GAYA, PROSES, DAN

MORFOLOGI PERMUKAAN
BUMI

AKHMAD ZAMRONI
 2
Landslide event in Shiaoling Village during Morakot Typhoon in 2009 E-TEC
Proses Geomofologi

• Proses geomorfologi adalah seluruh perubahan

baik secara fisik maupun kimiawi yang dialami
permukaan bumi.

• Penyebab proses geomorfologi (geomorphic agent)

terdiri dari tenaga asal luar (eksogen) dan tenaga
asal dalam (endogen).
 Diatrofisme
(tektonisme)
Tenaga dan proses
Endogen
Vulkanisme

Tenaga dan
proses
geomorfologi Pelapukan
(weathering)

Tenaga dan proses

Erosi
Eksogen

Gerak masa batuan

(masswasting)
 Gaya Endogen

• Gaya endogen adalah gaya dan proses geomorfologi

yang berasal dari dalam bumi, gaya ini muncul akibat
adanya perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi di bagian
bawah dari kerak bumi.

• Proses endogen membentuk perubahan relief bumi

dengan proses volkanisme, plutonisme dan tektonik
(diatrofisme).
 A. Endogenous Processes
Endogenous Processes are large-scale landform
building and transforming processes
– they create relief.

1. Igneous Processes

a. Volcanism: Volcanic eruptions  Volcanoes

b. Plutonism: Igneous intrusions

2. Tectonic Processes (Also called Diastrophism)

a. Folding: anticlines, synclines, mountains

b. Faulting: rift valleys, graben, escarpments
c. Lateral Faulting: strike-slip faults

Earthquakes  evidence of present-day tectonic activity

 B. Exogenous Processes
Also called Gradational Processes, they comprise degradation
and aggradation – they modify relief

 a continuum of processes – Weathering  Mass

Wasting  Erosion  Transportation  Deposition
 these processes are carried through by Geomorphic
Agents: gravity, flowing water (rivers), moving ice
(glaciers), waves and tides (oceans and lakes), wind,
plants, organisms, animals and humans

1. Degradation Processes  Also called Denudation Processes

a. Weathering , b. Mass Wasting and c. Erosion and
Transportation
2. Aggradation Processes
a. Deposition – fluvial, eolian, glacial, coastal
Degradation
Processes:
Weathering,
Mass Wasting,
Erosion and
Transportation
Relationship:
Weathering
Mass Wasting
Erosion
and
Transportation

Together,
these processes are
responsible for
Denudation
of Earth’s surface
 Pelapukan (Weathering)

• Pelapukan adalah segala macam perubahan sifat batuan

baik secara fisik maupun kimiawi karena perubahan
cuaca (temperatur dan kelembaban). Hasil akhir dari
proses pelapukan adalah terbentuknya tanah.

• Proses pelapukan dibedakan menjadi :

1. Pelapukan fisis/ mekanis
2. Pelapukan kimia
3. Pelapukan biologi
 Physical or Mechanical Weathering
 Disintegration and decay of rocks via weather elements: high
temperatures, extreme cold and freeze-thaw cycles
 No change in chemical composition of rocks
• Exfoliation – due to thermal expansion/contraction and/or release of
pressure when buried rocks are uplifted and exposed
e.g., Exfoliation Dome (Stone Mountain, GA) and Exfoliation Sheets (Sierra Nevada)
• Frost Wedging

• Salt Wedging
 Chemical Weathering
 decomposes rocks through a chemical change in its minerals

Oxidation – important in iron-rich

rocks – reddish coloration like rust

Hydrolysis – igneous rocks have

much silica which readily combines
with water

Carbonation and Solution – carbon

dioxide dissolved in water reacts with
carbonate rocks to create a soluble
product (calcium bicarbonate)
 Biological Weathering
– plants and animals contribute to weathering.

 Roots physically break or wedge rock

 Lichens (algae and fungi living as single unit), remove

minerals and weaken rock by releasing acids

 Burrowing animals can increase weathering.

Lichens
 Erosi
• Erosi adalah pengikisan dan pemindahan hancuran
masa batuan secara alami dari suatu tempat ke
tempat yang lain oleh suatu kekuatan pengangkut di
atas permukaan bumi.

• Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya erosi:

1. Iklim
2. Relief
3. Tutupan vegetasi
4. Sifat batuan
5. Pelaku erosi
 EROSION and TRANSPORTATION
– Various Geomorphic Agents, associated Processes,
and resulting Erosional Features

• Flowing Water – Fluvial Morphology

Humid regions:
Perennial streams and entrenched
channels, rapids, waterfalls, plunge
pools, potholes, meandering streams,
bank erosion, oxbow lakes, etc.
• Wind – Eolian Landscapes
deflation hollows, ventifacts, yardang, etc

• Tides and Waves – Coastal Morphology

Sea cliffs, sea caves, sea arches, sea stacks, wave-cut
beaches, etc..

• Moving Ice – Glacial Morphology

glacial troughs (U-shaped valleys), hanging valleys, glacial

lakes,.
(sumber : glencoe earthsience)
Agen utama erosi
Erosi oleh kegiatan konsruksi
 Gerak Masa Batuan (masswasting)
• Gerak Masa Batuan (masswasting) disebut juga
gerakan massa (mass movement) adalah berbagai
jenis gerakan masa menuruni lereng (jatuh, runtuh
atau meluncur ke bawah) sebagai akibat gaya tarik
gravitasi.

• Menurut Goudie (2004) proses gerakan masa ini

tidak memerlukan medium transport seperti air, angin
atau es.
 Bentuk dan Roman Bumi

• Gaya dan proses asal dalam (endogen) dan asal luar (eksogen),
menyebabkan bentuk muka bumi berubah sepanjang sejarah
geologi.
• Sebagai akibat dari gaya endogen dan eksogen tersebut
mengakibatkan terjadinya perbedaan antara luas samudera dan
daratan serta perbedaan elevasi morfologi permukaan bumi.