Verb

Introduction: A Verb is a word which affirms or predicts something of some person or thing, or a
part of speech expressing being, action or the suffering of action.

Verbs are divided into two main classes

(i) Principal

(ii) Auxiliary

(i) When a verb is used independently, it is called a Principal Verb.

Call, go, work, etc.

(ii) When a verb is used only to help some other verb to form voices, moods and tenses, it is called
an Auxiliary Verb. [Auxiliary means helping. The only verbs that can be so used are - can, be, have,
shall, will, may, do.

Principal Verbs (or Main Verbs)

Principal Verbs are divided into two classes: Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs.

(A) Transitive Verbs are those verbs that require an object to make the sense clear.

He did this.

I love her.

Who made it?

Note that, some transitive verbs like: Tell, teach, ask, show, give, send, etc. take two objects,
Direct and Indirect.
He gave me a book. (Indirect Object Direct Object)

I told him this. (Indirect Object Direct Object)

(B) Intransitive Verbs are those that do not require any object to make the sense clear.

He sleeps.

I run.

Birds fly.

Here are some of the Principal Verbs along with their different forms.

(i) Bear Bore Borne

Born

Remember that, 'born' is only used in Passive Voice, like - He was born in 1982.

(ii) Find Found Found

(iii) Found Founded Founded

(iv) Hang Hung Hung

(v) Hang Hanged Hanged

(vi) Lie Lay Lain

(vii) Lay Laid Laid

(viii) Lie Lied Lied

(ix) Rise Rose Rose

(x) Rise Raised Raised

 Auxiliary Verbs

There are some Primary Auxiliaries:

(i) To be - is / are / am / was / were (be, being, been)

(ii) Have - have / has / had (having)

(iii) Do - do / does / did (doing, done)

Modal Verbs

Like: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, need, dare, used (to), out (to), etc.

Here are a few rules related to the usage of Modal Verbs.

1. After 'to be' there is always the usage of i.e., (Verb + ing).

The man is trying to speak with us. (to be )

2. is used with any form of 'have' and it indicates the completion of a work,

Priti has reached the station. ( )

3. is used with any of the form of 'do'.

She does not talk to me. ( )

4. Modal Auxiliaries:

(A) is always used after Modal Auxiliaries.

They can win the competition. (Modal )

(B) Except 'ought' and 'used', no Modal Auxiliaries take 'to' after them. That means, no Infinitive 'to' is
used after Modal, while by using 'to' problems are generally created.

She will to complete the work. In the sentence above, the usage of 'to' is wrong.

(C) Two Modal Auxiliaries are never used simultaneously.

He should must do it. In this sentence, the usage of 'should' and 'must' simultaneously is wrong. You
have to use either 'should' or 'must'.

(D) The usage of two Modal Auxiliaries are made in a sentence by adding a Conjunction.

She should and must go now. (Modal Conjunction Modal)

https://www.studyadda.com/notes/10th-class/english/grammar-all-topics/verb/7746
 Conjunctions

Grammarly

GRAMMAR

Without conjunctions, you’d be forced to express every complex idea in a series of

short, simplistic sentences: I like cooking. I like eating. I don’t like washing dishes
afterward.

What Are Conjunctions?

Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses together.

I like cooking and eating, but I don’t like washing dishes afterward. Sophie is clearly exhausted, yet she
insists on dancing till dawn.

Conjunctions allow you to form complex, elegant sentences and avoid the choppiness
of multiple short sentences. Make sure that the phrases joined by conjunctions
are parallel (share the same structure.

I work quickly and am careful.

I work quickly and carefully.

Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions allow you to join words, phrases, and clauses of equal
grammatical rank in a sentence. The most common coordinating conjunctions arefor,
and, nor, but, or, yet, and so; you can remember them by using the mnemonic device
FANBOYS.

I’d like pizza or a salad for lunch. We needed a place to concentrate, so we packed up our things and went
to the library. Jesse didn’t have much money, but she got by.

Notice the use of the comma when a coordinating conjunction is joining two
independent clauses.

Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together. Some examples
are either/or, neither/nor, and not only/but also.

Not only am I finished studying for English, but I’m also finished writing my history essay. I am finished
with both my English essay and my history essay.

Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions join independent and dependent clauses. A subordinating

conjunction can signal a cause-and-effect relationship, a contrast, or some other kind
of relationship between the clauses. Common subordinating conjunctions are because,
since, as, although, though, while, and whereas. Sometimes an adverb, such as until,
after, or before can function as a conjunction.
I can stay out until the clock strikes twelve.

Here, the adverb until functions as a coordinating conjunction to connect two ideas: I
can stay out (the independent clause) and the clock strikes twelve (the dependent
clause). The independent clause could stand alone as a sentence; the dependent clause
depends on the independent clause to make sense.

The subordinating conjunction doesn’t need to go in the middle of the sentence. It has
to be part of the dependent clause, but the dependent clause can come before the
independent clause.

Before he leaves, make sure his room is clean.

If the dependent clause comes first, use a comma before the independent clause.

I drank a glass of water because I was thirsty. Because I was thirsty, I drank a glass of water.

Starting a Sentence with a Conjunction

Many of us were taught in school that it is an error to begin a sentence with a

conjunction, but that rule is a myth. As mentioned above, a subordinating conjunction
can begin a sentence if the dependent clause comes before the independent clause. It’s
also correct to begin a sentence with a coordinating conjunction. Often, it’s a good
way to add emphasis. Beginning too many sentences with conjunctions will cause the
device to lose its force, however, so use this technique sparingly.

Have a safe trip. And don’t forget to call when you get home. Gertie flung open the door. But there was
no one on the other side.
List of Conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunctions

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Correlative Conjunctions

both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but, whether/or

Some Subordinating Conjunctions

after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as though, because, before,
by the time, even if, even though, if, in order that, in case, in the event that, lest , now
that, once, only, only if, provided that, since, so, supposing, that, than, though, till,
unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, whether or not, while
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