BIO 422L

General Zoology Lab

Introduction to the Course

Jorge Anton Ordas

Niña Kathryn Alfeche
Department of Biological Sciences
University of Santo Tomas
BIO 422L
General Zoology Lab
Two-unit course with 6 hour laboratory
meeting per week.
Experimental and observation-based
approach to help better understand and
appreciate animals.
Emphasizes on:
Form and function of different animal groups
Survey of diversity and evolution of different
animal groups.
BIO 422L
General Zoology Lab
The student is expected to:
Gain fundamental knowledge on the diversity of
animals
Distinguish animals’ major features
Grading System
• CLASS STANDING 70%
Practical Exam
Worksheets
Oral Reports
Community Dev.
• MAJOR EXAM 30%
Prelims
Finals
100%
ADDITIONAL REQUREMENTS
1. Plastic Cover for Tables
2. LAB GOWNS (no lab gown = no experiment)
3. Dissecting kit
CLASS ATTENDANCE
• You are required to attend 80% of the total class hours.
• More than 20% absence is equivalent
• FA = 5.0 = Fail
• 3 tardiness = 1 absence
 COURSE SCHEDULE
Topics to be Discussed
Course Orientaion
1st Activity: Microscopy
Diagnostic Test
Ex 6: Intro to Animal Taxonomy
Written Exam 1
Ex 7: Unicellular Eukaryotes
Ex 8: Sponges
Ex 9: Radiate Animals
Ex 10: Flatworms
Ex 11: Nematodes
Ex 12: Molluscs
Ex 13: Annelids
FIRST PRACTICAL EXAM (EX 7-13)
 Topics to be Discussed
Ex 14: Chelicerate Arthropods
Ex 15: Crustacean Arthropods
Ex 16: Arthropods
Ex 17: Echinoderms
Ex 18: Chordata: Deuterostome group
SECOND PRACTICAL EXAM (EX 14-18)
PRELIMS EXAM (OCT 8-12)
Ex 19: Fishes: Lampreys, Sharks, Bony Fishes
Ex 20: Amphibians: Frogs
Ex 21: Reptiles
Ex 22: Birds
Ex 23: Mammals

THIRD PRACTICAL EXAM (EX 19-23)

Microaquaria, Ex 5: Ecological Relationships of Animals
FINAL EXAMS (DEC 12-18)
Reference Material
Hickman et al. 2017. Laboratory Studies
in Integrated Principles of Zoology. 17th
Edition.
Laboratory Setup MY TABLE
Door

Four (4) students per group

to occupy one side of the
table.
G6 G5 G4 G3 G2 G1
Alphabetically arranged.
Class Vice President will
provide a seating
arrangement (same template
to the figure) in a long-folder G9 G8 G7
with the ff:
1 x 1 picture
Name
Student Number
Grading Worksheets
Everyone is required to answer the
worksheet.
Only one worksheet (random selection)
will be graded per group, and the grade
will correspond to the entire group.
Worksheet will be submitted the
meeting AFTER the activity is
conducted.
1ST ACTIVITY: MICROSCOPY
J O R G E A N TO N O R D A S
N I Ñ A K AT H R Y N A L F E C H E
 Compound Light Microscope

Mirror Illuminator
Collects and Electric-
direct sunlight powered light
to condenser source.
 Compound Light Microscope
Limited to about 2000X
magnification
Bacteria, algae, protozoa,
plants and animal cells can
be discernable except virus.
Compound Light Microscope
Parts of the Microscope
Eye Piece (Ocular)
The lens through which specimen is
viewed
Magnifies the image depending on
magnifying power (10x/15x/20x)
May contain a pointer (needle)
Parts of the Microscope
Revolving
Nosepiece
Objective Lenses
Attached to the revolving nosepiece
Provides initial magnification
The lower the magnification, the
shorter the objective lens
Four types (General):
Scanning – 4x magnification
LPO – 10x magnification
HPO – 40x magification Objective
Lenses
OIO – 100x magnification (requires cedar oil)
Images from compound microscope
Paramecium sp.

40X 100x 400x

Total Magnification
Parts of the Microscope
Stage
Flat surface where specimen is placed
Contains the aperture and stage clips. Stage

Condenser
Lens that concentrate light from the source Aperture
Iris
diaphragm
to focus it on specimen.
Condenser
Iris Diaphragm
Controls amount of light. Adjustment
Knobs

Illuminator
Parts of the Microscope
Illuminator/Mirror
Source of light
Adjustment Knobs Stage

Adjusts the focus on the specimen

Coarse knob – bigger knob, adjusts focus on Aperture
Iris
diaphragm
scanning and LPO.
Condenser
Fine knob – smaller knob, adjusts focus on
HPO and OIO.
Adjustment
Knobs

Illuminator
1st Activity: Microscopy
OBJECTIVES
1. Identify the parts of the
microscope and learn their
functions.
2. Focus specimens under the
microscope.
3. Use the microscope effectively.

Follow the instructions carefully on

the manual.
1st Activity: Microscopy
Next Meeting
Microscope Practical – Focus the
specimen in 1 minute.