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5.deflections Using Energy Methods PDF
5.deflections Using Energy Methods PDF
Methods
Structural Mechanics 2
Dept of Architecture, Ajou Univ
Outline
• External work and strain energy
• Principle of work and energy
• Principle of virtual work
• Method of virtual work: trusses
• Method of virtual work: beams and frames
• Virtual strain energy caused by axial load, shear,
torsion and temperature
• Castigliano’s theorem
• Castigliano’s theorem for trusses
• Castigliano’s theorem for beams and frames
9-1 External Work and Strain Energy
U e M (eq 9.7)
9-1 External Work and Strain Energy
1 N 2L
U i P (eq 9.9) : internal work
2 2 AE
9-1 External Work and Strain Energy
Ue Ui P
1 1 P 2 L3
P
2 6 EI Δ
3
PL
L
3EI
x
9-2 Principle of Work and Energy
• Limitations
– Load may be applied one by one
– Only the displacement under the force can
be obtained
• Therefore, we have to seek other versatile
methods → Principle of Virtual Work
9-3 Principle of Virtual Work
• For a series of external loads Pi, internal loads u
throughout the structure exist
• As a result, external displacement i due to Pi
and internal displacement due to u occur
• Then the external and internal loads are
equilibrated to find the displacement
• In general, the displacement calculated in this
way does not have to be elastic, and they may
not be related to the loads
9-3 Principle of virtual work
• In summary, the principle states that:
Pi i u
Work of Work of
Ext loads Int loads
1 u dL (eq 9.14)
9-4 Method of virtual work: Trusses
• External loading (Unit Load Method)
– Consider the vertical displacement of joint B
– If the applied loadings P1 and P2 cause a linear elastic material
response, each truss member will deform by L NL / AE
– Therefore, the virtual work equation of the truss is
nNL
1 (eq 9.15)
AE
External virtual work = Sum of internal (virtual) strain energy
stored in truss members
1 = ext. virtual unit load acting on the truss in the stated direction of
n = int. virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the ext. virtual unit load
= ext. joint displacement caused by the real loads on the truss
N = int. normal force in a truss member caused by the real load
L = length of a truss member
A = cross section area of a truss member
E = modulus of elasticity of a truss member
9-4 Method of virtual work: Trusses
nNL 369.6kNm
cv
AE AE
369.6 10 6 Nmm
cv
(300mm 2 )[200000 N / mm 2 ]
cv 6.16mm
※ Refer to CD animation!
Example 9.2 Determine vertical displacement of
joint C with A = 400mm2 and E = 200GPa
nNL
Cv
AE
10.67 106
400 200000
0.133 mm
Example 9.2 Determine vertical displacement of
joint C if member AB is 5mm too short with A =
400mm2 and E = 200GPa
nL
cv (0.667)(5mm)
cv 3.33mm
Example 9.3 Determine the vertical displacement of joint C
if radiant heating from the wall causes temperature in
member AD to increase. Take = 1.08(10-5)/oC, E =
200GPa and ∆T=+60oC.
nNL
nTL
AE
0.75(600 103 )(1800) 1(400 103 )(2400)
cv
1200 200000 1200 200000
1.25(500 10 )(3000)
3
1(1.08 10 5 ) 60 2400
900 200000
cv 19.3mm
※ Refer to www.
10
L mM 10(1x)(6 x )
2
1.5 x
4
15000[kNm 3 ]
B dx dx
0 EI EI
0
EI 0 EI
15000 1012
B 150mm
200000 500 10 6
Example 9.5 Determine the tangential rotation at
point A. Use E = 200 GPa and I = 60106 mm4
m M
L
A
0 EI
dx
3 ( 1) x 3 3
0 EI
dx
3
x4
12 EI 0
6.75[kNm 2 ]
EI
6.75 10 9
200000 60 10 6
A 0.000563 rad
Example 9-6 Determine the slope at point B. Use
E = 200 GPa and I = 6x107 mm4.
-30
-15
m M 10 (1) 3 x 112.5[kNm 2 ]
B dx dx
EI 5 EI EI
112.5 109
B 0.00938 rad
200000 6 10 7
Example 9.7 Determine the displacement at D.
Use E = 200 GPa and I = 3x108 mm4.
mM
D dx
EI
6 0.75 x 120 20 x 3 0.75 x 15 x
dx dx
0 EI 0 EI
x 6 0.75 x 90 15 x
dx
3 EI
M x 120 20 x
1 6
EI
0
90 x 15 x2
dx
1 3
EI 0
11. 25 x
2
dx
M x 15 x M x 90 15 x
1 6
EI 3
67.5 x 11.25 x 2 dx
843.75 kN m m 2
1 EI
mx 0.75 x mx 1.75 x 15
843.75 1012
200 103 3 108
14.1 mm
Example 9.8 Determine the horizontal displacement of
point C. Use E = 200 GPa and I = 2.35x108 mm4.
C
mM
dx
3 x 180 x 30 x
2
dx
2.4 1.25 x 112.5 x
dx
EI 0 EI 0 EI
1 3
EI 0
180 x2
30 x 3
dx
1 2.4
EI 0
140 .625 x 2
dx
1660.5 kN m m 2
EI
1660.5 1012
200 103 2.35 108
35.3 mm
Example 9.9 Determine the tangential rotation at
point C. Use E = 200GPa and I =1.5107 mm4
cos60°=1/2
60°
1
Example 9.9 Determine the tangential rotation at
point C. Use E = 200GPa and I =1.5107 mm4
m=1
Mx1=2.5x1
1
/ G dy ( / G )dx
K (V / A); K form factor
vV
U K dx 1 Δs Δs (eq 9.21)
s GA
v internal virtual shear in the member caused by external virtual unit load
V external shear in the member caused by the real loads
A cross - sectional area of the member
G shear modulus of elasticity for the material
9-6 Virtual strain energy caused by axial
load, shear, torsion and temperature
• Virtual strain energy due to torsion
(cd ) / dx; / G; Tc / J
d ( dx) / c ( / Gc)dx (T / GJ )dx
tTL
d U 1 Δt Δt (eq 9.22)
t GJ
d
9-6 Virtual strain energy caused by
axial load, shear, torsion and temp
• Virtual strain energy due to temperature
– mean temperature is Tm = (T1 + T2) / 2
Tm dx
x Tm dx; d
c
L mΔTm dx 1 Δtemp Δtemp
U temp (eq 9.23)
0 c 1 θtemp θtemp
m internal virtual moment in the beam caused by the external virtual unit
load or unit couple moment
coefficient of thermal expansion
Tm temperature difference between mean temperature and the temperature
at the top or bottom of the beam
c mid - depth of the beam
Example 9.10 Determine the horizontal displacement of
point C. Use E = 200 GPa, G = 80 GPa, I = 2.35108 mm4,
A = 5.0104 mm2. Include the internal strain energy due to
axial load and shear.
2.4 m
M 180 x1 30 x12
3m
Example 9.10 Determine the horizontal displacement of
point C. Use E = 200 GPa, G = 80 GPa, I = 2.35108 mm4,
A = 5.0104 mm2. Include the internal strain energy due to
axial load and shear.
• Bending
mM
U b b at C dx
EI 2.4 m
3 x 180 x 30 x
2
2.4 1.25 x 112.5 x
dx 1
270 kN-m
0 EI 0 EI 1.25x2 112.5x2
1660.5kN m m 2
3m x1
EI
180x1-30x12
1660.5 1012
200 103 2.35 108
Unit load Real load
35.3 mm
• Axial load
1
nNL
U n n at C
EA 1
1.25 112.5 103 3 103
0
1.25 112.5 kN
200 103 5.0 10 4
0.18 mm 180 kN
Real load Unit load
• Combining them all:
ΔC Δb at C Δn at C Δs at C 35.3 0.04 0.18 35.5 mm
Δb at C : Δn at C : Δs at C 99.38 : 0.001: 0.005
U i
U i dU i U i dPi (eq 9.24) (first applying Pi ' s, then dPi )
Pi
Since the total strain energy does not depends on the sequence of
forces applied to the body, the quantities in (eq 9.24) and (eq 9.25) are
the same :
U i
i (eq 9.26)
Pi
9-8 Castigliano's Theorem for Trusses
N NL
Δ (eq 9.27)
P EA
Example 9.12 Determine the vertical displacement of joint
C. Use A = 400 mm2 and E = 200GPa
V2 U s V V
Us K dx K dx
2GA P P AG
T2 U t T T
Ut dx dx
2GJ P P JG
Example 9.15 Determine the displacement of point B of the
beam. Use I = 5.0108 mm4 and E = 200 GPa
x
M 12 x Px 6 x 2 Px
2
M
x
P
M P 0 6 x 2
M M
B dx
P EI
10 x 6 x
2
dx
0 EI
15000 kN m m 2
EI
15000 1012
200 103 5.0 108
150 mm
Example 9.16 Determine the slope at point B. Use
I = 6.0107 mm4 and E = 200 GPa
M M
θB dx
M' EI
-3x
5 3x 0 10 M '3 x 1
dx dx where M' 0
0 EI 5 EI
3
2 EI
10
x2 5
M'
112.5 kN m m
EI
0 x 5m : 112.5 109
M 200 103 6.0 107
M 3 x 0
M '
5m x 10 : 0.00938 rad
M
M M '3 x 1
M '