8.3 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams Constructed by Areas

8.
3 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams Constructed by Areas

8.3 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams Constructed by Areas Example 1, page 1 of 8
1. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.
6 kN
2m 4m
C
A B
1 Equilibrium equations
First determine the reactions by drawing a free-body diagram
of the whole beam and writing equilibrium equations. + Fx 0: Ax 0
Fy 0: Ay + By 6 0
+
6 kN
MA 0: ( 6 kN) 2 m + By (2 m + 4 m) 0
+
2m 4m
C
A B Solving gives
Ax
Ax 0
Ay By
Ay 4 kN
By 2 kN
2 Free-body diagram showing reactions
6 kN
A C B
4 kN 2 kN
3 Begin plotting the shear diagram by noting that the 4-kN upward
reaction force at A causes a 4-kN upward jump at A.
V(kN)
4
x(m)
6 kN
2m 4m
w 0 C
A B
4 kN 2 kN
4 No distributed load, w, acts between A and C,

so the change in shear is zero:
V negative of area under w curve
V(kN) 0
4 4
x(m)
2
6 kN
2m 4m
C
A B
4 kN 2 kN
5 The 6-kN downward force causes

a 6-kN downward jump at C.
V(kN)
6 kN
x(m)
2
2( 4 6)
6 kN
2m 4m
C
A B
w 0
4 kN 2 kN
6
No distributed load, w, acts between C
and B, so the change in shear is zero:
V negative of area under w curve

V(kN)
0
4 4
x(m)
2 6
-2 -2
6 kN
2m 4m
C
A B
2 kN
4 kN
7 The 2-kN upward reaction at B causes a

2-kN upward jump in the shear at B
V(kN)
8 V 2 + 2 0. The shear diagram closes at
the end of the beam, as it must because the
4 4 internal shear V 2 must be balanced by the
2-kN external reaction, as shown in a free-body
diagram of a short length of beam at end B:
2 kN
x(m)
2 0
dx
-2 -2 B
2 kN
(negative shear)
2 kN
6 kN
2m 4m
C
A B
4 kN 2 kN 10 The change in moment equals

V(kN) the area under the shear curve:
4 4 M cross-hatched area
4 kN 2m
A C B x(m)
9 No moment 2 8 kN m
acts at the end
of the beam, -2 -2 So the moment at point C is
so the moment
diagram starts MC MA + M
at 0. M(kN m)
8 0 + 8 kN m
4
1
x(m)
A C
11 The curve connecting MA and MC must have constant slope,

since dM/dx shear 4 kN for all points between A and C. But
a "curve with constant slope" is simply a straight line.
6 kN
2m 4m
A C B
4 kN 2 kN
12 The change in moment equals the area under the
V(kN) shear curve:
4 4 M ( 2 kN)(6 m 2 m)
8 kN m
C 6 x(m)
A 2 B So the moment at point B is
-2 -2 MB MC + M
M(kN m) 8 + ( 8 kN m)
8 0 (The moment diagram must close.)
2
1
A x(m)
C B
13 MC and MB are connected by a
straight line of slope
14 Maximum moment 8 kN m
dM/dx shear 2 kN
2 kN 3 kN 4 kN 3 kN 2 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
A B
1 Determine the reactions by drawing a free-body diagram of Equilibrium equations

the whole beam and writing equilibrium equations.
+
Fx 0: Ax 0
Fy 0: Ay + By 2 kN 3 kN 4 kN
+
2 kN 3 kN 4 kN 3 kN 2 kN 3 kN 2 kN 0
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
MA 0: 2 kN 2 m 3 kN 4m
+
4 kN 6 m 3 kN 8 m
Ax 2 kN 10 m + By 12 m 0
Ay By Solving gives
Ax 0
Ay 7 kN
By 7 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
C
A B
7 kN
7 kN
3 The 7-kN upward

reaction at A causes a 4 No distributed load acts between A and C
7-kN upward jump in so the shear is unchanged.
the shear diagram. V(kN)
7 7
x(m)
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
C
A B
7 kN 7 kN
5 The remainder of the

shear diagram
consists of horizontal
portions ( V area V(kN) 2 7 7 0
under load curve 0)
7 7
and jumps at
7 2 5 5 6 Diagram closes
concentrated loads.
3 2
C 5 3 2
4 x(m)
2 2 4 2 2
2
3 5 7
2 3 5
5 2 7 7
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
C
A B
7 kN 7 kN
V(kN)
7 7
5
2
A C B x(m)
2 2
5
7 No moment acts at 8 The change in moment equals
the left end of the the area under the shear curve: 7 7
beam so the moment
diagram starts at 0. M 7 kN 2m 14 kN m
M(kN m) Thus the moment at C is

14
MC MA M 0 14 kN m
7
1
A C B x(m)
2
9 Since the shear is constant between A and C, dM/dx V 7 kN,
and the moment curve is a straight line.
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
C
A B
7 kN 7 kN
V(kN)
7 7
5 5
2 2
x(m)
Area Area 2 2
10 The remainder of the 2 2
moment diagram can be 5 2 Area
10 4 5 5
found by adding areas ( 2) 2
Area 7 7
under the shear curve to 4 Area
( 5) 2
moment values. 10 ( 7) 2
24 4 28 14
14 10 24 2 2 28 4 24
1 1
M(kN m) 5 5
14 1 1 24 10 14
7 7 14 14 0
1 1
A C x(m)
2 6
12 Maximum moment 28 kN m
11 Diagram closes
30 lb/ft
A B
Equilibrium equations
+ Fx 0: Ax 0
24 ft
Fy 0: Ay + By (30 lb/ft) 24 ft 0
+
1 Determine the reactions by drawing a MA 0: By 24 ft (30 lb/ft)(24 ft)(24/2 ft) 0
+
free-body diagram of the whole beam and
writing equilibrium equations: Solving gives
30 lb/ft
Ax 0
A Ay 360 lb
Ax B
By 360 lb
Ay By
24 ft
2 Free-body diagram of beam showing reactions
30 lb/ft
A B
360 lb 24 ft
360 lb
4 The change in shear from end A to end B equals
the negative of the area under the load curve:
3 The 360-lb upward V (area of rectangle under w curve)

reaction at A causes a
360-lb upward jump in (30 lb/ft)(24 ft) 720 lb
the shear diagram.
Thus the shear at B is
V(lb)
VB VA V
360
30 360 lb ( 720 lb) 360 lb
1
A x(ft)
B
5 The curve connecting
VA and VB must be a 360 + 360 0
straight line since it
360
has constant slope:
6 The 360-lb vertical reaction
dV/dx w at end B closes the diagram.
30
30 lb/ft
8 Because of symmetry, the point where
V 0 is easily found to lie at the
A B middle of the beam span. This point
corresponds to a local maximum of the
24 ft
moment, because there the derivative
360 lb 360 lb of M is zero:
V(lb)
dM/dx V
360
0
A C
x(ft)
B
(24 ft)/2 12 ft 9 Change in moment equals area under shear
7 No moment curve:
acts at the left 360
end of the M area of cross-hatched triangle
beam so the
moment M(lb ft) (1/2)(360 lb)(12 ft)
diagram starts 2160
at 0. 2160 lb ft
So
A C x(ft) MC MA + M
12
0 + 2160 lb ft
V(lb)
360
A C
x(ft)
12 B
360
M(lb ft) 10 Because the shear is a linear function
2160 and dM/dx V, integration would show
that M is a quadratic function. But how
can you decide which of the two
possible quadratic curves is correct?
A C x(ft)
12
M(lb ft) dM/dx VC 0

(horizontal tangent)
11 Answer: Draw short line segments
showing the slope of the curve at
1
the ends of the interval and choose
the curve that matches these slopes.
360 C
A x(ft)
12
dM/dx VA 360 lb
30 lb/ft
A B
24 ft 12 Area (1/2)( 360 lb)(24 ft 12 ft)
360 lb 360 lb
2160 lb ft
V(lb)
360 So change in moment is
M 2160 lb ft
A C 24 x(ft)
B and
12
MB MC + M
dM/dx VC 0 360 2160 lb ft 2160 lb ft

M(lb ft) (horizontal tangent)
2160 0 (diagram closes)
C B
A x(ft)
12 24
13 Moment curve is quadratic with

14 Maximum moment 2160 lb ft
zero slope at point C.
4. Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
2 kip/ft
A B
C
8 ft 8 ft
1 Determine the reactions by drawing a + Fx 0: Ax 0
free-body diagram of the whole beam
and writing equilibrium equations:
Fy 0: Ay By (2 kip/ft) 8 ft 0
+
2 kip/ft MA 0: (8 ft + 8 ft) By (2 kip/ft)
+
(8 ft)[(8 ft)/2] 0
Ax A B Solving gives
C
Ay By Ax 0
Ay 12 kip
8 ft 8 ft
By 4 kip
2 kip/ft
A B
C
12 kip 4 kip
8 ft 8 ft
4 The change in shear equals the negative
of the area under the load curve, w:
3 The 12-kip
reaction at A V(kip)
V (area of rectangle under w)
causes a jump in 12
the shear diagram. (2 kip/ft) 8 ft
2
1 16 kip
A C
x(ft)
8
Thus the shear at C is
4
5 The curve connecting VA and VC VA V
VC must be a straight line
12 16
since it has constant slope:
4
dV/dx w
2
2 kip/ft
A B
C
12 kip 4 kip
6 Since the distributed load, w, between

C and B is zero, the change in shear is
zero:
V(kip)
V area under w curve 7 The reaction at B causes a
12 jump in the shear curve
0 (no change in V) and closes the diagram.
A C B x(ft)
4 4
8 ft 8 ft
2 kip/ft
10 One way to locate the V 0

A B point is to use similar triangles:
C
12 kip 4 kip
V(kip)
12 12
A 8 s C
s 4
A C B
8 Because no x(ft) s/12 (8 s)/4
8
moment reaction is s
present at A, the 4 4 Solving gives s 6
moment diagram
starts at 0. 9 We have to locate the point where V 0 (that is, find s) because
the moment diagram has a local maximum or minimum there:
dM/dx V
M(kip ft)
0 (the condition for a maximum or minimum M)
C B
x(ft)
8 16
8 ft 8 ft
2 kip/ft
A B
C
12 kip 4 kip
V(kip)
12
8 s 8 6 2
11 Change in moment equals area C B

under shear curve: A x(ft)
8
s=6
M area of triangle 4 4
12 M MA M
(1/2)(12 kip)(6 ft)
0 36 kip ft
36 kip ft 13 Because V is linear, M is
quadratic. Because dM/dx V,
M(kip ft) 36 M has a slope of 12 at the left
dM/dx 0 end of the curve and a slope of
zero at the right end.
dM/dx 12
12 C
A x(ft)
6 8
1
8 ft 8 ft
2 kip/ft
A B
C
12 kip 4 kip
V(kip)
16 Change in moment:
12
M area of rectangle
M area of triangle
( 4)(16 8)
V 0
8C 16 B
(1/2)( 4)(8 6) A x(ft)
6 32 kip ft
4 kip ft 4 4
So
So 15 Quadratic curve has zero
M(kip ft) slope at the left end. MB MC M
MC 36 + M 36 32 ( 32)
32
36 4
0
4
32 kip ft 1
A B
x(ft)
6 8 C
17 The curve is a line with constant slope:
18 Maximum moment
dM/dx V= 4
2 kN/m
A C
B
2m 4m
1 Determine the reactions by drawing a

free-body diagram of the whole beam
and writing equilibrium equations: + Fx 0: Cx 0
2 kN/m Fy 0: Cy + By (2 kN/m)(2 m + 4 m) 0
+
MC 0: By 4 m + (2 kN/m)(2 m + 4 m)[(2 m + 4 m)/2] 0
+
A C
Cx
B Solving gives
By Cy
By 9 kN
2m 4m
Cx 0
Cy 3 kN
2 kN/m
A C
B
9 kN 3 kN
2m 4m
4 Change in shear from A to B equals the negative

of the area under the load curve w:
V (area of cross-hatched rectangle)

3 No concentrated force
reaction at end A, so the V(kN) (2kN/m)(2 m)
shear curve starts at 0.
4 kN
A B x(m)
2
1
4 ( VA + V 0 + [ 4 kN])
5 Slope of shear curve equals negative

of load, w:
dV/dx w 2kN
2 kN/m
A C
B
9 kN 3 kN
2m 4m
6 The 9-kN upward

reaction causes a 7 Change in shear from B to C
9-kN upward jump in equals negative of area of
the shear curve. cross-hatched rectangle:
V (2kN/m)(4 m)
V(kN) 5( 4 + 9) 8
9 The end reaction
causes a 3-kN jump.
2
1 0( 3 + 3)
9 kN x(m)
A B C
2 3
1
3( 5 8)
4
8 Slope of shear curve equals negative of distributed load, w:
dV/dx w 2
2 kN/m
A C
B
2m 4m
9 kN 3 kN
V(kN) 5
A 2 B 6 x(m)
10 Because no moment
reaction acts at end A, 3
the moment diagram 4 11 Change in moment equals area under shear
starts at zero. curve:
M area of triangle
M(kN m)
(1/2)(2 m)( 4 kN) = 4 kN m
dM/dx 0
A B x(m)
MB = MA + M 12 Because V is linear, M is quadratic.
4 Because dM/dx V, the M curve has a slope
1 = 0 + ( 4 kN m) of zero at the left end of the curve and a
slope of 4 at the right end.
= 4 kN m
2 kN/m
A C
B
2m 4m 13 We have to locate the point
9 kN 3 kN
where V 0, that is, find s.
V(kN) 5
14 By similar triangles,
4 s
A 2 x(m) s/5 (4 - s)/3
B C
s Solving gives
3
4 s 2.5
M area of triangle (1/2)(2.5 m)(5 kN) = 6.25 kN m

M(kN m)
s 2.5
M MB + M 4 kN m + 6.25 kN m 2.25 kN m
A B
x(m)
5 16 Because V is linear, M is quadratic.

4
Because dM/dx = V, the M curve has a
1 slope of 5 at left end and zero at the right.
2 kN/m
A C
B
2m 4m
9 kN 3 kN
V(kN) 5 4 s 4 2.5 1.5 M area of triangle
(1/2)(1.5 m)( 3 kN)
A 2 x(m) 2.25 kN m
B C
s = 2.5
3
4
MC 2.25 + M
M(kN m) dM/dx V 0
2.25 + ( 2.25) 0
2.25 18 Because dM/dx = V, the M
curve has a horizontal slope at
A B x(m) the left end and a slope of 3 at
4.5 C the right.
2
3
4 1
60 kN m
A B
C
10 m 20 m
1 Determine the reactions by drawing a
free-body diagram of the whole beam and +
Fx 0: Ax 0
writing equilibrium equations.
Fy 0: Ay + By 0
+
60 kN m
A B MA 0: 60 kN m + By(10 m + 20 m) 0
+
Ax
C
Ay By Solving gives
10 m 20 m Ax 0
Ay 2 kN
By 2 kN
60 kN m
A B
C
2 kN 2 kN
10 m 20 m
4 No distributed load, w, acts on the beam so the

change in shear is zero:
3 The 2-kN upward
reaction causes a 2-kN V negative of area under w curve 5 The 2-kN downward
upward jump in the reaction causes a 2-kN
shear diagram. 0 downward jump in the
V(kN)
shear diagram.
2 2
A C B
x(m)
10 30
6 The couple moment at C does not cause a jump in the shear diagram.
60 kN m
A B
C
2 kN 2 kN
10 m 20 m
V(kN)
2 2
7 No moment at A so the
moment diagram starts at 0. C B
A x(m)
10 30
8 The change in moment equals the

area under the shear curve:
80?
M(kN m) M (2 kN)(10 m)
20 kN m
20
1 2 C B x(m)
A 10
9 The moment curve is a 30
straight line between A and
C because 40? 10 The couple moment at C causes a jump of 60 kN m
dM/dx V in the moment diagram. But how can you decide if
the jump is up or down?
2 kN
x 11 Consider the moment equilibrium equation for a small
length of the beam containing the couple moment.
x
A B
C 60 kN m
60 kN m
2 kN 2 kN M M+ M
V C V+ V
MLeft end M + (M + M) + 60 kN m (V + V)( x) 0
+
Taking the limit as x 0 gives
M 60 kN m
General conclusion:
A counterclockwise couple moment applied to the beam produces a
downward jump in the moment diagram.
60 kN m
A B
C
2 kN 2 kN 12 The change in moment is
10 m 20 m M area under shear curve
V(kN) (2 kN)(30 m 10 m)
40 kN m
2 2
So
A C B x(m)
10 30 MB MC + M
M(kN m) 40 + 40
0
20
A C B
x(m)
60 10 30
2
1
13 The moment curve is a straight line:
20 60 40
dM/dx V
2
20 kip ft 8 kip ft 12 kip ft
A B C D E
4 ft 4 ft 4 ft 4 ft
1 Determine the reactions by drawing a free-body +
Fx 0: Ax 0
diagram of the whole beam and writing
equilibrium equations: Fy 0: Ay 0
+
MA 0: MA 20 kip ft 8 kip ft + 12 kip ft 0
+
MA 20 kip ft 8 kip ft 12 kip ft Solving gives
Ax C D E Ax 0
A B
Ay Ay 0
MA 16 kip ft
16 kip ft 20 kip ft 8 kip ft 12 kip ft
B C D E
A
4 Because the distributed load w is zero everywhere

V(kip) and the change in shear equals the negative of the
area under the w curve, the shear never changes
V(x) 0 from its starting value: 0.
x(ft)
3 Because the reaction force at
the end of the beam is zero,
the shear there is zero.
Free-body diagram showing reactions
16 kip ft 20 kip ft 8 kip ft 12 kip ft
B C D E
A
V(kip)
V(x) 0
x(ft)
6 Because the change in moment equals the area under the shear curve,
and the shear curve is V(x) 0, the moment does not change
between points where the couple moments are applied.
M(kip ft) 12 ( 4 + 8) 12
5 The counterclockwise 8
16 kip ft couple 4( 16 + 20) 4 12
moment causes a 16 0 ( 12 12)
A x(ft)
kip ft downward B C D E
jump in the moment 20
diagram.
16 7 Clockwise couple moments produce upward
16
jumps; counterclockwise, downward jumps.
4 kN
2 kN/m Hinge
B
A 8 kN m C D E
3m 3m 3m 3m
3 Writing the three equilibrium equations (below)
1 Determine the reactions by drawing free-body gives three equations but four unknowns: Ax, Ay,
diagrams and writing equilibrium equations. By, and MA, so an additional free body is needed.
+
2 Free-body diagram of whole beam Fx 0: Ax 0 (1)
4 kN Fy 0: Ay + (2 kN/m)(3 m + 3 m)
+
2 kN/m Hinge
MA 4 kN + By 0 (2)
B
MA 0: MA 8 kN m
+
Ax A 8 kN m C D E
+ (2 kN/m)(3 m + 3 m)
By
Ay (3 m) (4 kN)
(3 m + 3 m + 3 m)
3m 3m 3m 3m + By(3 m + 3 m
+ 3 m + 3 m) 0 (3)
4 Free-body diagram of the whole beam (repeated)
4 kN
2 kN/m Hinge
MA
B
Ax A 8 kN m C D E
By
Ay
3m 3m 3m 3m
5 To obtain an additional free-body diagram, pass a section

through the beam close to the hinge. Then consider the
portion of the beam to the right of the section.
6 Free-body diagram of the portion of the

beam to the right of the section.
VD (unknown) 4 kN
shear in beam Hinge 7 Moment equilibrium for portion DEB of the beam:
MHinge 0: By(3 m + 3 m) (4 kN)(3 m) 0 (4)

+
B
D E
Using a free body extending from the hinge to end B gives an
By
equation involving only one unknown, By.
3m 3m
MD 0 8 Solving Eqs.1-4 gives
(moment is zero
at a hinge) Ax 0, Ay 10 kN, By 2 kN, and MA 16 kN m
9 Free-body diagram showing reactions 4 kN
2 kN/m Hinge
16 kN m B
A C D E
8 kN m
10 kN 2 kN
3m 3m 3m 3m
13 The couple moment 12 An upward distributed load
has no effect on the 11 Change in shear: is considered negative.
shear curve.
V area under load curve
( 2 kN/m)(3 m + 3 m) 14 VD VA + V
V(kN) 12 kN 10 kN + 12 kN
2 2 kN
10 The downward
reaction causes a
x(m)
downward jump. A D
15 Slope of shear curve:
2
1 dV/dx w
10 ( 2)
2
4 kN
2 kN/m Hinge
w 0 w 0
16 kN m B
A C D E
8 kN m
10 kN 2 kN
3m 3m 3m 3m
17 Jump in shear caused by

concentrated forces.
16 No change in shear because distributed load is zero:
V(kN)
2 2 2
3 9 12
6 4 x(m)
A E B
C D
2 2
10
V(kN)
2 2
6 12 x(m)
A D E B
2 2
6 s
10
s
18 To draw the moment diagram, we will need to calculate s,
the distance to the point where the shear curve crosses the
x-axis. By similar triangles, we have
s 2
A D s/10 (6-s)/2
6 s
Solving gives
10
s 5
4 kN
20 Change in moment from A to 2 kN/m Hinge
C equals cross-hatched area.
To calculate this area, first use 16 kN m B
similar triangles to calculate A C D E
8 kN m
distance h. 10 kN 2 kN
h/10 2/5 3m 3m 3m 3m
Solving gives
V(kN)
h 4 2 2
3C 6 9 12
A x(m)
s 5 F D E B
3 2 2
A C F
h
10 10
s 5
5 3 2
M(kN m)
16
19 The clockwise couple moment at the end x(m)

causes an upward jump in the moment A
diagram.
4 kN
2 kN/m Hinge
21 Now that the value of h is known, the
16 kN m B cross-hatched area can be calculated:
A C D E
8 kN m
10 kN 2 kN A 3 C
3m 3m 3m 3m 4 4
V(kN)
10 ( 4) 6
h 4 2 2
A 3 C 6 9 12
x(m)
F D E B Area rectangle + triangle
2 2
4 (3 m)( 4 kN) + (1/2)(3 m)( 6 kN)
21 kN m
10
s 5 Thus the change in moment is
M(kN m) M 21 kN m
16
A 3 C x(m)
22 MC MA + M 6 kN m + ( 21 kN m) 5 kN m
4 kN
2 kN/m Hinge
16 kN m B
A C D E
8 kN m
10 kN 2 kN
3m 3m 3m 3m
V(kN)
1m
3m 2m 2 2
A x(m)
C E B
F D
2 2 24 Clockwise couple moment
4 causes an upward jump.
10
23 dM/dx V so curve is quadratic with
slopes of 10 and 4 at the ends
M(kN m) 10
16
1
3
A x(m)
C 8
4
1 5
4 kN
2 kN/m Hinge
16 kN m B
A C D E
8 kN m
10 kN 2 kN
3m 3m 3m 3m
V(kN)
1m
3m 2m 2 2
A C x(m)
E B
F D
2 2
4 27 dM/dx V, so
moment curve is
quadratic with slopes
10 of 4 and 0 at the ends
M area of triangle 26 MF MC + M
M(kN m) Slope 4
16 3 kN m + ( 4 kN m)
(1/2)( 4 kN)(2 m)
4 kN m 1 kN m
3
A C F D x(m)
1
5
Slope 0
4 kN
2 kN/m Hinge
16 kN m B
A C D E
8 kN m
10 kN 2 kN
3m 3m 3m 3m
V(kN)
1m
3m 2m 2 2
A C x(m)
F D E B
2 2
4
M area of triangle 29 MD MF + M
10 1 kN m + 1 kN m
(1/2)(2 kN)(1 m)
30 dM/dx V, so
1 kN m moment curve is 0
M(kN m) quadratic with slopes
of 0 and 2. (Actually, we knew in
16 advance that MD 0,
because a hinge
exists at point D.)
3
A C F D
x(m)
1
5
Slope 2
4 kN
2 kN/m Hinge
16 kN m B
A C D E
8 kN m
10 kN 2 kN
3m 3m 3m 3m
V(kN)
1m
3m 2m 2 2
A C x(m)
F D E B
2 2
4
33 MB ME + M
10 32 dM/dx V 2, so
31 ME MD + M moment curve is a 34 dM/dx 2 so ME + area
straight line moment curve is a
MD + area M(kN m) straight line 6 kN m + ( 2 kN)(3 m)
0 + (2 kN)(3 m) 16
0
6 kN m 6
3
F D 2 2
A C 1 1 x(m)
1 E B
5
21 kN
Hinge
C 15 kN m
A B
D
4 kN/m
3m 3m 6m
3 Writing the three equilibrium equations (below) gives
1 Determine the reactions by drawing free-body diagrams
three equations but four unknowns: Ax, Ay, By, and
and writing equilibrium equations.
MB, so an additional free body is needed.
2 Free-body diagram of whole beam +
Fx 0: Bx 0 (1)
21 kN
Ay Fy 0: Ay + (4 kN/m)(3 m + 3 m)
+
Hinge MB
C 15 kN m 21 kN + By 0 (2)
A
B Bx MA 0: (4 kN/m)(3 m + 3 m)(3 m)
+
D
4 kN/m By (21 kN)(3m) 15 kN m
+ By(3 m + 3 m + 6 m)
3m 3m 6m + MB 0 (3)
4 Free-body diagram of whole beam (repeated)
21 kN Hinge
Ay
C MB
15 kN m
A Bx
D B
4 kN/m By
3m 3m 6m
6 Free-body diagram of the portion of the beam

to the left of the section.
21 kN Hinge 5 To obtain an additional free-body diagram,
Ay pass a section through the beam close to
C M 0 at hinge
15 kN m the hinge. Then consider the portion of the
A Dx beam to the left of the section.
D
V(unknown)
4 kN/m shear in beam
3m 3m
7 Moment equilibrium 8 Solving Eqs. 1-4 gives
MHinge 0: (Ay)(3 m + 3 m) (4 kN/m)(3 m + 3 m)(3m) Ay 4 kN

+
15 kN m + (21 kN)(3 m) 0 (4)

Bx 0
Using a free body extending from the hinge to end A gives an
equation involving only one unknown, Ay. By 1 kN
MB 6 kN m
4 kN 21 kN Hinge
C 15 kN m
A 6 kN m
D B
4 kN/m 1 kN An upward
distributed load is
3m 3m 6m considered negative.
11 VC VA + V
10 The 4-kN downward
reaction causes a V(kN) VA + [ cross-hatched area]
downward jump
8 4 kN + [ ( 4 kN/m)(3 m)]
8 kN
A x(m)
C 21
4
4 1
13 The 21-kN
concentrated load
13 ( 8 21) causes a 21-kN jump
12 Slope of shear curve equals in the shear diagram
negative of distributed load, w:
dV/dx w ( 4) 4
4 kN 21 kN Hinge
C 15 kN m 6 kN m
A
D B
4 kN/m 1 kN
3m 3m 6m
14 VD VC + V
VC + [ cross-hatched area]
V(kN)
13 kN + [ ( 4 kN/m)(3 m)]
8
1 kN
A E C D B x(m)
1
4
4 15 Slope of shear curve:
1
dV/dx w
13
( 4)
4
4 kN 21 kN Hinge
C 15 kN m w 0 6 kN m
A
D B
4 kN/m 1 kN
3m 3m 6m
17 The 1-kN upward reaction

at B closes the diagram.
V(kN) 16 Because the distributed load is zero,

8 the change in shear is zero.
A E C D B x(m)
4 1 1
13
4 kN 21 kN Hinge
C 15 kN m
A 6 kN m
D B
4 kN/m 1 kN
3m 3m 6m
V(kN)
8
A E C D B x(m)
4 1 1
s
3 s
18 To draw the moment diagram, we will need to
13 calculate s, the distance to the point where the
shear crosses the x-axis. By similar triangles,
s/4 (3 s)/8
8
Solving gives
A s C
E 3 s
4 s 1
4 kN 21 kN Hinge
A C 15 kN m
6 kN m
D B
4 kN/m 1 kN
3m 3m 6m
V(kN)
8
19 No moment acts at the

left end so the moment A E C D B x(m)
curve starts at zero.
4 1 1
1m 20 ME MA + M
2m
13 MA + area of triangle
M(kN m)
0 + (1/2)( 4 kN)(1 m)
4
2 kN m
A E x(m)
1 2
21 dM/dx V, so the moment curve is

slope 0 quadratic with slopes of 4 and 0.
4 kN 21 kN Hinge
C 15 kN m 6 kN m
A
D B
4 kN/m 1 kN
3m 3m 6m
V(kN)
8
A E C D B x(m)
4 1 1
1m 22 MC ME + M
2m
13 ME + area of triangle
M(kN m)
6 2 kN m + (1/2)(8 kN)(2 m)
8 6 kN m
A E 1 C
x(m)
2
23 dM/dx V, so the moment curve is quadratic
Slope 0 with slopes of 0 and 8.
4 kN 21 kN Hinge
3m 3m 6m
C 15 kN m 6 kN m
A
D B
V(kN) 4 kN/m 1 kN
8
A E C D B x(m)
4 1 1
2m
1m
13 24 The clockwise 15 kN m couple moment causes an
M(kN m) upward jump in the moment curve.
21 ( 6 + 15)
15
A E C x(m)
2
4 kN 21 kN Hinge
3m 3m 6m
C 15 kN m
A 6 kN m
D B
4 kN/m 1 kN
V(kN)
8
A E C D B x(m)
4 1 1
2m 25 MD MC + M
1m
13
MC + cross-hatched area
M(kN m)
Slope 13
MC + area of rectangle + area of triangle
21
21 + ( 1 kN)(3 m) + (1/2)( 13 ( 1))(3 m)
0
Slope 1 (A value of zero was expected because a
6 hinge is present at D.)
A E C 0 x(m)
2 26 dM/dx V, so moment curve is quadratic with
slopes of 13 and 1.
4 kN 21 kN Hinge
C 15 kN m
A 6 kN m
D B
4 kN/m 1 kN
V(kN)
8
3m 6m
A E C D B x(m)
4 1 1
2m 27 MB MD + M
1m
13 MD + cross-hatched area
M(kN m) 30 Maximum moment 21 kN m
0 + ( 1 kN)(6 m)
21
6 kN m
29 The clockwise 6 kN m couple moment

6 at the end closes the diagram.
D B
A E C x(m)
1
2 1
28 dM/dx V 1 6

8.3 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams Constructed by Areas

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8.3 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams Constructed by Areas

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8.

3 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams Constructed by Areas

4 No distributed load, w, acts between A and C,

V negative of area under w curve

5 The 6-kN downward force causes

V negative of area under w curve

7 The 2-kN upward reaction at B causes a

4 kN 2 kN 10 The change in moment equals

11 The curve connecting MA and MC must have constant slope,

1 Determine the reactions by drawing a free-body diagram of Equilibrium equations

3 The 7-kN upward

5 The remainder of the

M(kN m) Thus the moment at C is

3 The 360-lb upward V (area of rectangle under w curve)

M(lb ft) dM/dx VC 0

dM/dx VC 0 360 2160 lb ft 2160 lb ft

13 Moment curve is quadratic with

6 Since the distributed load, w, between

10 One way to locate the V 0

11 Change in moment equals area C B

1 Determine the reactions by drawing a

4 Change in shear from A to B equals the negative

V (area of cross-hatched rectangle)

5 Slope of shear curve equals negative

6 The 9-kN upward

8 Slope of shear curve equals negative of distributed load, w:

M area of triangle (1/2)(2.5 m)(5 kN) = 6.25 kN m

5 16 Because V is linear, M is quadratic.

(1/2)(1.5 m)( 3 kN)

4 No distributed load, w, acts on the beam so the

8 The change in moment equals the

MLeft end M + (M + M) + 60 kN m (V + V)( x) 0

10 m 20 m M area under shear curve

20 kip ft 8 kip ft 12 kip ft

16 kip ft 20 kip ft 8 kip ft 12 kip ft

4 Because the distributed load w is zero everywhere

5 To obtain an additional free-body diagram, pass a section

6 Free-body diagram of the portion of the

MHinge 0: By(3 m + 3 m) (4 kN)(3 m) 0 (4)

17 Jump in shear caused by

19 The clockwise couple moment at the end x(m)

6 Free-body diagram of the portion of the beam

MHinge 0: (Ay)(3 m + 3 m) (4 kN/m)(3 m + 3 m)(3m) Ay 4 kN

15 kN m + (21 kN)(3 m) 0 (4)

17 The 1-kN upward reaction

V(kN) 16 Because the distributed load is zero,

19 No moment acts at the

21 dM/dx V, so the moment curve is

29 The clockwise 6 kN m couple moment

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