Anesthesia apparatus

OHUCHI Manabu

Supported by ACOMA
 History of anesthesia apparatus
• The debut of something like the earliest stage anesthetic gas machine
dates back to 1905. Since then until today, anesthesia apparatus has
been used as an indispensable unit by anesthetists. In the meantime,
however, a number of accidents resulting from the use of an anesthesia
machine as well have happened.
• As a result of learning a lesson from each of such accidents, various
safety units/devices have come to be incorporated into anesthesia
apparatus although in Europe/America as well as in Japan, the start of
tackling such a thing in earnest was not in the old far-off days, or
rather recently. The progress relevant to this matter, however, has
been considerably rapid, and the apparatuses we utilize at present all
incorporate such devices almost in satisfactory conditions.
• The primary object of anesthesia apparatus is to ensure delivery of a
mixed gas containing sufficient O2 to the patient, namely, to his/her
pulmonary alveoli, accordingly, the main purpose of the safety device
built in an anesthesia machine is based on this idea.
• Several requirements concerning the ‘incorporation of safety devices
in anesthesia apparatus, are specified in the JIS (Japanese Industrial
Stan-dards) T 7201-1: 1999, and yet among the anesthesia apparatus
models which already satisfy those JIS requirements, there are a number
of models in which the manufacturer’s original safety device(s) have
been introduced as its active corporate policy.
Characteristics of Oxygen (O2)

• boiling point -183℃

• Combustion assisting
Characteristics of Nitrous
oxide (N2O)

• boiling point, -88℃

• Combustion assisting
• Ｎ2O is filled in the cylinder,
this substance is liquid.
 Supply system
• CPS system
– CE system
– Manifold

• Gas cylinder
 CPS system

• CE
Pressure
7 bar Safety valve regulator

4.1 bar

Temperature To pipeline
approx. －
160℃
Superheater

Vacuum Control valve

Pressure raising
vaporizer
 CPS system
• Manifold
Characteristics of Oxygen
cylinder
Characteristics of Nitrous
oxide (N2O) cylinder
 Clinical use circuit generally applied
Vaporizer mounting stand
(w/Anesthetic gas mixture prevention device)
Flowmeter

Surplus anesthetic
gas suction
connection port Flow switch Vaporizer
(for O2 monitor) (optional)
Fresh gas intake port
Aux. cylinder yoke
Pipeline （N2O） （O2）
（AIR） （O2）
O2 sensor Circuit pres-
(inspir. port) sure gauge
(Patient)

Respiratory cor- Expiratory

rugated tube valve

CO2 Anesthetic circuit

APL valve Auto/manual absorber
(Expiratory port) selector cock
(pop-off valve) (Canister)
unit

Gas pocket release port

O2 flush button
Breath- Common
ing bag Drainage gas outlet
Check valve
Fresh gas supply tube
Surplus gas Connects to an open
removal device Gas pocket circuit such as Jackson-
connection port Lee’s (optional)
(for open circuit)

Gas pocket
Basic circuit diagram of anesthesia apparatus
(Respiratory circuit not included)
Anesthetic circuit unit
Flowmeter N2O O2
N2O O2 Piping yoke Piping yoke

Primary N2O pres.- Primary O2 pres.-

red.valve red.valve

Secondary O2 pres.-
red.valve

N2 O Secondary N2O pres.-

red.valve

Whistle Flush valve

【 Alarm device 】
 Vaporizer

0.1（L/ｍin) 0.147(L/min)
Inlet 32% Hal. Outlet
Vaporizer
0.047L/min

Halothane 20℃
 Vaporizer
• Flow-over type vaporizer
Dial
Bypath

Inlet Outlet

Bimetal chamber

Wick

Float

Anesthetic
 Characteristics of standard
anesthetics
Agent Halothane Enflurane Isoflurane Methoxyflurane Sevoflurane Desflurane
Structure CHBrC1CF3 CHFC1CF2OCHF2 CF2HOCHC1CF3 CHC1 2CF2OCH3 CH2FOCH(CF3)2 CF2HOCFHCF3
Molecular wt. 197.4 184.5 184.5 165 200 168
Boiling point at
50.2 56.5 48.5 104.7 58.5 23.5
760 mmHg (℃)

SVP at 20℃
243 175 238 20.3 160 664
(mmHg)

SV Conc. at
20℃ and 1 ATA 32 23 31 2.7 21 87
+ (vol %)

MAC at 1 ATA
0.75 1.68 1.15 0.16 1.7 6 - 7.25*
+ (vol %)
P MAC 1(mmHg) 5.7 12.8 8.7 1.22 12.9 46 - 55*
Specific gravity
1.86 1.52 1.5 1.41 1.51 1.45
of liquid at 20℃
mL vapor per g
123 130 130 145 120 143
liquid at 20℃

mL vapor per mL
liquid 226 196 195 204 182 207
at 20℃
 The circulating circuit
O2 sensor Gas outlet
Circuit pressure gauge (anesthesia
apparatus)
Inspiratory port
Fresh gas intake port

Inspir. valve
Fresh gas
Respiratory tubes CO2 supply tube
Absorber
Expiratory port

APL valve
Surplus anes- Drainage
thetic gas
removal device Ventilator

Auto/Manual
selector cock
Breath-
ing bag
Check before operation

• Leakage
• Amount of anesthetics
• Alarm
 Check after operation

• The anesthetics is returned to the

bottle.
• Dry the anesthetic circuit unit
• Clean the apparatus, circuit
 Periodical inspection
• Check the concentration of anesthetics
• Change the wick