Lecture 9 - Flexure
September 25, 2001
CVEN 444
Lecture Goals
• Compression Reinforced beams
• T-beams
• Inverted L beams(Spandrel)
• Pan Joist
• Pattern Loading
Analysis of Flanged Section
• Floor systems with
slabs and beams are
placed n monolithic
pour.
• Slab acts as a top
flange to the beam;
T-beams,and Inverted
L(Spandrel) Beams.
Analysis of Flanged Sections
Positive and Negative Moment Regions in a T-beam
Analysis of Flanged Sections
If the neutral axis falls
within the slab depth
analyze the beam as a
rectangular beam,
otherwise as a T-beam.
Analysis of Flanged Sections
Effective Flange Width
Portions near the webs are more
highly stressed than areas away
from the web.
Effective width (beff)
beff is width that is stressed
uniformly to give the same
compression force actually
developed in compression zone
of width b(actual)
ACI Code Provisions for Estimating beff
From ACI 318, Section 8.10
T Beam Flange: L
beff
4
16hf bw
bactual
Inverted L Shape Flange
L
beff bw
12
6hf bw
bactual bw 0.5 * clear distance to next web
ACI Code Provisions for Estimating beff
From ACI 318, Section 8.10
Isolated T-Beams
bw
hf
2
beff 4bw
Various Possible Geometries of T-
Beams
Single Tee
Twin Tee
Box
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 1: a hf
Same as rectangular section
Assume s y f s f y
( Steel is yielding under
reinforced)
Check
a hf
Equilibrium
As f y
T Ca
0.85 f c b
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 1: a hf
Confirm
s y
a
c
1
d c
s cu y
c
Calculate Mn
a
M n As f y d
2
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2: a hf
Assume steel yields
Cf 0.85 f c b bw hf
C w 0.85 f c bw a
T As f y
Equilibrium
As f y 0.85 f c b bw hf
T Cf C w a
0.85 f cbw
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2: a hf
Confirm
a hf
a
c
1
d c
s cu y
c
Calculate Mn
a hf
M n C w d Cf d
2 2
Analysis of T-Beams
The definition of
Cc and Cf for the
T-Beam are given
as:
Cf 0.85 f c b bw hf
Cw 0.85 f c bw a
T As f y
Limitations on Reinforcement for
Flange Beams
• Upper Limits
max 0.75 bal
As(bal) Cc(bal) From balanced
where bal As(bal)
bw d fy strain condition
Note:
For flange in compression and when balanced neutral axis
depth, cbal, is below flange Cc(bal) = Cf(bal) + Cw(bal)
Limitations on Reinforcement for
Flange Beams
• Lower Limits
– Flange in compression
3 f c
bw d
fy
As(min) larger of
200 bw d
f y
Limitations on Reinforcement for
Flange Beams
• Lower Limits
– Flange in tension
6 f c
bw d
fy
3 f c
As(min) smaller of beff d
larger of f y
200
beff d
f y
Limitations on Reinforcement for
Flange Beams
• Lower Limits
– If As(provided) 4/3 As(req’d) based on analysis
then As(min) is not required (i.e.)
Mn 4/3Mu for As(provided)
See ACI 10.5.3
Example - T-Beam
Find Mn As(max), As(min)
for T-Beam.
beff = 54 in. hf = 3 in.
d = 16.5 in. As = 8.50 in2
fy = 50 ksi fc = 3 ksi bw= 12 in
L =18 ft
Pan Joist Floor Systems
View of Pan Joist Slab from Below Walter P. Moore & Assoc.
Pan Joist Floor Systems
View of Double Skip Joist Slab from Below Walter P. Moore & Assoc.
Pan Joist Floor
Systems
Placing Reinforcement
for a Pan Joist Slab
Walter P. Moore & Assoc.
Pan Joist Floor Systems
General framing layout of
the pan joist system.
Pan Joist Floor
Systems
Pouring a Pan Joist Slab
Walter P. Moore & Assoc.
Pan Joist Floor Systems
• Definition: The type of slab is also called a ribbed
slab. It consists of a floor slab, usually 2-4 in.
thick, supported by reinforced concrete ribs. The
ribs are usually tapered and uniformly spaced at
distances that do not exceed 30 in. The ribs are
supported on girders that rest on columns. In
some ribbed slabs, the space between ribs may be
filled with permanent fillers to provide a
horizontal slab soffit.
One-Way Joist
Construction
See Sec. 10-7 in text
Definition: Pan joist floor
systems are series of closely
spaced cast-in-place T-beams or
joists (See Fig. 10-28) used for
long-span floors with relatively
light loads. Typically removable
metal forms (fillers or pans) are
used to form joists.
MacGregor, Fig. 10-28
One-Way Joist Construction
Details of ribbed floor with
removable steel pans.
Ribbed-floor cross sections.
One-Way Joist Construction
The design of a ribbed floor with
steel pan forms and average
weight of the floor.
One-Way Joist Construction
Joist Details
Pan Joist Floor Systems
• ACI Requirements for Joist Construction
(Sec. 8.11, ACI 318-99)
– Slabs and ribs must be cast monolithically.
– Ribs must be spaced consistently
– Ribs may not be less than 4 inches in width
– Depth of ribs may not be more than 3.5 times the minimum
rib width
– Clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 30 inches.
** Ribbed slabs not meeting these requirements are designed
as slabs and beams. **
Pan Joist Floor Systems
• Slab Thickness
– (ACI Sec. 8.11.6.1)
t 2 in. for joints formed with 20 in. wide pans
t 2.5 in. for joints formed with 30 in. wide pans
– Building codes give minimum fire resistance rating:
1-hour fire rating: ¾ in. cover, 3”-3.5” slab
thickness
2-hour fire rating: 1 in. cover, 4.5” slab thickness
Pan Joist Floor Systems
• Standard Removable Form Dimensions
– See Fig. 10-28
– Std. Widths: 20 in. & 30 in. (measured at bottom of
ribs)
– Std. Depths: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or 20 in.
– End Forms: one end is closed (built-in) to form the
supporting beam
– Tapered End Forms: provide additional shear
capacity at ends of joists by tapering ends to
increase rib width.
Pan Joist
Slabs
Standard Pan Joist Form
Dimensions
Ref. CECO Concrete Construction
Catalog
Pan Joist
Slabs
Standard Pan Joist Form
Dimensions
Ref. CECO Concrete Construction
Catalog
Pan Joist Floor Systems
• Laying Out Pan Joist Floors
– Rib/slab thickness
• Governed by strength, fire rating, available space
– Overall depth and rib thickness
• Governed by deflections and shear
– Typically no stirrups are used in joists
– Reducing Forming Costs:
• Use constant joist depth for entire floor
• Use same depth for joists and beams (not always
possible)
Pan Joist Floor Systems
• Distribution Ribs
– Placed perpendicular to joists
– Spans < 20 ft.: None
– Spans 20-30 ft.: Provided a midspan
– Spans > 30 ft.: Provided at third-points
– Note: not required by ACI Code, but typically
used in construction
– At least one continuous #4 bar is provided at top
and bottom of distribution rib.
Member Depth
• ACI provides minimum member depth and slab
thickness requirements that can be used without a
deflection calculation (Sec. 9.5)
– Useful for selecting preliminary member sizes
• ACI 318 - Table 9.5a:
– Min. thickness, h
• For beams with one end continuous: L/18.5
• For beams with both ends continuous: L/21
• L is span length in inches
– Table 9.5a usually gives a depth too shallow for design, but
should be checked as a minimum.
Member Depth
ACI 318-99: Table 9.5a
Member Depth
• Rule of Thumb:
– hb (in.) ~ L (ft.)
– Ex.) 30 ft. span -> hb ~ 30 in.
– May be a little large, but okay as a start to calc. DL
• Another Rule of Thumb:
– wDL (web below slab) ~ 15% (wSDL+ wLL)
• Note: For design, start with maximum moment for
beam to finalize depth.
• Select b as a function of d
– b ~ (0.45 to 0.65) (d)
