T Beams

 Reinforced concrete floor

systems normally consist
of slabs and beams
that are placed
monolithically.
 two parts act together to
resist loads
 the beams have extra
widths at their tops –
flanges
 the resulting T-shaped
beams are called T beams

 Forms are built for beam

sides, the underside of
slabs, and the entire
construction is poured at
once, from the bottom
of the deepest beam to
the top of the slab

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  Instead of considering a
 If the flanges are wide and varying stress distribution
thin, bending stresses will across the full width of the
vary quite a bit across the flange, assumed uniform
flange due to shear stress distribution is used
deformations for design purposes

 The farther a particular part

of the slab or flange is away
from the stem, the smaller
will be its bending stress

Effective size of a T beam

 For T beams with flanges on both
sides of the web, the code states
that the effective flange width
may not exceed one-fourth
of the beam span
 the overhanging width on
each side may not exceed
eight times the slab
thickness
 one-half the clear distance
to the next web

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 Effective size of a T beam
 If there is a flange on only one side of the web,
the width of the overhanging flange
cannot exceed one-twelfth the span,
6hf , or half the clear distance to the
next web

 The neutral axis (N.A.) for T

beams can fall either in the
flange or in the stem
depending on the proportions
of the slabs and stems
 If it falls in the flange, and it
almost always does for
positive moments, the
rectangular beam formulas
apply
The section above
 The concrete below the the neutral axis is
neutral axis is assumed to rectangular.
be cracked, and its shape
has no effect on the flexure
calculations (other than
weight).

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 If the neutral axis is
below the flange, the
compression concrete
above the neutral axis
no longer consists of a
single rectangle

 the normal rectangular

beam expressions do
not apply

 beam does not really

have to look like a T
beam to be one

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 T – BEAMS
Reinforced concrete floor systems, roof ,decks etc. are almost always
monolithic. Forms are built for beam soffits and sides and for the underside of
the slabs, and the entire construction is poured at once. Beam reinforcement and
stirrups extend up into the slab thus part of the slab will act with the upper part of
the beam to resist longitudinal compression. The resulting shape of the beam is in
the form of a T rather than rectangular. Figure below shows the stress and strain
diagrams of a T- beam.
Stress Diagrams Strain
bf
(bf –bw) Diagram
0.85fc’ bw 0.003
0.85fc’
t Cf =0.85fc’(bf-bw) t
a Cw=0.85fc’abw c
d
Mu d-t/2 Muf d-a/2 Muw
As Asf Asw
Tf =Asffy Tw =Aswfy
εs
Compression is resisted by the Compression is resisted by the
bw overhanging flange Web
Where
bf = flange width bw = width of the web t = thickness of the slab

For yielding of tension steel

pw max  0.75( pb  p f )  pw
Where
0.85 fc' 1 600 As Asf
pb  pw  pf 
(600  f y ) f y bw d bw d
Code requirements of T- beams
1. In T-beam construction, the flange and the web shall be built
integrally or effectively bonded together
2. The width of the flange effective as a T- beam shall not exceed ¼ of
the span , and the effective overhanging flange on each side of the
web shall not exceed :
a) eight times the slab thickness
b) ½ the clear spacing to the next web
3. For beams with slab on one side only, the effective overhanging
flange shall not exceed :
a) 1/12 the span length of the beam
b) 6 times the slab thickness
c) ½ the clear distance to the next web

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 bf ’ bf

bw’ S3 bw S2 bw S1
For interior beam:
bf is the smallest of
1. bf = L/4
2. bf = bw + 16t
3. bf = S1 /2 + S2 /2 + bw
For End beams:
bf’ is the smallest of
4. bf’ = L/12 + bw’
5. bf’ = bw’ + 6t
6. bf’ = S3/2 + bw’
For Symmetrical interior beam (S1 =S2 = S3)
bf is the smallest of
7. bf = L/4
8. bf = bw + 16t
9. bf = center to center spacing of beams

T- BEAMS FORMULAS

 From the stress diagrams Mu  Muf  Muw As  Asf  Asw

Cf T f C w  Tw
Asf f y  0.85fc' (bf  bw )t 0.85 fc ' ab w  Asw fy
0.85fc' (bf  bw )t Asw fy
a
Asf  0.85 fc ' bw
fy
t a
Muf  0.85fc' (bf  bw )t(d  ) Muw  0.85fc' abw (d  )
2 2
t a
Muf  Asf fy(d  ) Muw  Asw f y (d  )
2 2

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The compression block of a T- beam can fall either within the flange
only or partly in the web. If it falls within the flange, the rectangular
beam formulas apply, if it falls partly on the web the beam should be
considered as a T- beam .
z NA bf
t z
NA

As As

Criterion for selection of analysis:

0.85fc’bfz = Asfy
As f y
z 
0 . 85 fc ' b f

if z < t wide rectangular beam

if z > t T-beam

Flexural analysis of T- beams ( z > t)

 Given: bw,t,As,d,center to center spacing of beams

(assuming symmetrical interior beam), L, fc’,fy
Required: MU
1. Determine the effective flange width bf
bf = L/4
bf = bw + 16t
bf = center to center spacing of beams
Use the smallest value of bf
Note: if bf is given omit step 1
2. Determine if it is to be analyzed as T- beam
As f y
z
0.85 fc ' b f

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 z>t 0.85 fc' (bf  bw )t
3. Solve for Asf Asf 
fy
4. Check for yielding of tension steel

pw 
As 0.85 fc '  1 600
bw d pb 
(600  f y ) f y
Asf
pf  pw max  0.75( pb  p f )  pw
bwd

5. Solve for Muf

t
Muf  0.85fc' (bf  bw )t(d  )
2
t
Muf  Asf fy(d  )
2

6. Solve for Asw Asw  As  Asf

7. Solve for a Asw f y
a
0.85 fc' bw
8. Solve for Muw a
Muw  0.85fc' abw (d  )
2
a
Muw  Asw f y (d  )
2
9. Solve for Mu
Mu  Muf  Muw

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Flexural analysis of T- beams ( z < t)
Given: bw,t,As,d,center to center spacing of beams(assuming
symmetrical interior beam), L, fc’,fy
Required: MU
1. Determine the effective flange width bf
bf = L/4
bf = bw + 16t
bf = center to center spacing of beams
Use the smallest value of bf
Note: if bf is given omit step 1

2. Determine if it is to be analyzed as T- beam

As f y
z
0.85 fc' b f
z<t
z=a

3. Solve for MU
z
Mu  As f y (d  )
2
4. Check for yielding of tension steel

As 0 .85 fc '  1 600

p pb 
bd ( 600  f y ) f y
p max  0.75 pb  p

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2001/2010 NSCP
To determine the effective flange width bf
bf = L/4
bf = bw + 16t
bf = center to center spacing of beams
Use the smallest value of bf

2015 NSCP
Determine the effective flange width bf
bf = bw + Ln /4
bf = bw + 16t
bf = center to center spacing of beams
Use the smallest value of bf

Where Ln = clear span

Problem :
A reinforced concrete T- beam spaced at 2.0 m on centers has a
span of 3.0 m with a slab thickness of 100 mm. The effective depth
is 750 mm and the width of the web is 350 mm. The beam is
reinforced with steel of area 5200 mm2. If fc’ = 20.7 MPa and
fy= 345 MPa, calculate the ultimate moment capacity.

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 Problem :
A reinforced concrete T- beam spaced at 2.0 m on centers has a
span of 3.0 m with a slab thickness of 100 mm. The effective depth
is 750 mm and the width of the web is 350 mm. The beam is
reinforced with steel of area 5200 mm2. If fc’ = 20.7 MPa and
fy= 345 MPa, calculate the ultimate moment capacity.
Solution
Determine the effective flange width bf
bf = L/4 = 3000/4 = 750 mm
bf = bw + 16t = 350+16(100) = 1950 mm
bf = center to center spacing of beams = 2000 mm
Use bf = 750 mm
Determine if it is to be analyzed as T- beam
As f y 5200(345)
z   135.94mm  100mm
0.85 fc' b f 0.85(20.7)(750)
Analyze as T - beam

0.85 fc ' (b f  bw )t 0.85( 20.7 )( 750  350 )100

Asf    2040 mm 2
fy 345

As 5200
pw    0.0198
bw d 350 ( 750 )
Asf 2040
pf    0.0078
bwd 350 ( 750 )
0 . 85 fc '  1 600 0 . 85 ( 20 . 7 ) 0 . 85 ( 600 )
pb    0 . 0275
( 600  f y ) f y ( 600  345 ) 345
p w max  0 .75 ( p b  p f )
p w max  0 . 75 ( 0 . 0275  0 .0078 )  0 .02649  p w
tension steel yields at failure

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 100
0 .9 ( 2040 )345 ( 750  ) M uf  443.39kN.m
t 2
M uf  Asf fy ( d  )  6
2 10

Asw  As  Asf  5200  2040  3160 mm 2

Asw f y 3160 ( 345 )
a   177 .03 mm  100 mm
0 .85 fc ' b w 0 . 85 ( 20 .7 ) 350
t c

a   1c d c c
177.03  0.85c t 0.003

750  208.27 208.27
c  208.27 mm  t  0.0078  0.005

This is a tension-controlled section

177.03
0.9(3160)345(750  )
a 2
M uw  Asw f y (d  )   649.03kN .m
2 106
M u  M uf  M uw  443.39  649.03  1092.42kN.m

Flexural analysis of T- beams ( z < t)

Given: bw,t,As,d,center to center spacing of beams(assuming
symmetrical interior beam), L, fc’,fy
Required: MU
1. Determine the effective flange width bf
bf = L/4
bf = bw + 16t
bf = center to center spacing of beams
Use the smallest value of bf
Note: if bf is given omit step 1

2. Determine if it is to be analyzed as T- beam

As f y
z
0.85 fc' b f
z<t
z=a

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3. Solve for MU
z
Mu  As f y (d  )
2
4. Check for yielding of tension steel

As 0 .85 fc '  1 600

p pb 
bd ( 600  f y ) f y
p max  0.75 pb  p

Problem :
A reinforced concrete T- beam has an effective flange width of
1500 mm span, slab thickness of 100 mm, effective depth of 600
mm and the width of the web is 250 mm. The beam is reinforced
with steel of area 4500 mm2. If fc’ = 20.7 MPa and fy= 345 MPa,
calculate the ultimate moment capacity.

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solution
As f y 4500(345)
z   58.8mm  100mm
0.85 fc' b f 0.85(20.7)(1500)
Analyze as wide rectangular beam

This is a tension-controlled section

58.8
0.9(4500)345(600 )
z 2  797.3kN.m
M u  As f y (d  ) 
2 106

As 4500
p   0 .005
bd 1500 ( 600 )
0 .85 fc '  1 600 0 .85 ( 20 .7 ) 0 . 85 ( 600 )
pb    0 .0275
( 600  f y ) f y ( 600  345 ) 345
p max  0 .75 p b  0 .0206  p
tension steel yields at failure

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