3039EXQ

Week 11- Session 1: Concrete Column Design:

Slender Column Design:

Recap - Limiting Slenderness ratio – short or slender columns

EC2 places an upper limit on the slenderness ratio of a single member below which second
order effects may be ignored. This limit is given by:

λlim = 20 x A x B x C/ n (5.13N)

Where,

A =1/(1 + 0.2ϕef)
B = √(1 + 2w)
C = 1.7 – rm
Φef = effective creep ratio (if not know A can be taken as 0.7)
w = Asfyd/(Acfcd) (if not know B can be taken as 1.1)
fyd = the design yield strength of the reinforcement
fcd = the design compressive strength of the concrete
As = the total area of longitudinal reinforcement
n = NEd / (AcFcd)
Ned = the design ultimate axial load in the column
rm = M01/M02 (if rm not known then C can be taken as 0.7)
M01, M02 are the first order moments at the end of the column with M02 > M01

A column is classed as slender if the slenderness ratio about either axis exceeds the value
of λlim given on the previous slide, and if so must be designed for an additional moment
caused by its curvature at ultimate conditions. EC2 provides four approaches for the design
of slender columns.

1. Computer analysis to take into account second-order effects.

2. A second-order analysis again requiring a computer analysis.

3. Moment amplification or magnification of the first order moments.

4. The ‘nominal curvature’ method where second-order moments are determined from
an estimation of the column curvature. The second-order moments are added to the
first order-moments to give the total column design.

We will look at the 4th method, however, the equations used are only for a rectangular or
circular section with symmetrical reinforcement.
A slender column should be designed for an ultimate load (NEd) plus an increased moment
given by: -
Mt = NED e tot
where
e tot = e o + e a + e 2
eo - equivalent first-order moment eccentricity
ea - accidental eccentricity which accounts for geometric imperfections in the column
e2 - second-order eccentricity

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The equivalent eccentricity eo at approximately mid height is given by the greater of

0.6e02 + 0.4e01 or 0.4e02 (e01 may be negative) (from 5.32)

Where e01 and e02 are the first order eccentricities at the two ends of the column,
e02 > e01

A conservative estimate of the accidental eccentricity is given by

ea = Lo/400 where Lo is the effective column height in meters.

NOTE: Column is designed for the greater of M02, Moe + M2 or M01 + 0.5M2

The second order eccentricity e2 is an estimation of the deflection of the column at failure
and in most practical cases is given by the equation

k 1 k 2 l 02 f yk
e2 =
π 2 x 103500d

 f λ 
k 1 = 1+  0.35 + ck − φ ef ≥ 1
 200 150 

λ = slenderness ratio

Фef = effective creep ratio = Ф(∞, to) x M0Eqp/M0Ed

Ф(∞, to) = final creep coefficient

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M0Eqp = the bending moment in the quasi-permanent load combination at the SLS

M0Ed = the bending moment in the design load combination at the ULS

Фef may be taken as zero if Ф(∞, to) ≤ 2 & λ ≤ 75 and M0Ed/NEd ≥ h

The coefficient k2 is a reduction factor to allow for the fact that the deflection must be less
when there is a large proportion of the column section in compression. The value of k2 is
given by the equation

Nud - NEd
k2 = ≤ 1.0
Nud - Nbal

Where Nud is the ultimate axial load such that

Nud = 0.567fckAc + 0.87fykAsc

And Nbal is the axial load at balanced failure and may be taken as

Nbal = 0.29fckAc

for symmetrical reinforcement

In order to calculate k2, the area As of the column reinforcement must be known and hence a
trial and error approach is necessary, taking an initial conservative value of k2 = 1.0. Values
of k2 are also marked on the column design charts as shown below.

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Worked Example 1:

A braced non sway column of 350 x 400 cross-section resists, at ultimate limit state, an axial
load of 1500kN and end moments from the 1st order analysis of the frame of 80kNm and
40kNm causing double curvature about the minor axis “ZZ” as shown in the adjacent
diagram.

The columns effective height about both axis is 8.5m, and characteristic material strengths
fck = 25N/mm2 and fyk = 500N/mm2. The effective creep ratio Фef = 0.87.

Using the design chart on the previous page determine the reinforcement required in the
column.

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From - 5.13N – BS EN 1992-1-1:

A = 1/(1 + 0.2ϕef) = 1/{1 + (0.2 x 0.87)} = 0.85

B = 1.1

C = 1.7 – (M01 / M02) = 1.7 – (40 / - 80) = 2.2

20 x A x B x C 20 x 0.85 x 1.1 x 2.2 41.1

λlim = = =
n n n
𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 1500 𝑥𝑥 103
𝑛𝑛 = = = 0.76
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 400 𝑥𝑥 350 𝑥𝑥 0.567 𝑥𝑥 25

41.1
λlim = = 47.5
√0.76

Actual Slenderness Ratios:

𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝐻𝐻(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
𝑖𝑖𝑧𝑧 = � =
𝐴𝐴 3.46

𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 8.5 𝑥𝑥 3.46

𝜆𝜆𝑧𝑧 = = = 84.0 > 47.5
𝑖𝑖𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 0.35
By inspection worst case & column is slender.

Equivalent eccentricity:
e 01 < e 02
Mend1 40x10 3
e 01 = = = 26.7mm
NEd 1500
Mend2 - 80x10 3
e 02 = = = -53.3mm
NEd 1500

Therefore, eccentricity at approximately mid height is given by the worst case of the following:-

0.6e02 + 0.4e01 = (0.6 x -53.3) + (0.4 x +26.7) = -21.3mm (5.32)

or 0.4e02 = 0.4 x 53.3 = 21.3mm (use larger value)

Therefore equivalent eccentricity eo = 21.3mm

Accidental eccentricity:

Taking V as 1/200 the accidental eccentricity is:

ℎ 8500
𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 = = = 21.25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 𝑥𝑥 200 400

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Second order eccentricity:

k 1 k 2 l02 fyk
e2 =
π 2 x 103500d
 f λ 
Where: k 1 = 1 +  0.35 + ck − φ ef ≥ 1
 200 150 

 25 84 
k 1 = 1 +  0.35 + − 0.87 = 0.93 ≤ 1
 200 150 

(therefore, use k1 = 1.0 and initially take k2 = 1.0)

1.0 x 1.0 x 8500 2 x 500

e2 = = 126.3mm
π 2 x 103500 x 280

e tot = e o + e a + e 2 = 21.3 + 21.25 + 126.3 = 168.9mm

Total Moment:

Mt = NED e tot = 1500 x 0.1689 = 253.4kNm

Check maximum and minimum moments:

Minimum Moment = NEd x emin where emin = 20mm or not less than
h/30 (350/30 = 11.7mm)
Therefore Mmin =1500 x 0.020 = 30.0kNm < 253.4kNm Therefore satisfactory

End moments
M02 =80 + (1500 x 8.5/400) = 111.9kNm < 253.4kNm &
M01+0.5M2 = 40 +(1500 x 8.5/400) + (0.5 x 0.1263 x 1500) = 166.6kNm < 253.4kNm

Therefore, 253.4kNm is the maximum moment.

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𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 1500 𝑥𝑥 103

= = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝑏𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 400 𝑥𝑥 350 𝑥𝑥 25

𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 253.4 𝑥𝑥 106

= = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑏𝑏ℎ2 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 400 𝑥𝑥 3502 𝑥𝑥 25

From design chart:

k2 = 0.82

Second iteration:

1.0 x 0.82 x 8500 2 x 500

e2 = = 103.6mm
π 2 x 103500 x 280

e tot = e o + e a + e 2 = 21.3 + 21.25 + 103.6 = 146.2mm

Mt = NED e tot = 1500 x 0.1462 = 219.3kNm > 166.6kNm

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𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 1500 𝑥𝑥 103

= = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝑏𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 400 𝑥𝑥 350 𝑥𝑥 25

𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 219.3 𝑥𝑥 106

= = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑏𝑏ℎ2 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 400 𝑥𝑥 3502 𝑥𝑥 25

From design chart:

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
𝑏𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

As = (0.6 x 400 x 350 x 25) / 500 = 4200mm2

& k2 = 0.80

Iterations continue until new k2 is sufficiently close to the last iteration calculated.

Finally check final value of k2 interpolated:

Nbal = 0.29fckAc = 0.29 x 25 x 400 x 350 = 1015kN

Nud = 0.567fckAc + 0.87fykAsc

= (0.567 x 25 x 350 x 400) + (0.87 x 500 x 4200)
= 3811.5kN
Nud - NEd 3811.5 − 1500
k2 = = = 0.82 ≤ 1.0
Nud - Nbal 3811.5 − 1015

This is reasonably similar to the value of k2 = 0.8 calculated and therefore satisfactory.