25/10/2021

Compaction- is the densification of soil by removal of air voids,

which requires mechanical energy.

In Geotechnical
Engineering densificationReduce the amount of Voids in the soil
by densifying the soil.

improves the quality of

soil by mechanical
Effect of Compaction
stabilization.
Soil Compaction Increase the soil shear Less
strength Settlement
Reduced
Lower Reduced Wear
Liquification
Permeability and erosion
Potential

Smooth-wheel roller ( smooth-drum roller)

• suitable for proof rolling subgrades and for the finishing
operation of fills with sandy Not suitable for producing high
unit weights of compaction when used on thicker layers
• Provide 100% coverage under the wheels with ground
contact pressures as high as 310 –380 kN/m2
Mechanical Stabilization

Vibratory roller
-It has a specialized vibrating component. As the roller
compacts and flattens the surface, it will vibrate.
- It is greatly used on compacting crushed gravel or
rock.
- Can damage a structure because of the vibration.
- Cant be used on clay soil
Sheepsfoot roller
• rollers are most effective in compacting clayey soils
• Id the soil is clay used sheep foot roller before using
pneumatic roller
• The contact pressure under the projections can range from
1380 to 6900 kN/m2 .
25/10/2021
Pneumatic rubber-tired roller
• Are better in many respects than smooth-wheel rollers.
• Can be used for sandy and clayey soil compaction and for
cold –laid bituminous or cold mixed pavement. Compaction
is achieved by a combination of pressure and kneading
action.
• Typically used for pavement and can help smooth out and
polish a project
• The contact pressure under the tires can range from 600 to
700 kN/m2 , and they produce 70% to 80% coverage
Handled Compaction Equipment
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The term relative density, Dr, is commonly used to indicate the in-situ denseness
Specification for Field Compaction: or looseness of granular soil and is defined as:
Relative Compaction- 𝑒 −𝑒 Specifications for the compaction of granular soils, are
𝐷 = sometimes written in terms of the required relative density Dr
𝑒 −𝑒
or compaction.
𝛾 R% ≥ 𝟗𝟓% Express relative density in terms of maximum and
𝑅% = 𝑥 100% minimum possible dry unit weights. Therefore;
𝛾 ( ( ))
Where:
1 1 Dr = relative density/density index
−
𝛾 𝛾 emax = void ratio of soil in loosest condition
𝐷 =
A Relative compaction requirements shall be as shown on the Plans and as specified in this 1 1 e = in situ void ratio of soil
−
Specification. 𝛾 𝛾 emin = void ratio of soil in densest condition
γd (min) = dry unit weight in loosest condition (at emax)
γ = in situ dry unit weight (at e)
γd (max) = dry unit weight in densest condition (at emin)

The range of the values of Dr may vary from a minimum of zero

for very loose soil to a maximum of one for very dense soil (0 ≤ Dr ≤ 1).

𝛾 ,𝛾 , Optimum Proctor
Compaction Test
Moisture Content (OMC) Compaction
Test
Field Compaction
Proctor Compaction test
𝛾 , 𝛾𝑑 , Field Density Test • Sand Cone Test
Modified Proctor Test
• Nuclear Test
 25/10/2021

Standard Proctor Test Modified Proctor Test

Proctor compaction test- generally used to obtain the Conducting the Standard Proctor test- The soil is mixed with Sometimes referred to as the Modified Proctor Test (ASTM Test
maximum dry unit weight of compaction and the optimum varying amounts of water and then compacted in three equal Designation D-1557 and AASHTO Test Designation T-180).
moisture content. layers by a hammer) that delivers 25 blows to each layer

Conducting the modified Proctor test- The soil is mixed with

Volume of Mold 943.3 cm3
Number of layer Three (3) layers
varying amounts of water and then compacted in three equal
Weight of Hammer 24.4 N (mass approx. 2.5 kg),
layers by a hammer) that delivers 25 blows to each layer
Number of blows per layer 25 blows
Height of drop 304.8 mm. Volume of Mold 943.3 cm3
Number of layer Five (5) layers
Weight of Hammer 44.5 N (mass 4.536 kg).
Number of blows per layer 25 blows

Height of drop 457.2 mm

Effect of Higher Compaction Effort
Increasing the Energy applied to the soil gives:

• Higher (𝛾 )
It shows that the dry density of a soil for a given • Lower( W optimum )
compactive effort depends on the amount of the water

Sample Result data of Proctor Test

For each test, the moist unit weight of compaction ꙋ can be
calculated as:

𝑊
𝛾=
𝑉
Where:
W= weight of the compacted soil in the mold
V(m)= volume of the mold
The dry unit weight ꙋd can be calculated as
𝛾 Where: w (%) percentage
𝛾 = of moisture content.
𝜔%
1+
100
Standard Proctor Test - YouTube
For a given moisture content, the theoretical maximum dry unit
weight is obtained when there is no air in the void spaces—
that is, when the degree of saturation equals 100%. Thus, the
maximum dry unit weight at a given moisture content with zero
air voids can be given by
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤
𝛾 =
1+𝑒
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For 100% saturation where e=ωGs, then: Comparing Relative density and Relative compaction we can see
that
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤 𝛾 Where:
𝛾 = = 𝑅 𝛾
1 + 𝜔𝐺𝑠 1 𝑅=
𝜔+ 1 − 𝐷 (1 − 𝑅 ) 𝑅 =
𝐺𝑠 𝛾

The equation above can be written as follows: for convenient Determination of Field Unit Weight after Compaction
purposes.
For Moist density: For 100% saturation Rubber
Ƿ=
𝑚(𝑘𝑔)
Ƿ balloon
𝑉 Ƿ𝑧𝑎𝑣 =
𝜔+
1 method
𝐺𝑠
For Dry density: Sand cone Nuclear
𝑘𝑔
Ƿ( )
method method
Ƿ = 𝑚
𝜔% Where:
1+ m=mass of compacted soil in the mold Three standard
100 procedures are
Ƿw= density of water (1000kg/m3) used for
Vm= Volume of mold determining the
field unit weight of
compaction:

Sand Cone Test - YouTube

Calculation
Apparatus:
1. Sand Pouring Cylinder
2. Funnel
3. The sand of known density (D1)
4. Standard base plate with hole
5. Excavating rod
6. Field soil container
7. Weighing Machine

Procedure

In the field, a small hole

The weight of the
jar, the cone, and the
sand filling the jar is
determined (W1)
is excavated in the area Sand is allowed to flow out
After excavation of
where the soil has been of the jar into the hole and
the hole the cone with
compacted about 4 to 5 the cone. Once the hole and
the sand-filled jar
inches deep ,and take out cone are filled, the weight of
attached to it is
the dogged soil from the the jar the cone, and the
inverted and placed
hole making the inner remaining sand in the jar is
over the hole.
surface smooth and to be determined W4.
uniform(W2).
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Volume of Backfill: Shrinkage Factor Percentage of voids that being

reduce after compaction
𝑉 V 𝑒 −𝑒
= 𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100
1+𝑒 1+𝑒 1+𝑒

𝑒 =original or undisturbed void ratio

𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠
𝑒 = 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
But V= 𝑉 + 𝑉
= +
= 1+e
𝑉
𝑉 =
1+𝑒
Rubber Balloon Test - YouTube

Problem 1:
A soil sample has a mass of 1820 g taken the field having a volume of 1 10 𝑚 .
It has a GS of 2.60 and a water content of 10%. Values of
𝑒_ max = 0.63 𝑎𝑛 𝑒 = 0.44
a.) Compute the dry unit weight
b.) Compute the void ratio
c.) Compute the relative density.
Solution:

Illustrative Problem
Relative density.
𝑊 1820(9.81) 𝑒 −𝑒
𝛾= = = 17.95𝐾𝑁/𝑚 𝐷 =
𝑉 1𝑥10 𝑒 −𝑒

𝛾 17.95 0.63 − 0.56

𝛾 = = = 16.32𝐾𝑁/𝑚 = 0.368 𝑜𝑟 38.6%
𝜔% 10
1+ 1 + 0.63 − 0.44
100 100

Void ratio:
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤 (2.60)(9.81)
𝛾 = 16.32 =
1+𝑒 1+𝑒

e=0.56
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Problem 3
Problem 2
The laboratory test data for a Standard Proctor test are given in the table. Find the
maximum dry unit weight and the optimum moisture content.
The relative compaction of a sand in the field is 94% . The maximum and minimum dry unit
weighs of sand are 16.2KN/m^3 and 14.9KN/m^3 respectively. Volume of Proctor Mass of the wet soil Moisture Content
Mold (cm3) in the mold (kg) (ω%)
a.) Compute for the unit weight in the field. 943.3 1.40 8.45
b.) For field conditions compute the relative density of compaction 943.3 1.80 10.25
943.3 2.10 12.35
Relative density of compaction 943.3 1.82 14.60
Dry unit weight
1
−
1 1 1 943.3 1.60 16.70
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 −
𝐷 = 14.9 15.23 = 0.27 𝑜𝑟 27%
𝑅% = 𝑥 100% 1 1 1 1
𝛾 ( ( )) − −
𝛾 𝛾 14.9 16.2 Solution: Mass of the
Volume of Moist Dry
0.94= wet soil in Moisture
For Moist density: Proctor Density density
. / the mold Content (ω%)
𝑚(𝑘𝑔) Mold (cm3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3)
𝛾 = 15.23KN/m Ƿ= (kg)
𝑉 943.3 1.40 8.45 1484.151 1368.511
943.3 1.80 10.25 1908.195 1730.789
For Dry density: 943.3 2.10 12.35 2226.227 1981.510
𝑘𝑔 943.3 1.82 14.60 1926.396 1683.592
Ƿ( ) 1696.173
Ƿ = 𝑚 943.3 1.60 16.70 1453.447
𝜔%
1+
100

Problem 4:
Plot of Ƿ𝒅 against ω The maximum and minimum dry unit weights of sand were determined in the laboratory to be
18.31KN/m^3 and 15.25 KN/m^3. respectively
Chart Title
Volume of Mass of the Moist Dry a.) What is the relative compaction in the field if the relative
Moisture 2500
Proctor Mold wet soil in Density density density is 64%
Content (ω%)
(cm3) the mold (kg) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) 2000
Dry density

b.) What is the dry unit weight in the field

1500
943.3 1.40 8.45 1484.151 1368.511 c.) What is the moist unit weight in the field if its
943.3 1.80 10.25 1908.195 1730.789 1000 y= -296340x2 + 74900x - 2830.4
moisture content is 28%
943.3 2.10 12.35 2226.227 1981.510 500
b.) Dry unit weight in the field
Use store Value:
943.3 1.82 14.60 1929.396 1683.592
0
943.3 1.60 16.70 1696.173 1453.447 0.00% 2.00% 4.00% 6.00% 8.00% 10.00% 12.00% 14.00% 16.00% 18.00% Solution

Maximum dry density 1902 kg/m3

Optimum moisture content 12.63%
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Problem 5:
In an on-going land development project, a Contractor requested for a concrete pouring request.
After conducting Field Density Test (FDT) in Road Lot A and Road Lot B, the result of the Sand
cone Method (𝛾 𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑤𝑎 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 =16.353KN/m^3 ) are as follows, determine the following:

Location Total Weight of Retained Mass Moisture Weight of Soil

Sand (kg) of Sand (kg) Content sample (kg)
Road Lot A 7.40 6.2 20% 1.39
Road Lot B 7.40 6.3 19% 1.30

Properties of soil base on Soil Investigation Result:

GS=2.75
W=1.6309
V=0.0008m^3
a.) Determine the Dry unit weight if soil sample in field if the OMC is at
22%
b.) As Civil Engineer, will you allow the concrete pouring in Road Lot A base
on its FDT result and if the allowable Relative compaction should be higher
or equal 95%
c.) As Civil Engineer, will you allow the concrete pouring in Road Lot B base
on its FDT result and if the allowable Relative compaction should be higher
or equal 95%

b.) As Civil Engineer, will you allow the concrete pouring in Road Lot A base on its FDT
result and if the allowable Relative compaction should be higher or equal 95%
Problem 6:
A proposed embankment fill requires 8,000 cubic meter of compacted soil. The
void ratio of the compacted fill is specified as 0.70. Four barrow pits are available as
described in the table which list the respective void ratios of the soil and cost per
cubic meter for moving the soil to the proposed construction site. Make necessary
calculations to select pit from which the soils should be bought to minimize the
cost. Assume Gs to be the same at all pits.

Barrow Pit Void Ratio Cost (php/m^3 )

A 0.82 400.00
B 1.1 250.00
C 0.9 450.00
D 0.78 600.00

Try Letter C.