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SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION

1.0-SHEAR CRACKING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

▪ flexure–shear crack- the occurrence of this crack when the moment must be larger than
the cracking moment, and the shear must be rather large. The cracks run at angles of about
45° with the beam axis and probably start at the top of a flexure crack.

▪ The approximately vertical flexure cracks shown are not dangerous unless a critical
combination of shear stress and flexure stress occurs at the top of one of the flexure cracks.

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1.0-SHEAR CRACKING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

▪ An inclined crack will develop independently in a beam, even though no flexure cracks are in that
locality. Such cracks, which are called web–shear cracks, will sometimes occur in the webs of
prestressed sections, particularly those with large flanges and thin webs.
▪ They also sometimes occur near the points of inflection of continuous beams or near simple supports.
At such locations, small moments and high shear often occur.
▪ These types of cracks will form near the mid-depth of sections and will move on a diagonal path to the
tension surface as illustrated in Figure 8.2.

1.0- SHEAR CRACKING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

❖ After a crack has developed, the member will fail unless the cracked concrete section can resist the
applied forces. If web reinforcing is not present, the items that are available to transfer the shear are as
follows:

1) the shear resistance of the uncracked section above the crack (estimated to be 20% to
40% of the total resistance)
2) the aggregate interlock, that is, the friction developed due to the interlocking of the
aggregate on the concrete surfaces on opposite sides of the crack (estimated to be 33% to
50% of the total)
3) the resistance of the longitudinal reinforcing to a frictional force, often called dowel action
(estimated to be 15% to 25%); and

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2.0- WEB REINFORCEMENT

❖ When the factored shear, Vu , is high, it

shows that large cracks are going to occur
unless some type of additional reinforcing
is provided. This reinforcing usually takes
the form of stirrups that enclose the
longitudinal reinforcing along the faces of
the beam. The most common stirrups are;

➢ The purpose of stirrups is to minimize the

size of diagonal tension cracks or to carry
the diagonal tension stress from one side
of the crack to the other.

3.0- DESIGN FOR SHEAR

▪ The maximum shear, Vu , in a beam must not exceed the design shear capacity of the beam
cross section, ∅𝑽𝒏 , where ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 and Vn is the nominal shear strength of the concrete and
the shear reinforcing.

𝑽𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑽𝒏 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010 − 𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 − 𝑒𝑞. 411 − 1

∅ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010

▪ The maximum shear, Vu , in a beam must not exceed the design shear strength of the concrete
plus that of the shear reinforcing.
𝑽𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑽𝒄 + ∅𝑽𝒔
𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010 − 𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 − 𝑒𝑞. 411 − 2
𝑽𝒏 = 𝑽𝒄 + 𝑽𝒔

❖ where
Vc is nominal shear strength provided by concrete in accordance with Section 411.4 or Section 411.5, and
Vs is nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement (stirrups) in accordance with Section 411.6.6.

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3.10- DESIGN FOR SHEAR

➢ 411.4 Shear Strength Provided by Concrete for Non-prestressed Members

▪ 411.4.1.1 For members subject to shear and flexure only:

𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝝀 𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010 − 𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 − 𝑒𝑞. 411 − 3

▪ 411.4.2 Vc shall be permitted to be computed by the more detailed calculation

▪ 411.4.2.1 For members subject to shear and flexure only,

𝑽𝒖 𝒅
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝝀 𝒇𝒄 ′ + 𝟏𝟕𝝆𝒘 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010 − 𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 − 411.5
𝑴𝒖

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡:

𝑽𝒖 𝒅
≤ 𝟏. 𝟎 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑀𝑢 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑉𝑢 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑴𝒖

𝑽𝒖 𝒅 𝑨𝑺
𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝝀 𝒇𝒄 ′ + 𝟏𝟕𝝆𝒘 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗 𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝝆𝒘 =
𝑴𝒖 𝒃𝒘 𝒅

3.10- DESIGN FOR SHEAR

➢ 411.4 Shear Strength Provided by Concrete for Non-prestressed Members

▪ 411.4.1.2 For members subject to axial compression only:

𝑵𝒖 𝑵𝒖
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝝀 𝟏 + 𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010 − 𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 − 𝑒𝑞. 411 − 4 expressed in MPa
𝟏𝟒𝑨𝒈 𝑨𝒈

𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010 − 𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 − 411.5

𝑽𝒖 𝒅
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝝀 𝒇𝒄 ′ + 𝟏𝟕𝝆𝒘 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝑴𝒖

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3.10- DESIGN FOR SHEAR

➢ 411.4 Shear Strength Provided by Concrete for Non-prestressed Members

▪ 411.4.2.3 For members subject to significant axial tension,

𝟎. 𝟐𝟗 𝑵𝒖 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010 − 𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 − 𝑒𝑞. 411 − 8

𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝝀 𝟏 + 𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝑨𝒈 𝑵𝒖
expressed in MPa
𝑨𝒈
𝑁𝑢 𝑖𝑠 − 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

A rectangular beam has a width of 250 mm and an effective depth of 437.5 mm. It is
reinforced with a tensile reinforcement having an area of 1,875 mm², placed 62.5 mm above
the bottom of the beam. The beam is subjected to a factored shear force Vu= 178 kN and
moment Mu=40 kN.m occurring at the point where Vu is critical. Use fc’=24.82 MPa.

1) Compute the nominal shear strength of the concrete, Vc

2) Compute the nominal shear strength of the concrete with tensile force of
44 kN
3) Compute the nominal shear strength of the concrete with axial
compression force of 44 kN

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3.30- DESIGN FOR SHEAR

➢ 411.6.7 Design of Shear Reinforcement

▪ 411.6.7.1 Where factored shear force 𝑽𝒖 exceeds shear strength ∅𝑽𝒄 , shear reinforcement
shall be provided to satisfy Equations (411-1) and (411-2), where shear strength 𝑽𝒔 shall be
computed in accordance with Sections 411.6.7.2 through 411.6.7.9.

𝑽𝒖 − ∅𝑽𝒄
𝑽𝒔 =
∅

▪ 411.6.7.2 When shear reinforcement perpendicular to axis of member is used, where Av is the
area of shear reinforcement within a distance s.

𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚 𝒅
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010 − 𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 − 411.15
𝒔

▪ 411.6.6.9 Shear strength Vs shall not be taken greater than

𝑽𝒖 − ∅𝑽𝒄 𝟐
𝑽𝒔 = ≤ 𝒇𝒄′ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
∅ 𝟑

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3.30- DESIGN FOR SHEAR

➢ 411.6.7 Design of Shear Reinforcement

𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚 𝒅
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010 − 𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 − 411.15
𝒔

𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠, 𝒔

𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚 𝒅
𝒔=
𝑽𝒔

𝑨𝒗 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝑨𝒔 𝑨𝒗 = 𝑨𝒔 𝑨𝒗 = 𝟒 ∗ 𝑨 𝒔 𝑨𝒗 = 𝟒 ∗ 𝑨𝒔

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3.30- DESIGN FOR SHEAR

➢ 411.6.6 Minimum Shear Reinforcement

▪ 411.6.6.1 A minimum area of shear reinforcement, Av min., shall be provided in all reinforced
concrete flexural members (prestressed and non-prestressed) where factored shear force Vu
exceeds one half the shear strength provided by concrete ∅𝑽𝒄, except in members satisfying one
or more of (1) through (6):

▪ The minimum area of shear reinforcement shall be;

𝒃𝒘 𝒔 𝒃𝒘 𝒔
𝑨𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐 𝒇𝒄 ′ ≥ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝒇𝒄′
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚

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3.30- DESIGN FOR SHEAR

➢ 411.6.5 Spacing Limits for Shear Reinforcement

𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚 𝒅
𝒔= ≤ 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑽𝒔

▪ 411.6.5.1 Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis of member shall not
exceed d/2 in non-prestressed members and (3/4)h in prestressed members, nor 600 mm.
𝟏 𝒅
𝑽𝒔 ≤ 𝒇𝒄′ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒐𝒓 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝟑 𝟐

𝟏
▪ 411.6.5.3 When Vs exceeds 𝒇𝒄′ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅, maximum spacing given in Sections 411.6.5.1 and
𝟑
411.6.5.2 shall be reduced by one half.

𝟏 𝒅
𝑽𝒔 > 𝒇𝒄′ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝟑 𝟒

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3.40 DESIGN OF VERTICAL STIRRUPS IN BEAM

1. Compute Vu at critical section. 3. Compute Vs provided by stirrups.

𝑽𝒖 = 𝑹𝒖 − 𝑾𝒖𝒅 𝑽𝒖 − ∅𝑽𝒄
𝑽𝒔 =
∅
2. Compute Vc provided by concrete.
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑦, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛:
𝑽𝒖 > ∅𝑽𝒄 𝟐
𝑽𝒔 ≤ 𝒇𝒄′ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝟑
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛:

𝑽𝒖 < ∅𝑽𝒄 , 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝑽𝒖 > 𝟏/𝟐∅𝑽𝒄

𝒃𝒘 𝒔 𝒃𝒘 𝒔
𝑨𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐 𝒇𝒄 ′ ≥ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝒇𝒄′
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚

𝑁𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛;

𝑽𝒖 < 𝟏/𝟐∅𝑽𝒄

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3.40 DESIGN OF VERTICAL STIRRUPS IN BEAM

4. Spacing for Shear Reinforcement

𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚 𝒅
𝒔= ≤ 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑽𝒔

▪ 411.6.5.1 Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis of member shall not
exceed d/2 in non-prestressed members and (3/4)h in prestressed members, nor 600 mm.
𝟏 𝒅
𝑽𝒔 ≤ 𝒇𝒄′ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒐𝒓 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝟑 𝟐

𝟏
▪ 411.6.5.3 When Vs exceeds 𝒇𝒄′ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅, maximum spacing given in Sections 411.6.5.1 and
𝟑
411.6.5.2 shall be reduced by one half.

𝟏 𝒅
𝑽𝒔 > 𝒇𝒄′ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝟑 𝟒

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

A rectangular beam has a width of 250 mm and an effective depth of 437.5 mm. It is
reinforced with a tensile reinforcement having an area of 1,875 mm², placed 62.5 mm above
the bottom of the beam. The beam is subjected to a factored shear force Vu= 178 kN and
moment Mu=40 kN.m occurring at the point where Vu is critical. Use fc’=24.82 MPa.

1) Compute the nominal shear strength of the concrete, Vc

2) Compute the nominal shear strength of the concrete with tensile force of
44 kN
3) Compute the nominal shear strength of the concrete with axial
compression force of 44 kN

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

A rectangular beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 580 mm. The beam is
subjected to a service dead load shear of 126 kN and live load shear of 138 kN at critical
section. Use fc’= 21 MPa, and fy= 275 MPa. Determine the require spacing of 10 mm
diameter vertical U-stirrups using NSCP 2010.

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