today cardinality no class Monday 4 Labor Day

Cardinality
mostly abt 8 sets t how to count dryelements inthem
mappings
setting X Y twosets
XE X
Def f X Y says a funct y FCK wheredomain is X yEY
Def l f is injective if f Xi f Xz Xz
2 f is surjective if Hye YI XEX f x
y
3 f is bijective if f is both injective and surjective
illustrate X
Y
X
f
p injective

X Y
fi surjective
y
X Y
f bijective

bijectionmap

Def X andY have the same cardinality if Ff X Y bijective

Notation X Y cifxnyandy Z.KZ
equivalence 1 XNX
relation 2 y ynX
3 XX You2 X 2

g.fi
X Y Z
card X card Y
Def card X E card Y if I f X Y injective

a ax

Notation X Y curved inequality

Thm 1 Bernstein
f X 2 Y andY X then X Y
We're skipping proof

cardinality of finite sets

Ex NX I 2,7 Y 4,2 83
then XNY 2 4,2 8,93 then X h Z X 2 Z XYZ

card X XI of elements in X

0 sets
cardinality ay
Ex 2 X 1,2 3
Y 2
M
3,4 N 13
X Y
3 X N 1,2 3
I dt
y 2N 2,4 6
XNY

4 X N I 2,3

Y
111 7 3
2 3,5 prime s pi pz Pz Pa
XNY
 x

XNY N NEL
6 X D I 2,3 3
Y NZ XXX X y XENYEH
ET 1hmCantor1874
i i i i
I l l l l ls x
2 3 45 6

Thin 2
If Y C H and Y is infinite then Y NH
Pf Y y Ly Ys L
e

IN I 2 3 4 ILL 3

Ex 7 22 12 12 cx.gs xeC2sgeZ
x
5
Squarelattice
i
i iii no
Ii ii
ai i a
E IZZ
a

we know Z N N then Z n but NZn N i 122 N

8 CQ 7 n Il m E
i

f ZZ
m
f i T m h e122

but weknow22NN
f CQcZ2 N sobyThm2 Q N
Def Cantor X is infinite countable if XNN
EX 9 IN NIN provebyinduction b c if youhaveNkt kxNntoNxH

and 2K is alsocountable
main result not all sets are countable
Thm 4 Cantor 1876,1897
I O I 0 EXE I X so that O IT is not countable

PNOf by contradiction Suppose CO 1 Ny Then 7 abijection f N 1,43 3

X XzXz o I Denote f K _Xk XKECO.IT let X I 0 i i zi i O

Remark consider 2 s A 0.1000 b 0.0999 Then a b O a b

X O 4 i aisi a
Xz O izizzizzha
I
Xz OrtizIzzi33034

Xp O by4243644

I
i

Define X i iz iz it bythefollowing rule i k 1 if 4 1 1

ik 2 if im L

Then X X b c it in
X Xz b c iz izz
X t Xz b c is F i33

THUS XC 0,1 butnot in x xz CO D a contradiction

CO I xx CO IT is uncountable Et
 0.101101011 1
Base 2 X O O iz is 4 0 i
power set

A CH CO D ECN 0,13
Z N xx
b c I N NI 0,17
Thm5 Cantor
E X x X V infinite X

diagonal proof also

Aleph hull
Notation of Cantor card Hl Ho countablesets
aleph one
card E N cardCO.IT H continuum sets

card Ei EICH Le
Ho2ft 2h22 Nh ICN 98 E N 2
Continuum hypothesis
If you have some set X NIX k ICH then either Xv Nor X 8CN

Paul Cohen Feild's metal

1966