Lecture 11 - Flexure

February 8, 2002
CVEN 444
 Lecture Goals
• Basic Concepts
• T Beams
 Analysis of Flanged Section
• Floor systems with
slabs and beams are
placed n monolithic
pour.
• Slab acts as a top
flange to the beam;
T-beams,and Inverted
L(Spandrel) Beams.
 Analysis of Flanged Sections
Positive and Negative Moment Regions in a T-beam
 Analysis of Flanged Sections

If the neutral axis falls

within the slab depth
analyze the beam as a
rectangular beam,
otherwise as a T-beam.
 Analysis of Flanged Sections
Effective Flange Width
Portions near the webs are more highly stressed than
areas away from the web.
 Analysis of Flanged Sections
Effective width (beff)
beff is width that is stressed uniformly to give the same
compression force actually developed in compression
zone of width b(actual)
 ACI Code Provisions for
Estimating beff
From ACI 318, Section 8.10
T Beam Flange: L
beff 
4
 16hf  bw
 bactual
 ACI Code Provisions for
Estimating beff
From ACI 318, Section 8.10
Inverted L Shape Flange
L
beff   bw
12
 6hf  bw
 bactual  bw  0.5 *  clear distance to next web
 ACI Code Provisions for
Estimating beff
From ACI 318, Section 8.10
Isolated T-Beams
bw
hf 
2
beff  4bw
Various Possible Geometries of T-
Beams

Single Tee

Twin Tee

Box
 Analysis of T-Beam
Case 1: a  hf Same as rectangular section
Steel is yielding
Assume  s   y  f s  f y under reinforced

Check

a  hf
 Analysis of T-Beam
Case 1: a  hf As f y
Equilibrium T Ca
0.85 f c b
 Analysis of T-Beam
Case 1: a  hf
Confirm
s   y
a
c
1
d c
s    cu   y
 c 
 Analysis of T-Beam

Case 1: a  hf
Calculate Mn

 a
M n  As f y  d  
 2
 Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2: a  hf Assume steel yields

Cf  0.85 f c b  bw  hf
C w  0.85 f c bw a
T  As f y
 Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2: a  hf Equilibrium
As f y  0.85 f c b  bw  hf
T  Cf  C w  a 
0.85 f cbw
 Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2: a  hf
Confirm
a  hf
a
c
1
 d c
s    cu   y
 c 
 Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2: a  hf
 a  hf 
Calculate M n  C w  d    Cf  d  
 2  2
 Analysis of T-Beams
The definition of Cc and Cf for the T-Beam are given as:
 Analysis of T-Beams
The definition of Cc and Cf for the T-Beam are given as:

Cf  0.85 f c b  bw  hf
Cw  0.85 f c bw a
T  As f y
 Limitations on Reinforcement for
Flange Beams
• Upper Limits
From balanced
 max  0.75  bal strain condition
As(bal) Cc(bal)
where  bal   As(bal) 
bw d fy
Note:
For flange in compression and when balanced neutral
axis depth, cbal, is below flange Cc(bal) = Cf(bal) + Cw(bal)
 Limitations on Reinforcement for
Flange Beams
• Lower Limits
– Flange in compression
 3 f c
 bw d
 fy
As(min)  larger of 
 200 bw d
 f y
 Limitations on Reinforcement for
Flange Beams
• Lower Limits
– Flange in tension  6 f c
 bw d
 fy
  3 f c
As(min)  smaller of   beff d
larger of  f y
 
 200
 beff d
  f y
 Limitations on Reinforcement for
Flange Beams
• Lower Limits
– If As(provided) 4/3 As(req’d) based on analysis

then As(min) is not required (i.e.)

Mn  4/3Mu for As(provided)

See ACI 10.5.3

 Example - T-Beam
Find Mn As(max), As(min) for T-Beam.
beff = 54 in. hf = 3 in.
d = 16.5 in. As = 8.5 in2
fy = 50 ksi fc = 3 ksi
bw= 12 in L = 18 ft