Temperature measurement

11.1 Temperature measurements may be taken with a great variety of
thermometers. These include alcohol-toluene, mercury-filled, bimetallic strip
or electrical thermometers. Some meters, such as those used to measure
dissolved oxygen, pH, Eh and specific conductance, have temperature-
measuring capabilities.
11.2 Before its use, the thermometer is rinsed with a portion of the water sample.
The thermometer is immersed in the sample for approximately one minute or
until the reading stabilizes.
11.3 The thermometer must not be placed in any of the sample bottles being
shipped to the laboratory. The value should be recorded in degrees Celsius on
the field sheet.
Figure 34 : Portable water quality instruments

(Water Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen & Conductivity)
12. Preservation techniques

12.1 Between the time that a sample is collected in the field and analysed in the
laboratory, physical, chemical and biochemical changes may take place.
Consequently, this time should be minimized as far as practicable, or sample
preservation must be practised.
12.2 For several determinants, preservation is not possible and the measurements
must be made in the field. This is done by various procedures, such as
keeping the samples in the dark, adding chemical preservatives, lowering the
temperature to retard reactions, freezing samples, extracting them with
different solvents, or using field column chromatography.
13. Samples taken are also sent to Department of Chemistry Malaysia for
analysis. Samples are sent for further intensive analysis of 24 parameters. Results
are then sent to State DID office normally 1 month later.
Figure 35 : Water quality analysis

results from Department of Chemistry
Hydrological Data
4 Wheel Drive Boat
Helicopter
Figure 36 : Mode Of Transportation for Data Collection Operation

Hydrological Stations : General Field Works Guidelines
General summary of field procedures :

14. Regardless of the specific parameters of interest, a routine should be followed
at each sampling station. The following is a general summary of procedures to
be followed at each station:
i. Calibrate meters;
ii. Standardize sodium thiosulphate when using Winkler analysis for
dissolved oxygen;
iii. Run field or in situ measurements for pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen,
temperature and turbidity;
iv. Rinse all bottles with sampled water except for those that contain
preservatives or those used for dissolved oxygen and bacteria analyses;
v. Collect and preserve samples according to the instruction manual;
vi. Complete field sheet accurately according to the instruction manual;
vii. Put bottles in appropriate shipping containers;
viii. Label boxes and complete field sheets with all required information
Hydrological Stations : Station Maintenance
Main Scope :
1. Design and develop hydrological equipment for the needs of flood monitoring
systems, hydrological data collection and telemetry equipment systems.
2. Responsible for equipment research work to ensure the equipment used can
provide accurate and quality hydrological data.
3. Provide technical advice on hydrological equipment to government agencies,

universities and private sector.
4. Conducting operations and maintenance of flood monitoring systems and

hydrological stations.
5. Designing and monitoring the maintenance of equipment is crucial to ensure

that data is collected efficiently and with quality.
6. Maintain hydrological stations throughout the country equipped with manual

and automatic equipment as well as 400 telemetry hydrological stations
operating 24 hours to monitor the river's water levels and total rainfall
throughout the country.
7. Determine the effectiveness of hydrological equipment throughout the country

by ensuring that the equipment is used in good condition and calibrated
within the prescribed period.
Figure 37 : Calibration Laboratory

Figure 38 : Field Calibration (Tipping Bucket)

Figure 39 : Routine Servicing Figure 40 : Calibration Sticker

Figure 41 : New technology testing Figure 42 : Training

1. Following their capture on some medium, whether paper, punched-
tape or electronic digital form, hydrological data are converted to a
form suitable for archiving and retrieval. In addition, at various
stages, data undergo a range of checks to determine their accuracy
and correctness.
2. As computer archiving has become a standard practice in most

countries, the processing will involve the data being converted to the
required format early in the process.
3. Data are collected and recorded in many ways, ranging from manual
reading of simple gauges to a variety of automated data-collection,
transmission and filing systems. With accelerating developments in
technology, it is now more important than ever that data-processing
and quality control systems be well-organized and understood by the
people involved in collecting and using them.
4. It is noted that quality assurance encourages the adoption of
recognized best practices and advances in data validation. It is
recommended that, subject to the availability of resources,
Hydrological Services should consider the adoption of a quality
management programme such as that described in ISO 9001.
5. Once this has been achieved, organizations usually employ an

accredited certification agency to provide independent verification
and advice on developing the programme.
Figure 43 : MS ISO 9001 : 2015 certificate
The scope of department registration is :
“PERKHIDMATAN PENGURUSAN DATA HIDROLOGI UNTUK

RANGKAIAN HIDROLOGI NASIONAL DI
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA”
Quality Objective :
To meet the needs and expectations of external and internal customers

towards the achievement of quality planning;
DID Malaysia is responsible for achieving quality objectives by ensuring

that the hydrological data management of the National Hydrology Station
Network is always implemented efficiently and effectively for the
sustainable development of the country with the following commitments :
1. Collect all types of hydrological data from RSHN with data performance levels for
each station of not less than 95% and submit it to the Water Resources and
Hydrology Management Division within 30 days from the date of data collection
for the inland station and 90 days for the inland station.
2. Provide hydrological data according to specifications and schedules as specified

within 7 working days.
3. Reduce customer complaints to a level not more than 10% per annum from the
total number of applications.
4. Provide Drought Monitoring Report every 2 weeks in dry season or every 1

month in regular season.
5. Ensure that support groups attend Hydrological related courses at least once a
year.
Figure 44 : MS ISO 9001 : 2015 Quality Manual
Figure 45 : Data performance report
http : //rhn.water.gov.my
Data Collection Procedures (Ms Iso 9001 : 2015)
Figure 46(i) : Data collection procedures

Figure 46 (ii) : Data collection procedures

Figure 46 (iii) : Data collection procedures

Figure 46 (iv) : Data collection procedures

7. The hydrologist has a duty to be conservative in carrying out any
correction of data. It is suggested to use strict criteria for altering or
adding data values. This must always be done using assumptions
based on evidence rather than any element of guesswork. Another
important convention is that any alteration made to data should be
recorded in such a way that others can follow what has been done, and
why. It should not be necessary to refer to the persons who made the
alteration for an explanation.
8. An audit trail should be available, such that with the documented

procedures the process can be tracked through and checked. This
traceability is also a requirement for a quality system.
9. The usefulness of data is, to a great degree, dependent on its

completeness, and targets should also be set for reasonably
expectable performance measures such as the percentage of missing
records. It is recommended that agencies, rather than putting great
effort into filling missing data with estimates, allocate resources
(including training) to avoid the need for this.
8. Missing data codes
8.1 It is extremely important to differentiate between data that are
missing and data that were recorded as having a zero value. If the
data field for a missing numeric value is left blank, databases may
automatically infill a (misleading) zero.
8.2 Since a character value is not allowed in a numeric data field, this
missing data problem cannot be overcome by inserting ‘M’ (for
missing). One possibility is to enter the code M as a separate data-
status flag, but in systems where flags are not used, some physically
impossible data value, for example, –999, are entered in the data
field to indicate a missing value to the processing system. If required,
this value may be decoded to a blank or a “–” on output.
9. Key entry
9.1 Data collected as written notes, whether in notebooks or on forms
designed for the purpose, will need to be entered into the computer
manually.
10. Traceability and processing
10.1 Hydrological data are valuable in that they are relatively expensive to
collect and irreplaceable, and potentially have very high value
following certain events.
10.2 To realize and maintain their value, a means of verifying the

accuracies and giving assurance that errors are largely absent must
exist. Thus the traceability of the data and the methods used to
collect and process them must be available in a readily followed
form.
10.3 Hydrological agencies should establish procedures aimed at

achieving this traceability, in conjunction with the efficient
processing of the data while preserving and verifying their integrity.
10.4 A data-processing system should include provisions for:
a) Registering the data after collection to confirm their existence and
tracking their processing;
b) Keeping backups of the data in original form;
c) Positively identifying the individual batches of data at the various
stages of processing;
d) Identifying the status of data as to their origin and whether they
have been verified as fi t for use;
e) Presenting and storing evidence of any modifications to the data;
f) Filing all field observations, log books, forms, etc., which verify the
data;
g) Controlling the amount and type of editing which can be
performed and providing the authorization to do so;
h) Presenting the data in a number of ways for checking and
auditing by trained persons who are to some extent independent
of the process.
Inserting Estimates of Missing Data
1. The usefulness of data is, to a great degree, dependent on its

completeness. However, filling missing data with estimates can
severely compromise its value for certain purposes, and as future
purposes may not be apparent when the data are collected or
processed, this should be done with great caution and restraint.
2. It should also be traceable, so that the presence of filled-in data is

apparent to the user and the process can be reversed if required.
3. The hydrologist has a duty to be conservative in carrying out any

correction of data. An agency should formulate strict criteria for
altering or adding data values, and this work must always be done
using assumptions based on evidence rather than any element of
guesswork.
Data Processing and Quality Control in DID (BPSAH)
1. State DID collects and submits all hydrological data such as rainfall
data, evaporation, water level, river discharge, river sediment and
river water quality to DID Headquarters for quality check and data
processing.
2. DID Headquarters (BPSAH) will receive rainfall, water levels and

stream flow on line data via TD-Server. Evaporation, suspended
sediment and water quality data are received by post.
3. All hydrological data will be processed, checked and reviewed before

being stored in a database (using the TIDEDA software).
Figure 47 : Hydrological data flow
Data Storage and Access
1. All processed hydrological data will be archived at DID (BPSAH) server and
can be viewed for many purposes especially design, research and analysis.
2. The server have a high ability and capacity to store huge amount of
hydrological data. The server are also protected and backed up for data
security purpose.
3. Until now, nearly 70 years of data have been successfully stored and
archived. New way forward now demand that all hydrological data stored at a
centralized government facilities named Pusat Data Sektor Awam (PDSA)
located at Bandar Enstek, N. Sembilan and Kulim, Kedah.
4. Proper maintenance are crucial and implemented to make sure all data
stored are safe and retrievable.
Figure 48 : DID (BPSAH) server room
Data Dissemination
1. All hydrological data stored will be disseminate according to

stakeholder / customer requirements. Data are disseminate under
the authorizing and implementation of Fee Ordinance (1951). Under
this ordinance, data will be supply to users under certain price rate.
2. Under this ordinance, data are assigned with individual rates. All
data request will be issued with quotations. After payment been
made, data will be release accordingly via e-mail or walk in to office
directly.
3. On line data request also can be made via web base application
namely Sistem Pengurusan Rangkaian Hidrologi Nasional (SPRHiN).
Figure 49 : Fee Ordinance (1951)
Untuk sebarang Untuk sebarang
Untuk 3 3 bulan ke 1
tambahan tahun tambahan tahun
Jenis Data bulan dan tahun atau
sehingga 10 tahun melebihi 10 tahun
ke bawah diantaranya
atau di antaranya atau di antaranya
50.00 tahunan atau di 25.00 tahunan atau di

Hujan 50.00 100.00
antaranya antaranya
Aras Air 155.00 310.00 155.00 72.50
Data Discharge
(Stage-
Discharge Curve 35.00 70.00 35.00 17.50
of Derived
Maps)
Data Discharge
(Discharge 165.00 330.00 165.00 82.50
Readings)
Sejatan 35.00 70.00 35.00 17.50
Table 3 : Hydrological data rates

Data Dissemination
Figure 50 : Client data request at BPSAH

Figure 51 : Data request website (SPRHiN)
http : //sprhin.water.gov.my
Figure 52 : Rainfall data (daily format)
5. Besides raw hydrological data supply, DID (BPSAH) also produced
guidelines regarding hydrological services for technical personnel
and public use.
6. This guidelines namely Hydrological Procedures have been produced

since 1971 and been revised from time to time.
7. The guidelines can be access on line via website (h2o.water.gov.my).

The web site also promote other related hydrological services field
such as flood and drought data.
Figure 55 : Hydrological (data) website
Figure 56 : Hydrological Procedure (HP)
Data Storage, Access and
Dissemination
Figure 57 : Public Infobanjir website http : //publicinfobanjir.water.gov.my

Data Storage, Access and
Dissemination
Figure 58 : Stream flow data (daily format)

PROSEDUR HIDROLOGI
Hydraulic Procedure (HP)
• Penerbitan sejak 1973

• Terkini terdapat 30 HP dan akan bertambah
• HP akan sentiasa disemak dan dikemaskini dari masa
ke semasa
• RMK 11(2016-2020) – 18 HP akan disemak dan
dikemaskini/ diwujudkan.
KEPERLUAN MENYEMAK DAN
MENGEMASKINI HP
• Climate change
• Pertambahan data hidrologi
• Perkembangan ilmu,teknologi dan peralatan

SENARAI PROSEDUR HIDROLOGI
No. TAJUK
Hydrological Procedure No. 1 - Reviewed And Updated The Hydrological Procedure No. 1 (Estimation
Of Design Rainstorm In Peninsular Malaysia)(revised & Updated-1982)
1.
Of Design Rainstorm In Peninsular Malaysia), Terbitan Tahun 2010
Of Design Rainstorm In Peninsular Malaysia), (Revised & updated- 2015)
2. H.P. No. 2 - Water Quality Sampling for Surface Water (1973)
3. H.P. No. 3 - A General Purpose Event Water Level Recorder (1973)
H.P. No. 4 - Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in Peninsular Malaysia (1974 Revised and updated
4.
1987)
H.P. No. 5 - Rational Method of Flood Estimation for Rural Catchments in Peninsular Malaysia (1974
Revised)
5.
H.P. No. 5 - Rational Method of Flood Estimation for Rural Catchments in Peninsular Malaysia (2010
Revised)
No. TAJUK
H.P. No. 6 - Hydrological Station Numbering System (1974)

6.
H.P. No. 6 - Hydrological Station Identifier System (Revised and Updated 2017)
H.P. No. 7 - Hydrological Station Registers (1974)
7.
H.P. No. 7 - Hydrological Station Registers (Revised and Updated 2017)
8. H.P. No. 8 - Field Installation and Maintenance of Caprecorder 1599 (1974)
9. H.P. No. 9 - Field Installation and Maintenance of Caprecorder 1598 (1974)
10. H.P. No.10 - Stage-Discharge Curves (1977)
H.P. No.11 - Design Flood Hydrograph Estimation for Rural Catchments in Peninsular Malaysia
11.
(1976)
H.P. No.12 - Magnitude and Frequency of Low Flows in Peninsular Malaysia (Revised and updated
12.
1985)
H.P. No.13 - The Estimation of Storage-Draft Rate Characteristics for Rivers in Peninsular Malaysia
13.
(1976)
14. H.P. No.14 - Graphical Recorders - Instruction for Chart Changing and Annotation (1976)
H.P. No.15 - River Discharge Measurement by Current Meter (1976)
15.
Pengukuran Kadar Luah Sungai Menggunakan Jangkarus dan Pelampung (Deraf)
16. H.P. No.16 - Flood Estimation for Urban Areas in Peninsular Malaysia (1976)
No. TAJUK
H.P. No.17 - Estimating Potential Evapotranspiration using The Penman Procedures (1977) (Revised
17.
& updated 1991)
18. H.P. No.18 - Hydrological Design of Agriculture Drainage Systems (1977)
19. H.P. No.19 - The Determination of Suspended Sediment Discharge (1977)
20. H.P. No.20 - Hydrological Aspects Related to Agricultulral Planning and Irrigation Design (1978)
21. H.P. No.21 - Evaporation Date Collection using U.S.Class Aluminium Pan (1981)
22. H.P. No.22 - River Quality Sampling (1981)
23. H.P. No.23 - Operation and Maintenance of Cableway Installations (1982)
24. H.P. No.24 - Establishment of Agrohydrological Stations (1982)
25. H.P. No.25 - Standard Stick Gauge for River Station (1982)
26. H.P. No.26 - Estimation of Design Rainstorm in Sabah and Sarawak (1983)
H.P. No.27 - ESTIMATION OF DESIGN FLOOD HYDROGRAPH USING CLARK METHOD FOR RURAL
27.
CATCHMENTS 2010
28. H.P. No.32 - HYDROLOGICAL STANDARD FOR RAINFALL STATION INSTRUMENT
29. H.P. No.33 - HYDROLOGICAL STANDARD FOR WATER LEVEL STATION INSTRUMENT
30. H.P. No.35 - HYDROLOGICAL STANDARD FOR WATER QUALITY STATION INSTRUMENT
SENARAI PROSEDUR HIDROLOGI UNTUK DISEMAK & KEMASKINI
(2016-2020)
BIL. HP TAJUK STATUS
1 1 Estimation of Design Rainstorm in Peninsular Malaysia DALAM PROSES
2 6 Hydrological Station Numbering (1974), (Revised and Updated 2017) SIAP
3 7 Hydrological Station Registers (1974) (Revised and Updated 2017) SIAP
4 10 Stage - Discharge Curves (1977) DALAM PROSES
5 19 Determination of Suspended Sediment Discharge (1977) DALAM PROSES
6 15 River Discharge Measurement by Current Meter (1976) DALAM PROSES
7 21 Evaporation Date Collection using U.S. Class Aluminium Pan (1981) DALAM PROSES
8 23 Operation and Maintenance of Cableway Installations (1982) DALAM PROSES
9 25 Standard Stick Gauge for River Stations (1982) DALAM PROSES
10 2 Water Quality Sampling for Surface Water (1973) DALAM PROSES
11 22 River Quality Sampling (1981) DALAM PROSES
12 4 Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in Peninsular Malaysia (1974 Revised and updated 1987) DALAM PROSES
13 11 Design Flood Hydrograph Estimation for Rural Catchments in Peninsular Malaysia (1976) DALAM PROSES
14 26 Estimation of Design Rainstorm in Sabah and Sarawak (1983) DALAM PROSES
15 32 Hydrological Standard for Rainfall Stations SIAP
16 33 Hydrological Standard for Water Level Stations SIAP
17 34 Hydrological Standard for Streamflow Stations (HP15 + HP23) DALAM PROSES
18 35 Hydrological Standard for Water Quality Stations SIAP
KEGUNAAN PROSEDUR HIDROLOGI
HYDROLOGICAL NUMBERING AND REGISTER
HP 6 – Hydrological Station Identifier System

(Revised and Updated 2017)
HP 7 - Hydrological Station Registers (Revised and

Updated 2017)
ESTIMATION OF DESIGN RAINSTORM
HP 1 – Estimation Of Design Rainstorm In Peninsular

Malaysia, (Revised & updated- 2015)
HP 26 - Estimation of Design Rainstorm in Sabah and

Sarawak (1983)
METHOD OF FLOOD ESTIMATION
HP 4 – Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in Peninsular

Malaysia (1974 Revised and updated 1987)
HP 5 - Rational Method of Flood Estimation for Rural

Catchments in Peninsular Malaysia (2010 Revised)
HP 11 - Design Flood Hydrograph Estimation for Rural

Catchments in Peninsular Malaysia (1976)
HP 12 - Magnitude and Frequency of Low Flows in Peninsular

Malaysia (Revised and updated 1985)
HP 27 - - Estimation Of Design Flood Hydrograph Using Clark

Method For Rural Catchments 2010
DISCHARGE AND SEDIMENT SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
HP 10 – Stage-Discharge Curves (1977)
HP 19 - The Determination of Suspended Sediment

Discharge (1977)
HYDROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTATION
HP 32 – Hydrological Standard For Rainfall Station

Instrument
Hp 33 - Hydrological Standard For Water Level

Station Instrument
HP 34 - Hydrological Standard For Streamflow

Stations (HP15 + HP23)
Hp 35 - Hydrological Standard For Water Quality

Station Instrument
DESIGN OF AGRICULTURE DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION
HP 18 – Hydrological Design of Agriculture Drainage

Systems (1977)
HP 20 - Hydrological Aspects Related to Agricultural

Planning and Irrigation Design
1. The procedure that describes the development of hydrological station
numbering system was first released in the 1960s.
2. A four-digit numbering system was introduced and hydrological

stations were categorized according to State (excluding the Federal
Territories and East Malaysia).
3. As the four-digit system was later found to be inadequate, the

numbering system was revised in 1974 and was published as
“Hydrological Procedure No. 6 : Hydrological Station Numbering
System”.
4. The old identifier system (1974) allows a maximum of 99 unique

station locations to be set within each grid square.
5. Existing HP No. 6 used to generate Station Number (ID) for all stations
in National Hydrological Network (RHN). They were generated based
on :
i. latitude and longitudinal grid,
ii. type of stations,
iii. station numbers in a particular grid
6. The stations in RHN consists of

i. rainfall,
ii. water level & flow rate
iii. suspended sediments
iv. evaporation
v. water quality
* Numbering system for Climate , Groundwater, Soil Moisture Data has been provisioned
in HP 6 (revised).
7. There is a need to revise and update HP 6 in order to :
i. accommodate new system and technology / device
ii. provided in a format easily accessible by other international
standards.
8. Additionally, a purely numeric station ID can pose readability issues

due to a lack of natural breaks in the sequence, forcing one to scan
through each digit to determine which information it represents.
9. It is also commonly found that purely numeric station IDs that begin
with zero(s) may be mistakenly read by computer software (such as
Microsoft Excel) as a much shorter integer without the leading zeros.
Figure 1 : Hydrological
10. The station numbering system can be summarized as follows :
4010 0 98
Grid Station number within a
number Type grid square
Grid number 40
number
10
North East
Type number 0 Rainfall
1 Rainfall
3 Evaporation
4 River
5 Sediment
6 Water quality
7 Ground water
8 Soil moisture
9 Not yet allocated
3615412 -
Sg. Bernam
di Tanjung
Malim
3615 4 12
Grid Type Stn No.

Number of Stn within
grid
10. Based on existing HP, water level and water gauge station shared the
same ID if they are in the same location.
Example : 2816441 - Sg. Langat di Dengkil
1. The procedure that describes the development of the hydrological
station registers was first released in the 1974.
2. The purpose of this hydrological procedure is to establish clear

guidelines on the documentation of metadata for each hydrological
station beginning from the time of establishment to the time of
closure.
3. This procedure was published as the “Hydrological Procedure No. 7:

Hydrological Station Register”.
4. Existing HP No. 7 used for the registry (record, detailed information &
inventories) of all RHN stations. It includes closed, active and newly
proposed stations.
5. As of now, the registration only covers rainfall and river stations.
However, the usage can be widen to be used for all type of station
including for :
i. suspended sediment stations,
ii. evaporation stations
iii. water quality stations.
6. There is a need to revise and update HP 7 in order to:

i. Include registration of sediment, evaporation and water quality
stations
ii. Considering new technology and software that facilitate the
station inventory system
iii. Standardize the format of hydrological register procedure for
data sharing
iv. Easily accessible by JPS officer and client.
1. In 2017, DID (BPSAH) had revised and updated the existing HP 6. The
new revised HP had been rename to Hydrological Station Identifier.
2. Station Number (ID) were revised in reference with (not limited to):
i. WMO guidelines,
ii. UK Hydrometric Register
iii. UK - Met Office Integrated Data Archive System (MIDAS),
iv. China – Standard for structure and identifier in fundamental
hydrological database
3. Basically the new system adopted an alphanumeric string with

9 characters which carries information about:
i. Main river basin
ii. Primary / secondary data source
iii. Type of data
Structure Of The Numbering System
1. The new station identifier system consists of an alphanumeric string
with 9 characters. This string is split into four parts which are
described as follows:
i. The first three digits represent the RBMU within which the station
is located
ii. The fourth to sixth digits denotes location identifier within a
specific RBMU
iii. The seventh digit indicates if the station is primary or back-up
system
iv. The eighth and ninth characters denotes the type of station
RBMU Registry Number
1. A river basin or a catchment covers the entire river system, from the
sources of small tributaries to the estuary. According to DID’s
Compendium 2017, the River Basin Management Unit (RBMU) is
further refined as a major river basin with a catchment area greater
than 80 km2 and the hydrological stations are grouped under 189
demarcated catchments across Malaysia excluding all islands except
for Penang and Langkawi.
Region River Basin River Basin Management Unit (> 80km2)

Peninsular
1,235 74
Malaysia
Sabah 1,468 75
Sarawak 283 40
Total 2,986 189
2. A station numbering system that follows the demarcation of
catchment areas is more suitable for engineering study and river
basin management.
3. The users (for example, the DID officers, consultants and other
stakeholders) would find it easier to identify the relevant hydrological
stations that are related to a specific main river basin. The use of
RBMUs in identifying and categorizing hydrologic stations is useful in
river basin management activities, for example:
i. Water allocation
ii. Pollution control
iii. Flood/ drought management
iv. River basin and land use planning
v. River basin information system
vi. River basin monitoring
vii. Stakeholder participation
4. In addition, the users can also easily compare the homogeneity of the
data within the catchment area or regionalize the data accordingly.
5. The first three positions of the new system are used to denote the
basin number according to the RBMU registry number (RBMUID). For
ease of identification, numbers 190 and 191 have been assigned to
hydrological stations in Langkawi and Penang Islands, respectively.
6. The number 000 will be assigned to islands that constitute small

catchments or off-shore sites that are not included in the other 189
registered river basins. (Refer to HP 6 : Appendix A for the list of river
basins and the demarcation of the river basins used under the new
system).
Location Identifiers within A Given RBMU
1. To resolve the difficulty in identifying different types of stations that
are established in the same RBMU, the fourth, fifth and sixth positions
are used to distinguish unique station locations, which we shall refer
to as “Inner ID” (or interchangeably as Inner ID). The rules for
assigning the Inner ID are as follows:
i. Rule 1 : Inner IDs are assigned first by ascending chronological

order, whereby lower values correspond to older stations based
on the Tahun Buka feature;
ii. Rule 2 : Inner IDs are then assigned by ascending lexical
(alphabetical) order based on the StesenNama feature;
iii. Rule 3 : Different instruments residing in the same station
location shall share the same Inner ID
2. The purpose for enforcing Rule 1 is to ensure that the numbering
system is based on an invariant feature, i.e. the year of establishment.
The advantage of using the year of establishment is that this feature
does not change over time, not unlike other choices such as latitude
or longitude (a station may be moved to another location), or other
geographically varying information such as rainfall isohyet.
3. As an illustration for Rule 1, in Sg. Buloh Basin (RBMU ID = 022),

station 3115053 “Ldg. Elmina A” was established in 1927, while
station 3214054 “Ldg. Tuan Mee” was established in 1918. The lower
Inner ID will be assigned first to 3214054 followed by 3115053.
Station Year of Establishment New Station ID Inner ID

3214054 – Ldg. Tuan
1918 0220051RF 005
Mee
3115053 – Ldg. Elmina A 1927 0220061RF 006
4. The purpose for enforcing Rule 2 is as a tie-breaking mechanism for
cases where two stations share the same TahunBuka value. As an
illustration for Rule 2, in Sg. Pahang Basin (RBMU ID = 055), stations
4218042 “Kuala Medang”, 4218043 “Paya Tepuai”, and 4019044
“Ulu Atok” were all established in 1969, and therefore a lower Inner ID
will be assigned to Kuala Medang first, followed by Paya Tepuai, then
followed by Ulu Atok.
Year of
Station New Station ID Inner ID
Establishment
4019044 - Ulu Atok (3rd) 0551111RF 111
1969 4218042 - Kuala Medang (1st) 0551091RF 109
4218043 - Paya Tepuai …….(2nd) 0551101RF 110
Primary or Secondary Data
1. The seventh-character in the identifier string is dedicated to address
the presence of primary and back-up measuring equipment (data
sources/ networks) for a given station. It is important for the user to
be able to identify if such a back-up system exists at the station of
interest and to use that data when necessary.
2. A Boolean variable (1 or 0) is used to address the primary and back-

up data as follows:
i. 1 = primary data source
ii. 0 = others (i.e. non-primary)
Type of Station
1. The eighth and ninth characters of the station identifier string denote the type
of hydrological station as follows :
i. RF for rainfall station
ii. CL for climate station
iii. EP for evaporation station
iv. WL for water level station
v. SF for streamflow station
vi. SD for sediment station
vii. WQ for water quality station
viii. GW for ground water station
ix. SM for soil moisture station
x. DM for dam/ reservoir water level monitoring station
2. The above rules do not inherit the structure from the old numbering system to
avoid making any special case exceptions during the assignment of new station
IDs.
Example :
Existing Station
1. The old hydrological station IDs are transformed into new station IDs following
the designed scheme. The following example illustrates the case when two (2)
rainfall stations and a streamflow station, for example “Pusat Penyelidikan di
JPS Ampang”, “JPS Wilayah Persekutuan” and “Sg. Klang di Jambatan
Sulaiman” all fall under the same RBMU.
RBMU Data Year of

RBMU Old ID Station Name New ID
No. Type Establishment
Pusat Penyelidikan di JPS
3117070 1953 0230411RF
Rainfall Ampang
Sg. Klang 023 3116003 JPS Wilayah Persekutuan 1972 0230441RF
Stream
3116430 Sg. Klang di Jam. Sulaiman 1973 0230511SF
flow
2. A part-by-part break-down of the new identifier system is illustrated as follows :
Characters
Character in Characters in
Station in position Characters in position 4-6
position 7 position 8-9
1-3
0230411
RF RBMU Station inner ID of a
Type of station:
0230441 Number for particular station follow the Primary data
Rainfall &
RF Sg. Klang chronological order : 041, source: 1
Streamflow
0230511S 023 044, 051
F
New Station
1. A script has been prepared to generate the station IDs automatically based on
the relevant information given. The information required to generate the station
IDs are as follows:
a) River basin management unit (RBMU) or station coordinates (Latitude and
Longitude).
b) If the DID Officer is not certain the hydrologic station falls within which
RBMU, then the Officer may enter the coordinates instead.
c) Station Name
d) Year of establishment
e) Data type e.g. rainfall (RF) or water level (WL)
f) Category of the data source at the station, e.g. primary or secondary data
source
Multiple Stations at Same Location
Existing Stations
1. For a given station location that serves several functions (different instruments
residing in the same station location), the user has to ensure the entry of the
station name is exactly the same as the previous entry. For example, station
“Sg. Jengka di Jam. Kg. Awah” has three (3) types of station installed at the
same location which are water level, suspended sediment and water quality
stations. The station ID for “Sg. Jengka di Jam. Kg. Awah” falls in Sungai
Pahang basin and the proposed station ID for the multiple entries will be as
follows:
River Year of
RBMU Data Type Old ID New ID
Basin Establishment
Water Level 3525405 1972 0551211WL
Sg. Suspended Sediment 3525505 1974 0551211SD
055
Pahang 0551211W
Water Quality 3525605 1977
Q
Note : The inner ID (Characters in position 4 to 6) of these stations remains the same, which is “121”.
Guideline for Station Naming
1. The entry of the hydrological station name should be in Bahasa
Malaysia unless the name is originally in English. Abbreviations are
acceptable in naming of stations but the abbreviations should be
standardized as follows.
Abbreviation Full Term
Agr. Agriculture
Bhg. Bahagian
Bkt. Bukit
Bt. Batu
Emp. Empangan
Ins. Institut
Jab. Jabatan
Jam. Jambatan
Jln. Jalan
K. Kuala
Keb. Kebangsaan
Guideline for Station Naming
Abbreviation Full Term
Kg. Kampung
km Kilometre
Ldg. Ladang
LLN Lembaga Letrik Negara
Lrg. Lorong
Pej. Pejabat
Ran. Rancangan
Sg. Sungai
S.K. Sekolah Kebangsaan
S.M.K. Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan
S.J.K. Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan
Spg. Simpang
Stn. Stesen
Tg. Tanjung
Tmn. Taman
1. All the information recorded on station registers is important in giving
an indication of the quality of the data and hence, should be constantly
updated. For example, a suspicious shift of trend in data sets could be
due to artificial sources, such as changes in instrumentation or site
location, or natural causes or local changes to the environment.
2. The station registers were previously kept as hard copy records in both
State DID offices and DID Headquarters. However, it is difficult to
preserve the large volume of hardcopy records, and these valuable
station metadata are not easily accessible by anyone including the DID
officers themselves.
3. Hence, a systematic database should be established to make the

information easily retrievable, to improve consistency in the metadata
and to archive information about the hydrological network and its
components.
4. A process of data entry, checking and verification must take place
before information is entered in the database to minimize mistakes.
All entries are to be in metric units.
5. The State DID offices are responsible for providing historical registers
for all existing stations and for the establishment of any new stations
in the future.
6. The State DID will also be required to update the DID Headquarters
upon any changes or additions to the registers.
Rainfall Station Register
The listing of information/metadata shall cover the basic station metadata,
observation summary of each measuring equipment (primary and any back-up data
sources if present) at a predefined station, rainfall exposure diagrams depicting
instrument location and surrounding features from the most recent to the earliest
possible time, station observation program summary and a detailed list of all the
station’s equipment history. The following is a listing and description of entries to be
made on the Rainfall Station Register.
i. Name of Station and Station Identifiers
ii. River Basin Management Unit (RBMU)
iii. Basic Station Metadata
iv. Classification of Stations
v. Project Station
vi. Controlling Authority
vii. Current Station Equipment Summary
viii. Rainfall Exposure Diagram
ix. Photographs
x. Remarks
Rainfall Station Registry
1 Station Name Pusat Penyelidikan di DID Ampang
Station ID 0230421RF
Old Station ID 3117070
2 River Basin Management Unit (RBMU) Sungai Klang

RBMU No. 23
3 Basic Station Metadata

Date/ Year of Station Establishment Jan-53
Status of Station Active
Latitude 3.154888
Longitude 101.748666
Elevation (m) 45 Determined using Topographic Map
Defined Land Use Type
0 to 100m (LU_100m) City area with building less than 10 metres (3 storeys)
100m to 1km (LU_1km) City area with building greater than 10 metres (3 storeys)
1km to 10km (LU_10km) City area with building greater than 10 metres (3 storeys)
Defined Soil Type (At Enclosure) unable to determine
Surface Type (At Enclosure) Fully covered by grass
Aspect ill-defined
4 Classification Primary
5 Project Station False
6 Controlling Authority
Kompleks DID Ampang, Jalan Air Bukit, Off Km 7,
Address
Jalan Ampang, 55100 Kuala Lumpur
Telephone/ Email Address 03-42895400
7 Station Equipment Summary
Installation Manual Rain Gauge Telemetry
Date of Installation/ Removal/
Jan-53 Jan-74
Replaced
Type of Gauge and Sensor Cylindrical Rain Gauges Tipping Bucket Rain Gauges
Maximum Rainfall Rate/
203mm 700mm/ hr
Capacity of Gauge
Frequency of Observation daily 10 minute
Orifice of Gauge 127mm 200 ± 0.3mm
Gauged Tilted/ Vertical Vertical Vertical
Windshield Diameter - -
Calibration
May-81
Date of Calibration Apr-56
Jul-96
Repair (Adjustment)
Date of Repair - Jun-96
8 Rainfall Exposure Diagram
N/A
9 Photographs
North - 0° East - 90° South - 180° West - 270°
0230421RF 0230421RF 0230421RF

_20170912_090.jpg _20170912_180.jpg _20170912_270.jpg
10 Remarks
-
Climatological Station Register
According to WMO guidelines, a principle climatological station provides a range of
observations of weather wind, cloud characteristics, humidity, temperature,
atmospheric pressure, precipitation, sunshine and solar radiation. As the
precipitation (rainfall) measurement has been accounted by the rainfall station, the
climate station will monitor the remaining components. The parameters observed by
the climatological station can be used to estimate other parameters and for long-
term hydrological modelling. For example, temperature, humidity, wind and other
ambient conditions can be used to estimate the evaporation rate. The following is a
listing and description of entries to be made on the Climatological Station Register.
iv. Project Station
v. Controlling Authority
vi. Current Station Equipment Summary
vii. Photographs
viii. Remarks
Evaporation Station Register
The standard “Class A” pan, measures 254 mm (10 inches) in height and 1206 mm
(47.5 inches) in diameter. The rate of evaporation from a pan is measured by the
change in level of its free water surface. The listing of information/metadata shall
cover the basic station metadata, observation summary of each measuring
equipment (primary and any back-up data sources if present) at a predefined
station, station observation program summary, and details of the station’s
equipment history. The following is a listing and description of entries to be made on
the Evaporation Station Register.
iv. Project Station
v. Controlling Authority
vi. Current Station Equipment Summary
vii. Photographs
viii. Remarks
Water Level and Streamflow Station Register
The listing of information/metadata shall cover the basic station metadata,
observation summary of each measuring equipment (primary and any back-up data
sources if present) at a given station, the site plan showing the instrument location
and other landmarks from most recent to the earliest possible time, station
observation program summary and a detailed list of all the station’s equipment
history. The following is a listing and description of entries to be made on the River
Station Register (for both water level and stream flow stations).
ii. River
iii. River Basin Management Unit (RBMU)
iv. Catchment Area
v. Basic Station Metadata
vi. Gauging
vii. Project Station
viii. Controlling Authority
ix. Current Station Equipment Summary
x. Details of Installation and Structure
xi. Remarks
xii. Site Plan
xiii. Photographs
Suspended Sediment Station Register
The suspended sediment discharge measurements are normally taken at river
gauging stations, since river velocity and discharge values are necessary for the
computation of sediment discharge. The listing of information/metadata shall cover
the basic station metadata, observation summary of each measuring equipment
(primary and any back-up data sources if present) at a given station, station
observation program summary and a detailed list of all the station’s equipment
history. The following is a listing and description of entries to be made on the
Suspended Sediment Discharge Station Register.
ii. River
iv. Basic Station Metadata
v. Catchment Area
vi. Project Station
vii. Controlling Authority
viii. Sampling Method: Bridge/Wading/Cable/Boat
ix. River Width
x. Geometry of River Cross Section
xi. Photographs
xii. Remarks
Water Quality Station Register
Water quality monitoring stations monitor the concentrations of chemicals
(nutrients, trace metals, pesticides/herbicides, industrial organic micro-pollutants,
oil and greases, bacteria, water temperature and the sediment load (mass of
fragments). Assessing the water quality of groundwater and surface water helps
water managers determine if water is acceptable for drinking, sanitation, health,
commercial and industrial use, and agriculture and irrigation. It also supports the
freshwater ecosystems.
ii. River
iv. Basic Station Metadata
v. Catchment Area
vi. Total Depth of Water (River/ Lake)
vii. Station Purpose
viii. Project Station
ix. Controlling Authority
x. Sampling Method: Bridge/Wading/Cable/Boat
xi. Photographs
xii. Remarks
Ground Water Station Register
Groundwater level observation wells are generally used to monitor levels regionally
within an aquifer to estimate groundwater resource fluctuations, or to monitor locally
the effects of groundwater abstractions. The following is a listing and description of
entries that provide reference details relating to individual observation wells.
iv. Geologic Unit
v. Project Station
vii. Photographs
viii. Remarks
Soil Moisture Station Register
Soil moisture controls the terrestrial water balance by partitioning precipitation
between infiltration, runoff, and evapotranspiration. The capillary action that
determines the evaporative demand and withdrawal of water through plant roots is
driven by soil moisture content. Thus, soil moisture is also critical for the evaluation
of, for example, droughts, floods, erosion caused by surface runoff, and ground
water recharge.
iv. Description of Probe
v. Project Station
vii. Photographs
viii. Remarks
Dam/ Reservoir Water Level Monitoring Station Register
The management and maintenance of reservoir water levels at dam sites is to
ensure the safety of the dam (flood moderation) and continuous operation of the
reservoir (drought monitoring program). A drought event may have begun when a
dam water level falls below the alert level for 2 months continuously.
iv. Catchment Area
v. Dam Type
vi. Dam Usage
vii. Full Supply Level
viii. The normal maximum operating water level when not affected by floods. This water level
corresponds to 100% storage capacity of the dam.
ix. Current Station Equipment Summary
x. Controlling Authority
xi. Photographs
xii. Remarks
1. A web application has been developed to fulfil the needs for both HP 6
and HP 7. The web application allows DID officer to search and view
the relevant station, assigning new Station ID based on the designed
scheme, and station’s registration with the relevant metadata.
2. The web application for HP 6 and HP 7 (hereon referred to as “the web

application”) is split horizontally into two panels – a geospatial data
viewer, or web map, located at the top, and a table viewer located at
the bottom.
3. The geospatial data viewer allows the user to pan, zoom, and hover
over locations on the web map. Meanwhile, the table viewer modifies
what is displayed on the web map when specific records (rows in the
table) are clicked.
APA itu Sumber Air?
Sumber Air adalah air yang ada

potensi untuk digunakan. Air
digunakan bagi tujuan pertanian,
industri, domestik, rekreasi,
pelancongan dan alam sekitar.
APA itu Pengurusan Sumber
Air?
“…..Pengurusan sumber air melibatkan perancangan,
analisis, penilaian, penggunaan, impak dan ramalan
terhadap sumber-sumber air secara sistematik, cekap
optimun tanpa membazir untuk menjamin bekalan air
kepada pengguna sentiasa bersih dan berterusan…”.
Oridorn (1977) Water Management (Orodorn, 1977)

Agriculture Users Urban/Industrial Users
Environmental Users
#23 © DHI
1
50% Surface Rainoff
42% Evaporation
8% Groundwater
Recharge
Sumber: Review of National Water Resourc

Isu Sumber Air di
Malaysia
1. Koordinasi pengurusan
sumber air
2. Isu Climate Change
3. Perubahan dalam rainfall
trend and distribution
234
1. Koordinasi Pengurusan Sumber Air
Stakeholders involves
in river basin planning Stakeholders’ priorities;
and management, each participation of government, land
developers, water users and local
having different goals
community
and information needs
Coordination of structures
(Engineering New Records, 20 September 1993, with permission)
operated by different entities:
consideration on the impact from
operation of dams; barrages;
abstraction, storage
Gaps in knowledge of water
availability; Enhance information on
water availability using measurement
tools for water resources management
2. Climate Change
 Global climate is under-going rapid changes due to human activities causes.
 Globally, the temperature has shown monotonic increment since industrial
revolution due to elevated green house gases.
 3 hottest year in record – 2015, 2016 and 2017.
 If take away the effect of El Nino, 2017 is the warming year in record.
Potential Climate Change

Impact
1964–2017 global surface temperature data from Nasa,

divided into El Niño (red), La Niña (blue), and neutral
(black) years, with linear trends added. I(llustration: Dana
Nuccitelli)
3. Perubahan dalam
Rainfall Trend and
Distribution
Muda Basin (2017)

Long Term Annual Basin Rainfall for Sg.Bernam River Basin (1931-2015)
3500
Bernam Basin (2017) 3000
Average Catchment Rainfall (mm)

2500
2000
1500
1000
1931
1934
1937
1940
1943
1946
1949
1952
1955
1958
1961
1964
1967
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
2009
2012
2015
Basin average mean annual rainfall shows a decreasing trend at a rate of 4.63%
annually from 1931 to 2015
Source: Hydrological Data, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia (2016) 21

238
Tahun kemarau di Malaysia

No. Year Location Note
1. 1991 Melaka, Johor Water Crisis in Melaka
(Durian Tunggal Dam)
2. 1998 Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, El-Nino Phenomena
Pulau Pinang, Melaka, Kedah,
Kelantan, Sabah & Sarawak
3. 2005 Negeri Sembilan Water Crisis Negeri Sembilan
4. 2010 Sabah, Johor, Kedah, Perlis El-Nino Phenomena
5. 2014 Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Dry and Drought Weather
Johor, Kelantan, Perak
6. 2016 Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Pinang, El-Nino Phenomena
Johor, Perak, Kelantan
FOOD SECURITY – economic value
KELUASAN KAWASAN
IADA Barat Laut Selangor : 16,000 HA
Kerian Irrigation Scheme : 24,000 HA
ANGGARAN : 1.2 HA / PETANI

JUMLAH PETANI : 14,000 PETANI
KIRAKAN BERAPA RM BAGI

HASIL DALAM TEMPOH
SEMUSIM
Cth : IADA BARAT LAUT SELANGOR
- Kawasan ini hanya bergantung pada
headwork (river flow) semata-mata tanpa
reservoir
KELUASAN KAWASAN : 16,000 HA
HASIL PADI : 16,000 HA X 8 TAN/HA =

128,000 TAN SEMUSIM
JUMLAH : 128,000 X RM 1,500

TAN/HA/SEMUSIM =
RM 192 JUTA SEMUSIM
SEKIRANYA BERLAKU KEGAGALAN BAGI

MENGAGIHKAN SUMBER, AKAN MEMBERI
KESAN KEPADA HASIL TANAMAN
KELUASAN KAWASAN
IADA Barat Laut Selangor : 16,000 HA
Kerian Irrigation Scheme : 24,000 HA

KIRAKAN BERAPA RM
PAMPASAN YANG PERLU
DIBERI KEPADA PETANI
Cth : IADA BARAT LAUT SELANGOR
- Kawasan ini hanya bergantung pada
headwork (river flow) semata-mata tanpa
reservoir
KELUASAN KAWASAN : 16,000 HA
BAYARAN PAMPASAN KEPADA PETANI

16,000 Ha x RM 573/ha = RM9.17 JUTA
PENAKSIRAN SUMBER AIR - Water Balance
Runoff, Q = Precipitation, P – Evaporation, E
P= I + ET + R
Why a water balance is needed?
Total amount of water
Each groundwater Changes the natural
in the system is in
system is unique flow patterns
balance
• the source and amount •Total amount of water • Changes the natural
of water flowing entering, leaving, and flow patterns due to
through the system is being stored in the groundwater
dependent upon system is in balance withdrawals must be
external factors. •An accounting of all the accounted for in the
inflows, outflows, and calculation of the
changes in storage is water balance.
called a water balance.
Sustainable Understanding
Human activities
groundwater water balance and
affect
management New Equilibrium
• Human activities affect • the water balance • Understanding water
the amount and rate of need to be established balance and how it
movement of water in for a given unit system changes in response to
the system, entering (hydrologic/ river human activities (new
the system, and basin, groundwater equilibrium) is an
leaving the system. basin or aquifer unit) important aspect of
over a given period of groundwater system
time. characterisation.
Sistem Pengurusan Keseimbangan
Sumber Air adalah merupakan
pengurusan air di sesuatu
lembangan yang berkaitan dengan
Keseimbangan sumber air dan
jumlah keperluan (demand) serta
diurus dengan sistematik dan cekap
demi menjamin kecukupan dan
kelestarian sumber air
NAWABS as a Management Tool
Why a water balance is needed?
Each Total amount Changes Human Sustainable Understanding

groundwater of water in the natural activities groundwater water balance
system is the system is flow affect management and
unique in balance patterns equilibrium
247
NAWABS Objectives 01.

Menjalankan kajian dan pembangunan keseimbangan
sumber air (NAWABS) bagi pengurusan sumber air negara
bagi memperkasakan risikan dan maklumat sumber air
serta mengoptimumkan pengagihan sumber air
02.
Membina keupayaan semua pihak
berkepentingan untuk membolehkan
penglibatan dan kaloborasi yang berkesan
dalam tadbir urus sumber air negara
KOMPONEN NAWABS
NATIONAL WATER BALANCE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
NAWABS
SOLUTION INFRASTUCTURE
National Water Balance HOW
Management System
(NAWABS)
NAWABS
WILL HELP
A computerized system being
US???
developed based on several
investigation in water demand
NAWABS Outcome
and water balance
01. 02. 03.
• Forecast in 2 months ➢ Improved water security

Centralized Decision Making tools on IWRM for and sustainability of water
Water Resource Manager • Warning in 2 weeks
(long term planning and distribution) on 9 main resources
outputs which are : allocation/storages
1. Water Accounting System ➢ National priority to ensure
2. Water Demand Option System
3. Water Availability System adequate and safe water
4. Water Prioritisation System for all
5. Water Allocation System ➢ and public preparedness
6. Water Quality System
7. Water Storing and releasing during low and
high flows
8. Water Resources Index and Drought Index
9. Water Auditing System
NAWABS System Flow
PROSES CADANGAN DMSS
DATA 9 OUTPUT HEBAHAN BAGI MENINGKATKAN
SUMBER AIR
Water
Forecast Data Accounting
Historical Water Availability
Live Data
Data Water Allocation
LAPORAN
Water Demand STAKEHOLDER AKAN
QA/Q Water Quality MENGGUNAKAN 9 OUTPUT
C Water BAGI TUJUAN :
Prioritization & PLANNING

Demand Mgt FORECASTING
MODE Water Resource Index & OPERATION
LS Drought Index MONITORING
CHECK AND
Storing & Releasing BALANCE
during High and Low
DMSS Flow
Water Auditing
Kategori-Kategori Banjir :
BANJIR MONSUN :
Banjir yang disebabkan keamatan hujan yang
tinggi dan berterusan (> 6 jam) pada musim
monsun timur laut / tengkujuh (Nov - Mac)
BANJIR KILAT :
Banjir yang disebabkan keamatan hujan yang
tinggi dan setempat mengakibatkan kenaikan dan
penurunan air dalam masa yang singkat (< 6 jam)
BANJIR PASANG SURUT :

Banjir yang disebabkan kenaikan air laut semasa
air pasang dan melebihi aras air sungai
LEMBANGAN SUNGAI BERISIKO BANJIR
Kelantan Melaka
• Sungai Kelantan PERLIS • Sungai Melaka
• Sungai Golok Negeri Sembilan
Kangar THAILAND
PULAU S.Kelantan
LANGKAWI
• Sungai Semerak • Sungai Linggi
Alor Setar KEDAH Kota Bharu
Terenganu S.Muda
George Town
• Sungai Pahang
• Sungai Besut PULAU
PINANG
KELANTAN
S.Terengganu
Kuala Terengganu • Sungai Muar
• Sungai Dungun TERENGGANU
Perak
• Sungai Kemaman PERAK S.Dungun
• Sungai Perak
• Sungai Marang • Sungai Kerian
Ipoh
• Sungai Chalok • Sungai Kurau

S.Cukai
S.Perak
PAHANG
Pahang S.Bernam Kuantan
S.Kuantan • Sungai Slim
• Sungai Pahang SELANGOR
S.Pahang
Kedah
• Sungai Kuantan Shah Alam
S.Klang
Kuala
Lumpur
• Sungai Kedah
• Sungai Rompin • Sungai Muda
NEGERI
SEMBILAN S.Rompin
S.Endau
Johor Seremban
S.Linggi MELAKA
• Sungai Kulim
• Sungai Benut S.Melaka
Melaka
S.Muar JOHOR
Pulau Pinang
• Sungai Johor S.Batu Pahat • Sungai Juru
• Sungai Batu Pahat S.Benut Johor
Bahru • Sungai Muda
• Sungai Muar FLOOD PRONE AREA (EAST MALAYSIA) SINGAPORE
S.Johor
• Sungai Pinang
• Sungai Endau • Sungai Perai
• Sungai Sedili KotaKinabalu
• Sungai Jawi
• Sungai Skudai/Tebrau Perlis
S.Kinabatangan
SABAH
Selangor • Sungai Perlis

LABUAN
• Sungai Langat S.Baram • Sungai Arau

• Sungai Buloh Sabah
• Sungai Kelang • Sungai Kinabatangan
• Sg. Selangor • Sungai Padas
W.Persekutuan KL Sarawak
SARAWAK
S.Rejang
• Sungai Klang • Sungai Batang Sadong

• Sungai Gombak • Sg. Sarawak
S.Sarawak
Kucing
S.Sadong
• Sungai Kerayong • Sg. Rajang

• Sg. Serian
PANDUAN PENGURUSAN BENCANA BANJIR
▪ MKN Arahan No.20 – Dasar

dan Mekanisma Pengurusan
dan Bantuan Bencana Negara
▪ MKN – Jilid I, Peraturan Tetap

Operasi Pengendalian
Bencana Banjir
▪ Surat Pekeliling JPS Bil. 2

Tahun 2003 – Garispanduan
Pengurusan Bencana Banjir
Musim Tengkujuh dan Banjir
Semasa
256
STRUKTUR ORGANISASI PENGURUSAN DAN
BANTUAN BENCANA NEGARA
• Jawatankuasa Pengurusan dan Bantuan

Bencana Pusat (JPBBP) – Peringkat Pusat
Bencana Negeri (JPBBN) – Peringkat Negeri
Bencana Daerah (JPBBD) – Peringkat Daerah
257
PENGERUSI
TIMBALAN PERDANA MENTERI
SETIAUSAHA
PENGARAH NADMA,
JABATAN PERDANA MENTERI
AHLI JAWATANKUASA
- KETUA SETIAUSAHA NEGARA (KSN)
- TENTERA
- MENTERI KEWANGAN
- MENTERI SOSIAL DAN KEBAJIKAN MASYARAKAT
- AGENSI TERLIBAT EG. JPS MALAYSIA, JMM dll..
258
PENGERUSI
SETIAUSAHA KERAJAAN NEGERI
SETIAUSAHA
SEKRETARIAT BENCANA
ANGKATAN PERTAHANAN AWAM
(APM) NEGERI
AHLI JAWATANKUASA
- POLIS
- TENTERA
- JABATAN PERTAHANAN AWAM NEGERI
- AGENSI TERLIBAT EG. JPS NEGERI, JMM dll..
259
PENGERUSI
PEGAWAI DAERAH
SETIAUSAHA
SEKRETARIAT BENCANA
ANGKATAN PERTAHANAN AWAM
(APM) DAERAH
AHLI JAWATANKUASA
- POLIS
- TENTERA
- JABATAN KERJA RAYA DAERAH
- AGENSI TERLIBAT EG. JPS DAERAH, JMM dll..
260
PENGURUSAN BENCANA BANJIR
 Bencana banjir mempunyai Jawatankuasa dan

mekanisme yang tersendiri melalui “Peraturan
Tetap Operasi Pengendalian Bencana Banjir”
yang dikeluarkan oleh Majlis Keselamatan
Negara, Jabatan Perdana Menteri pada 6 Jun
2001.
261
PERATURAN TETAP OPERASI
PENGENDALIAN BENCANA BANJIR
262
262
TUJUAN PERATURAN TETAP OPERASI
PENGENDALIAN BENCANA BANJIR
Tujuan Utama PTO ini adalah untuk menggariskan

pelan tindakan dan tatacara kerja agensi-agensi
yang terlibat dalam pengurusan bencana banjir
secara bersepadu, selaras dan berkesan.
Matlamatnya untuk mengurangkan risiko

kehilangan nyawa, kerugian harta benda dan
pelaksanaan usaha-usaha baik pulih.
263
PROGRAM PENCEGAHAN SERTA PERSEDIAAN
DAN KESIAPSAGAAN MENGHADAPI BANJIR
PERSEDIAAN DAN KESIAPSAGAAN
1. Persiapan menghadapi banjir menekankan aspek perancangan
pengurusan dan bantuan sebelum, semasa dan selepas banjir.
2. Bagi negeri/daerah yang seringkali mengalami banjir, perlu
diadakan mesyuarat sekurang-kurangnya sekali setahun sebelum
menjelang monsun timur laut atau barat daya.
3. Jawatankuasa yang dipertanggungjawabkan adalah di peringkat
pusat, negeri dan daerah.
PENYALURAN MAKLUMAT DARIPADA JPS

1. Kedudukan Aras Air Sungai Semasa publicinfobanjir.water.gov.my
2. Status Hujan semasa
3. Laporan Kawasan Banjir Semasa
264
SURAT PEKELILING JPS BIL 2
TAHUN 2003
265
1. Garispanduan merujuk kepada Arahan No. 20 dan
Peraturan Tetap Operasi Pengendalian dan Bencana
Banjir serta kehendak semasa bertujuan untuk
memperkemaskan peranan JPS dalam gerakan bantuan
bencana banjir.
2. Perkara-perkara yang dibincangkan dalam garispanduan
ini :
- Peranan JPS sebelum, semasa dan selepas banjir.
- Rangkaian Sistem Ramalan dan Amaran Banjir.
- Kemudahan perhubungan komunikasi & pengangkutan.
- Langkah-langkah proaktif dalam menghadapi banjir.
266
PRAB
LOKASI PROJEK
40
Lemb.
3 FASA 1 FASA 2A FASA 2B
Sg.
Fasa 2015 - 2017 2017 - 2020 2020 - 2022
RM 139 Juta RM 391 Juta RM 20 Juta
RM550 FASA 1 FASA 2A FASA 2B
Juta 1)Sg. Kelantan 4) Sg. Sarawak 20) Sg. Linggi 33) Sg. Marang
2)Sg. Terengganu 5) Sg. Rajang 21)Sg. Semerak 34) Sg. Buloh
3)Sg. Pahang 6) Sg. Padas 22)Sg. Arau 35) Sg. Slim
7) Sg. Kinabatangan 23)Sg. Bentong 36) Sg. Jawi
8) Sg. Besut 24)Sg. Benut 37) Sg. Perai
9) Sg. Dungun 25)Sg. Kesang 38) Sg. Pinang
10)Sg Selangor 26)Sg. Kedah 39) Sg. Juru
11)Sg. Bernam 27)Sg. Kemaman 40) Sg. Chalok
12)Sg. Perlis 28)Sg. Kelang
13)Sg. Perak 29)Sg. Muda
14)Sg. Golok 30)Sg. Kerian
15)Sg. Langat 31)Sg. Kurau
16)Sg. Kuantan 32)Sg. Muar
17)Sg. Batu Pahat
18)Sg. Johor
19)Sg. Melaka
KOMPONEN UTAMA PRAB – FASA 2
Cerapan
hujan, Cerapan Topografi
Air
Ramala sejatan, aras air Profil (DEM) &
kelempapan Pasang /
n hujan dan kadar Sungai gunatana
tanah Surut
alir h
Maklumat Real Time

Communication & Big Data Analysis
Validasi dan Simpan Data
PENGESANAN RAMALAN
PUSAT DATA RAMALAN
Ramalan Aras Peta

Communication Big Data Analysis Air Banjir
AMARAN DAN
HEBAHAN
DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Existing
27
1
DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
PRAB Phase 1
SOURCE PROCESS STAKEHOLDER
SG. KELANTAN
HYDROLOGICAL
STATION AGENCY
JPS Negeri
SG. TERENGGANU FLOOD FORECASTING JMM
HYDROLOGICAL MODEL Agensi Pengurusan
STATION Bencana Negara
SG. PAHANG Polis DiRaja Malaysia
HYDROLOGICAL
STATION
FORECAST DATA
CENTRE
JABATAN (FDC)
METEOROLOGI
MALAYSIA (JMM)
HYDROLOGICAL
STATION PUBLIC / MEDIA
JMM Television
NUMERICAL WEATHER Radio
FLOOD WARNING
PREDICTION (NWP) / AND DISSEMINATION WEB/Mobile Apps/
RADAR DATA SYSTEM Facebook / Twitter
Short Messaging System
Open Data
AGENSI REMOTE Siren
SENSING MALAYSIA Warning Board
UNMANED AERIAL
VEHICLE (UAV) IMAGES
272
FAEDAH
HEBAHAN RAMALAN DAN AMARAN
BANJIR
JENIS DAN SUMBER HEBAHAN
JENIS
HEBAHAN
STESEN RAMALAN
MODEL
HUJAN ARAS AIR SIREN
RAMALAN
TEXT / Siren PDF,

(sound) imej,
HEBAHAN MAKLUMAT BANJIR
Facebook Public Infobanjir

https://www.facebook.com/PublicInfoBanjir
Public Infobanjir
1.Model http://publicinfobanjir.water.gov.my/
Ramalan,
2. Current
Alert (Rainfall
& Water
Level)
Apps smartphone Twitter

InfoBanjir@JPS_InfoBanjir
myJPS
SEKIAN, TERIMA KASIH &
SELAMAT MAJU JAYA…
DISEDIAKAN OLEH :
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN

Hidrologi - Struktur Dan Peralatan

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Hidrologi - Struktur Dan Peralatan

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PENGENALAN KEPADA ASAS HIDROLOGI UNTUK

KUMPULAN SOKONGAN JPS MALAYSIA

For the storm of interest over the catchment shown the

The arithmetic mean of the rainfall P would be;

55 +1815 +12 25 +12 35

Satu bidang sains tentang kewujudan, pusingan dan

Hydrology is the science that encompasses the

The water cycle, or hydrologic cycle, is a continuous process by

• Larian Permukaan (Surface Runoff)

• Airbumi (Ground water)

• Tasik dan Waduk

▪ Air simpanan di lautan

Proses Hidrologi Ilmu Sains

▪ Hidrologi Operasi - pemungutan, pemprosesan, arkib dan

(Al-Anbiya’ (21): 30)

"Dialah Allah Yang mengirimkan angin, lalu angin

Pembangunan Alam sekitar Rekreasi

Minuman Hidupan Tenaga

Domestic Flood Management

SEKSYEN SEKSYEN SUMBER PUSAT RAMALAN DAN DAN

SEKSYEN PERALATAN HIDROLOGI

Memberi perkhidmatan cemerlang dalam pembangunan dan

▪ Untuk mengumpul dan memproses data hidrologi bagi

▪ Membekal data dan maklumat hidrologi yang berkualiti dalam

▪ Mengambil tindakan terhadap aduan kerosakan peralatan

▪ Memberi khidmat nasihat /ulasan teknikal / maklumbalas

Menyediakan ramalan dan amaran banjir yang tepat dan boleh

▪ Membangun, menyenggara dan mengoperasi sistem ramalan dan

▪ Melaksanakan hebahan ramalan dan amaran banjir monsun 2

▪ Mengutip dan memproses data dan maklumat hidrologi untuk memenuhi

▪ Penilaian asas sumber air untuk melaksanakan rancangan pembangunan dan

▪ Perkhidmatan hidrologi dalam ramalan dan amaran banjir serta kemarau

▪ Menyediakan piawaian dan garispanduan dalam amalan-amalan hidrologi

fokus kepada Institut

Hujan 1038 271 49 1358

Air Bumi 115 115 33

 Analisis water quality

Penjanaan Rekod Menentukan aliran sungai

Menentukan keupayaan Menentukan saiz waduk untuk

Analisis Kegunaan Bidang Kegunaan

Meramal Menentukan saiz jambatan dan pembetung

Menganggar kadar Kajian persekitaran, meramal jangka

Permodelan Meramal pencemaran

Analisis Kegunaan Bidang Kegunaan

Pengurusan sumber air, menentukan

Menganggar kadar sejatan

❖ Peta isohyet untuk taburan hujan bulanan

❖ Analisa Statistik (hujan 3 bulan kumulatif):

❖ Peta isohyet untuk jumlah hujan 3 bulan kumulatif

❖ Ramalan – 1 & 2 bulan kehadapan

Rainfall Stations J5 -37(236)

Hidrograf aras air

2. Technical Regulations (WMO-No. 49) are supplemented by a number of manuals

3. It is therefore hoped that improved uniformity and standardization in

1. Chapter 1 : Introduction & Outline

2. Chapter 2 : Methods of observation

3. Chapter : Precipitation Measurement

5. Chapter 5 : Surface Water Quantity And Sediment Measurement

6. Chapter 7 : Water Quality And Aquatic Ecosystems

7. Chapter 9 : Data Processing And Quality Control

8. Chapter 10 : Data Storage, Access And Dissemination

1. The accepted principles of integrated water resources management (IWRM)

3. The resulting lack of homogeneity in the observations gives rise to a lack of