Gate Ies Postal Studymaterial For Surveying Civil

GATE, IES & PSUs ( 2015-16)
SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL
Postal Correspondence Course

GATE, IES & PSUs
Civil Engineering
SERVEYING
Postal Course ( GATE, IES & PSUs) © 2015 ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA® . All Rights Reserved
28-B/7, Jia Sarai, Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com
CONTENT
1. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT ABOUT SURVEYING ………………......... 03-11
2. LINEAR MEASUREMENTS ………………………………………………….……12-20
3. CHAIN SURVEYING ……………………………………………………….………. 21-22
4. COMPASS SURVEYING AND THEODOLITE ……………………………. 23-36
5. TRAVERSE SURVEYING ……………………………………………….………. 37-45
6. LEVELLING …………………………………………………………………..…... 46-59
7. CALCULATION OF AREA AND VOLUME ……………………………….. 60-65
8. TRIGONOMETRICAL LEVELLING ……………………………….………. 66-70
9. TACHEOMETRIC SURVEYING …………………………………………..… 71-75
10. TRIANGULATION …………………………………………………………….… 76-79
11. CIRCULAR CURVES …………………………………………………………..... 80-82
12. IES PREVIOUS PAPER ………………………………………………………… 83-93
CHAPTER-1
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT ABOUT SURVEYING
SURVEYING
 It deals with the methods of obtaining the relative positions of points on, above or
beneath the surface of the earth.
 The relative positions are determined by measuring horizontal and vertical distances and
angles using surveying instruments.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
A. Main Classification:/ primary classification

 It is based on whether curvature of earth is considered or not.
 Shape of earth is an oblate spheroid which is an ellipsoid of revolution, flattened at
poles and bulging at the equators.
 The polar axis (12713800 m) is shorter than the equatorial axis (12756750 m) by
42.95 km.
(1)Plane surveying:
 Surface of the earth is considered as flat and the spherical shape is neglected.
 Suitable for area < 250 sq. km.
 All distances and angles are projected onto a horizontal plane i.e. a curve line on
the surface of the earth is considered as straight.
 Triangles formed by survey lines are plane triangles.
(2)Geodetic Surveying:
 Curvature of the earth is taken into consideration.
 Standard of accuracy is very high.
 Used for larger area.
 Very precise instruments are required.
B. Based on the nature of the filed server:
1) Land surveying
 Most general type of surveying.
 Used to determine boundaries and dividing land into small plots.
 Also called as property surveys.
2) Marine or hydrographic survey

 Conducted on or near water bodies such as lakes, rivers, bays etc.
 Important works are to locate shore lines. Estimation of water flow and
determination of the shape of areas beneath the water surface.
3) Astronomical survey
 Conducted for the determination of latitudes, longitudes, azimuth, local time
etc for various places on the earth by observing heavenly bodies.
C. Based on the object of surveying
1) Engineering survey
 Used for collecting data for the designing and planning of engineering works like
roads, bridges, dams etc.
2) Military survey
 Used to determine the routes and points of strategic importance.
3) Mine survey
 Used to plan the working of mines and to compute the volume of material in mines.
4) Geological survey
 To find the information about different strata of earth’s surface for geological studies.
5) Archaeological survey
 To unearth relics of antiquity.
D. Based on the instruments used
1) Chain survey
 Simplest type of surveying.
 Only linear measurements are taken with a chain or a tape.
 Angular measurements are not taken.
2) Theodolite survey
 Theodolite is an instrument used for taking horizontal and vertical angles.
 It is of two types : (a) Traverse (b) Triangulation
3) Tacheometric survey
 Tachometer is a modified form of theodolite with a stadia diaphragm having two
horizontal cross hairs in addition to the central horizontal hair.
 Horizontal angles and distances and elevations are measured.
4) Plane table survey

 Measurements and plotting are done simultaneously in the field.
 Less time is required for complete work.
 Accuracy is low.
5) Photogrammetric survey
 Science of taking measurements with the help of photographs.
 Used for areas which are difficult to reach.
 Photographs are taken with aero-planes.
PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
1) Working from whole to part: - To prevent the accumulation of errors and to control
and localize minor errors.

2) Choose suitable methods to solve the purpose : We should try to achieve the desired
accuracy at minimum cost.
3) Do adequate checks : Errors do not pass undetected so suitable checks should be given.
Instruments used for Different Measurements
1. Horizontal Distances : Chains, tapes, tacheometers, E.D.M. etc.
2. Vertical distances : Levelling instruments, tacheometers.
3. Horizontal angles : Magnetic compasses, theodolites, sextants.
4. Vertical angles : Theodolites, clinometer, sextants.
Plan and Map

(i) Plan : it graphically represents the features on or near the earth’s surface as projected
on a horizontal plane.
It is drawn on a relatively larger scale.
(ii) Map : If the scale of the graphical projection on a horizontal plane is small, the plan is
termed as map.
PLAN
A plan is a graphical representation to some scale, of the features on, near or beneath the
surface of the earth as projected on a horizontal plane.
 The representation is called a map if the scale is small, but it is called as plan if the
scale is large.
SCALE OF AMAP
 It is the fixed ratio that every distance on the plan bears with corresponding distance
on the ground.
SCALE CAN BE REPRESENTED AS:
1) Engineer’s Scale: It is indicated by a statement. For example : 1 cm = 10 cm, it means 1
cm on the map is equal to 10 m on the ground.
2) Representation fraction (R.F.): It is the ratio of map distance to the corresponding
ground distance it is independent of units of measurement
e.g. – If engineer scale is 1cm = 50 m.

1 1
 R.F .  
50  100 5000
i.e. one unit of length on the plan represents same number of same units of length on
the ground.
3) Graphical scale:- A graphical scale is a line sub-divided into plan distance
corresponding to some units of length on the ground.
Type or purpose of survey Engineers’ scale R.F.
(a) Topographic Survey 1

or less
1000
1. Building sites. 1 cm = 10m or less 1 1
to
2. Town planning 1 cm = 50m to 100 m 5000 10000
1 1
schemes, to
5000 20000
reservoirs etc. 1 cm = 50m to 200m 1
to
1
25000 20000
3. Location surveys 1 cm = 0.25km to 2.5 km
4. Small scale
topographic maps
(b) Cadastral maps 1 cm = 5m to 0.5 km 1

to
1
500 5000
(c) Geographical maps 1 cm = 5km to 160 km 1
to
1
500000 16000000
(d) Longitudinal sections 1 cm = 10m to 200 m 1

to
1
1000 20000
1. Horizontal scale 1 cm = 1m to 2m
2. Vertical scale
(e) Cross-sections 1 cm = 0.25km to 2.5 km 1

to
1
25000 20000
(Both horizontal and
vertical scales equal)
Errors caused by Map Shrinkage

Drawing paper shrinks due to change in atmospheric conditions like temperature, humidity etc.
Due to this all lines marked on it also shrinks.
So there will be error in measurements taken from the map.
The ratio of shrunk length of a line on the map to the actual length is termed as shrinkage ratio
or shrinkage factor.
Shrunk scale of a map = Original scale × Shrinkage factor
Measured distance
Correct distance =
Shrinkage factor
Measured area
Correct area =
(Shrinkage factor)2
Errors caused by Wrong Measuring Scale

R .F. of wrong scale
Correct length =  Measured length
R .F. of correct scale
2
 R .F. of wrong scale 
Correct area =    Measured area
 R .F. of correct scale 
Where, R.F. = Representative fraction
Types of scale:
Scales are required for the preparation of plans. Following types of scales are used for this
purpose.
1. Plain scale
2. Diagonal scale
3. Scale of chords
4. Vernier scale
Vernier scale
 It is a device used for measuring the fractional part of smallest division on a graduated
scale.
 it consists of a small scale called vernier scale, Which moves along the another scale
called the main scale.
 Least coust is equal to the difference in length of one division of main scale and vernier
scale.
 The vernier carries an index mark which represents the zero of the vernier.
 If the graduations of the main scale are numbered in one direction only, the vernier is
called a single vernier
 If the graduations of the main scale are numbered in both the directions, the vernier is
called a double vernier
Type of vernier:
1. Direct vernier
2. Retrograde vernier
3. Extended vernier
4. Double folded vernier
(1) DIRECT VERNIER
 Direct vernier extends or increases in the same direction as that of the main scale and
in which the smallest division on the vernier is shorter than the smallest division on
the main scale.
i.e. (n - 1) divisions of the main scale are equal in length of n divisions of the vernier.
i.e nv   n  1 s
s
 Least count (L.c.) =
n
Where, s = value of one smallest division on main scale
v = value of one smallest division on the vernier.
(2) RETROGRADE VERNIER
 Retrograde vernier extends or increase in opposite direction as that of the main scale
and in which the smallest division of the vernier is longer than the smallest division
on the main scale.
i.e. (n + 1) divisions of the main scale are equal in length of ‘n’ divisions of the
vernier. i.e. nv   n  1 s
s
 Least count =
n
(3) EXTENDED VERNIER
 This is used when the main scale are very close and vernier is of normal length
(2n - 1) divisions on the main scale are equal to n divisions of the vernier.
i.e. nv   2n  1 s
s
 Least count =
n
(4) DOUBLE FOLDED
It is used where the length of the corresponding double vernier is so large as to make
it impracticable.
Accuracy and Precision
 Accuracy is the closeness of a measurement to its true value.
 The measured value is said to be very accurate if it is very close to the true value.
 Precision of a measurement is its closeness to another measurement of the same
quantity.
Sources of errors
Depending upon the source, the errors are classified as follows:
1. Instrumental: It occurs due to imperfection and improper adjustment of the instrument
used.
2. Personal: It is due to human limitations.
3. Natural: It is due to change in nature such as temperature, wind, humidity, refraction,
magnetic field.
Errors in Surveying
(i) Mistakes : It is due to carelessness, inexperience or poor judgement of surveyor.
 Does not have any fixed pattern.
 Cannot be eliminated by adopting any standard methods of observations.
(ii) Systematic Errors : Have well-defined mathematical law or system.
 Magnitude and sign of such errors can be determined and corrections can be applied.
(iii) Accidental Errors : Random in nature
 Don’t have any fixed pattern.
 Can be positive or negative.
 They have small magnitudes and tend to distribute equally on both sides of true value.
 Also called as compensating errors.
 Follow the law of probability.
Theory of Probability
 It is used to study the behaviour of accidental errors.
 Most probable value is that value which is more close to the true value than any other.
 If all the measurements are taken under the same conditions with equal care then most
probable value is the arithmetic mean of all measurements.
Terms used in Theory of Probability

(i) Standard Deviation : Also known as root mean square error of a measure.
Lesser the value of standard deviation greater is the precision.
 V2
Standard deviation, 
n 1
Where, V = Variation n = Number of observations

(ii) Variance : It is the square of .
 V2
Variance = () 2 
n 1
(iii) Most Probable Error : Also called as 50% error.

There are equal chances that the true value will be less than the probable error or will be more
than probable error.
 V2
Most probable error =  0.6745   0.6745 
n 1
(iv) Standard Error : It is same as standard deviation

Probability of the error to occur between   and   is 68.3%.
(v) Maximum Error : Generally 99.% error is considered as maximum error. It is in the range
of  3.29  and  3.29 .
(vi) Most Probable Error of the Mean : It is given as
 V2
E   0.6745
n( n  1)
ERROR IN COMPUTED RESULTS:
(A) Error in addition
Let s = x + y, where x and y are measured quantity.
 Probable error =  es  ex2  ey2
Where, es , ex , e y is probable error in ‘s’, ‘x’ ‘y’ respectively
(B) Error in subtraction
Let s = x – y
 Probable error   es  ex 2  ey 2
(C) Error in multiplication
Let s = x × y
2
 e   ey 
2
 Probable error =   es  xy  x     & error ratio

 x  y
2
 e   ey 
2
e
 s   x  
s  x  y
(D) Error in division

2
x  ex   ey 
2
x
Let s =  Probable error  es     
y y  x  y
2
 e   ey 
2
e
& error ratio  s   x  
s  x  y
(E) Error in powers:

 s n. x
Let s = xn  Error ratio  
s x
Previous GATE & IES Question with Solution

1. The survey in which the earth curvature is also considered is called
[GATE – 2008, 1 Mark]
(a) Geodetic survey (b) Plane survey
(c) Preliminary survey (d) Topographical survey
2. The plan of a survey plotted to a scale of 10 m to 1 cm is reduced in such a way that a

line originally 10 cm long now measures 9 cm. The area of the reduced plan is
measured as 81 cm 2 . The actual area (m2 ) of the survey is
[GATE – 2008, 2 Marks]

(a) 10000 (b) 6561 (c) 1000 (d) 656
3. The plan of a map was photo copied to a reduced size such that a line originally 100
mm, measures 90 mm. The original scale of the plan was 1 : 1000. The revised scale is
[GATE – 2008, 2 Marks]
(a) 1 : 900 (b) 1 : 1111 (c) 1 : 1121 (d) 1 : 1221
4. Which of the following scales is the smallest one ?

1
(a) 1 cm = 10 cm (b) R.F. = (c) 1 : 10,000 (d) 1 cm = 10 km
5000
5. The distance between two points A and B on a plan was found to be 100 m when
1
measured with a scale with R.F. of . The distance between the same points when
1000
1
measured with a scale with R.F. of will be
500
(a) 200 m (b) 50 m (c) 2500 m (d) None of the above
6. A scale of 1 inch – 50 ft. is mentioned on an old map. What is the corresponding

equivalent scale ? [IES –
2008]
(a) 1 cm = 5 m (b) 1 cm = 6 m (c) 1 cm = 10 m (d) 1 cm = 12 m
7. A particular runway measures 6 cm on a vertical photograph, whereas the same runway

1
measures 4 cm on a map plotted on a scale of . The scale of the photograph at
24000
the runway elevation is
[IES – 2008]
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
36000 24000 3600 16000
8. A rectangular plot of 16 km2 in area is shown on a map by a similar rectangular area of
1 cm2 . R.F. of the scale to measure a distance of 40 km will be
[IES – 2011]
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1600 400000 400 16000
Answers
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (b)
6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (b)
Solutions & explanation

9
2. Shrinkage factor =  0.9
10
81 81
Actual plan area =   100 cm 2
(S.F.) (0.9) 2
2
Actual area of survey in m2  100  (10)2 m2  10000 m2
[ 1 cm = 10 cm  1 cm 2  100 m 2 ]
90
3. Shrinkage factor =  0.9
100
1 1
Revised scale of the plan = Original scale × S.F. =  0.9 
1000 1111
1
4. 1 cm = 10 m  R.F =
1000
1
1 cm = 10 km  (Smallest)
100000
5. Distance between A and B on the plan
1
= Origin length × R.F. = 100  m  0.1 m  10 cm
1000
Now, again
Distance between A and B on plan = 10 cm
1
R.F. =
500
 Original length = 10 cm × 500 = 5000 cm = 50 m
6. 1 inch = 50 ft
 1 × 2.54 cm = 50 × 2 inch
 2.54 cm = 600 inch
 2.54 cm = 600 × 2.54 cm
 1 cm = 600 cm
 1 cm = 6 m
7. Original length of runway = 4 × 24000 cm = 96000 cm

Now, length of runway on the plan = 6 cm
6 cm 1
 R.F. = 
96000cm 16000
8. 1 cm2  16 km 2
 1 cm = 4 km 1 km = 100000 cm
1
 R.F. =
400000
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GATE, IES & PSUs ( 2015-16)

SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL

Postal Correspondence Course

1. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT ABOUT SURVEYING ………………......... 03-11

2. LINEAR MEASUREMENTS ………………………………………………….……12-20

3. CHAIN SURVEYING ……………………………………………………….………. 21-22

4. COMPASS SURVEYING AND THEODOLITE ……………………………. 23-36

5. TRAVERSE SURVEYING ……………………………………………….………. 37-45

6. LEVELLING …………………………………………………………………..…... 46-59

7. CALCULATION OF AREA AND VOLUME ……………………………….. 60-65

8. TRIGONOMETRICAL LEVELLING ……………………………….………. 66-70

9. TACHEOMETRIC SURVEYING …………………………………………..… 71-75

10. TRIANGULATION …………………………………………………………….… 76-79

11. CIRCULAR CURVES …………………………………………………………..... 80-82

12. IES PREVIOUS PAPER ………………………………………………………… 83-93

beneath the surface of the earth.

angles using surveying instruments.

A. Main Classification:/ primary classification

B. Based on the nature of the filed server:

2) Marine or hydrographic survey

determination of the shape of areas beneath the water surface.

 Conducted for the determination of latitudes, longitudes, azimuth, local time

etc for various places on the earth by observing heavenly bodies.

C. Based on the object of surveying

roads, bridges, dams etc.

 Used to determine the routes and points of strategic importance.

 To unearth relics of antiquity.

D. Based on the instruments used

4) Plane table survey

 Science of taking measurements with the help of photographs.

 Used for areas which are difficult to reach.

 Photographs are taken with aero-planes.

and localize minor errors.

Plan and Map

surface of the earth as projected on a horizontal plane.

SCALE CAN BE REPRESENTED AS:

1) Engineer’s Scale: It is indicated by a statement. For example : 1 cm = 10 cm, it means 1

cm on the map is equal to 10 m on the ground.

2) Representation fraction (R.F.): It is the ratio of map distance to the corresponding

ground distance it is independent of units of measurement

e.g. – If engineer scale is 1cm = 50 m.

3) Graphical scale:- A graphical scale is a line sub-divided into plan distance

corresponding to some units of length on the ground.

Type or purpose of survey Engineers’ scale R.F.

(a) Topographic Survey 1

(b) Cadastral maps 1 cm = 5m to 0.5 km 1

(d) Longitudinal sections 1 cm = 10m to 200 m 1

(e) Cross-sections 1 cm = 0.25km to 2.5 km 1

vertical scales equal)

Errors caused by Map Shrinkage

Errors caused by Wrong Measuring Scale

Where, R.F. = Representative fraction

called a single vernier

called a double vernier

4. Double folded vernier

(1) DIRECT VERNIER

the main scale.

v = value of one smallest division on the vernier.

(2) RETROGRADE VERNIER

on the main scale.

(3) EXTENDED VERNIER

Depending upon the source, the errors are classified as follows:

1. Instrumental: It occurs due to imperfection and improper adjustment of the instrument