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Land Use/Land Cover Analysis of Santhal Pargana Using Satellite Remote

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Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Science
2015, Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 1-14

Research Article Land Use/Land Cover Analysis of Santhal Pargana

Using Satellite Remote Sensing Data
Authors:
1
Divya Prakash Mohabey,
2 1
Jyoti B. Lamay, National Institute of Foundry & Forge Technology, Hatia, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
2 2
Nishi J. Kullu, Jharkhand Space Applications Centre, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
2
Neeraj Kumar Sharma,
1
Anil Kumar
Correspondence:
Anil Kumar,
rsakumar94@yahoo.co.in

Publication Date:
29 April 2015

Keywords: Abstract IRS-P6, LISS-III data were used to delineate different Land Use/Land Cover
LU/LC; (LU/LC) classes of Santhal Pargana, a part of Jharkhand State using visual interpretation
RS & GIS; technique. Different elements of visual image interpretation viz., tone, texture, shape, size,
Change Area Analysis; pattern, association, etc were found useful for interpretation of different objects. The total 34
FCC Land Use/Land Cover categories were interpreted in this study area. It was an integrated
approach of remote sensing, geographical information system & limited ground truth to
analyze the Land Use/Land Cover of Santhal Pargana, Jharkhand. Area change in different
LU/LC classes was analyzed in this study area over a period of five years. This study has
demonstrated the utility of IRS P-6, LISS-III, multi-temporal satellite image and GIS to monitor
2
changes. The total geographical area of Santhal Pargana has 14360.17km . The distributed
2
area of Santhal Pargana were 57% Agricultural crop land (8253.19km ), 15% Forest land
2 2
occupied (2091.02km ), 9% Waste land occupied (1253.03km ), 7% Built up/Mining/Quarry
2 2
occupied (991.45km ), 6% Fallow Land occupied (864.93km ), 3% Waterbodies occupied
2 2
(479.16km ) and 3% Scrub Forest occupied (427.40km ). The overall total area change
2
recorded in Santhal Pargna was (255.72km ) which was 1.78% of total geographical area
over a period of five year (2005-06 to 2011-12).

1. Introduction

The Santhal Pargana (part of the Jharkhand state) is bestowed with valuable natural resources consisting of
forests, mineral deposits, wetlands, rivers, surface water bodies and vast areas of agriculture serving the needs of
around lakhs population and varied ecological functions. Due to increase in population, mining activities
industrialization and with large variations in climate and incidence of natural disasters (i.e. floods, storm, etc.) the
natural resources management has become very complex. Population, climatic conditions and diverse cultures
make the Pargana extremely vulnerable to the forces of nature. The crop production systems with high water
requirements are sensitive to vagaries of monsoon, droughts and cyclones; suffer from unscientific irrigation/
fertilization practices as well as pest attacks. Apart from this, trend of switching over to commercial non-food grain
crops is a cause of concern. The agrarian nature of the economy makes the country extremely sensitive to land
and water based manipulations.

Earth observation from satellites play a vital role in the collection and dissemination of information in a timely
manner providing vital inputs required for executing operationally viable strategies. In this context, the evolution of
Indian remote sensing program over the past two decades was nurtured to address a variety of remote sensing
based solutions for national development. The era of operational application of remotely sensed satellite data
started with the successful launch of IRS 1A in 1988. This was followed by a constellation of satellites with
enhanced capabilities, improved quality and continued services to the user community for a variety of
applications. Specific to mention are the successful mission of IRS P6 (Resourcesat-1) and Cartosat-1 that are
providing data with enhanced resolutions. Availability of datasets from these satellites enabled continuity of
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remote sensing applications in the ongoing operational projects besides providing an opportunity to explore new
application areas.

The adequate information was required to on many complex, interrelated aspects of its activities for decisions.
The knowledge of Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) has become increasingly important to overcome the problems of
haphazard, uncontrolled development, deteriorating environmental quality, loss of prime agricultural lands,
destruction of important wetlands, and loss of fish and wildlife habitat. Land Use data are needed in the analysis
of environmental processes and problems that must be understood if living conditions and standards are to be
improved or maintained at current levels (Anderson et. al, 1976).

The terms ‘Land Use’ and ‘Land Cover’ are often used interchangeably; their actual meanings are quite distinct.
Land Use / Land Cover are an important tool for the various planning authorities with responsibilities for the
management of territory at a regional level (Jayakumar et al., 2003).

Land Use Land Cover (LULC) is dynamic in nature and requires regular monitoring to understand areas of rapid
change and to ascertain the reasons/ drivers for the change. Using the Land use/land cover tools allows for the
identification of major processes of change and, by inference, the characterization of land use dynamics (Bansal
Amit et al., 2012).

Land use and land cover change have become a central component in current strategies for managing natural
resources and monitoring environmental change. The rapid development of the concept of vegetation mapping
has led to increased study of land use and land cover change on Santhal Pargana.

The determination of the long-term trend of land degradation requires spatial comparison of multiple land cover
maps derived from remotely sensed data at different times that must be co registered with one another to
determine spatial changes (N.K. Sharma et al. 2012). Availability of data at different spatial resolutions (1km, 56
m, 24 m, 5 m or better in multi-spectral mode) provides a means for observing the earth simultaneously at macro
and micro levels.

A very limited study was done on the Santhal Pargana for related to land use/ land cover. In this research work,
studies have done on spatial database, enabling the monitoring of temporal dynamics of agricultural ecosystems,
forest conversions, and surface water bodies of the Santha Pargana. These databases are important primarily for
accounting of natural resources and planning at regular intervals. Land use and land cover change detections with
mapping addressing Mining/Quarry, Settlements, Kharif, Rabi and Zaid crops, greening of wastelands, seasonality
of wetlands/surface water bodies, forest vegetation and other high temporal land use practices using satellite
remote sensing data can provide a reliable database.

2. Study Area
th
The Jharkhand State is one of the newly established State of Indian Union carved out of the state of Bihar in 15
November 2000 separating 18 Districts. The state has at present 24 Districts. It comprises of the Chotanagpur
Plateau, which forms a part of Deccan bio-geographic province.

2 o o o o
The total geographical area is 79,714km lies between 21 58' to 25 20' North latitude and between 83 20' to 87
57' East longitude. Jharkhand shares its border with the states of Bihar in the north, Uttar Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh in the west, Orissa to the south, and West Bengal in the east.

Santal Parganas is now one of the divisions or commissionary of Jharkhand state, the total geographical area is
2 o o o o
14360.17km , which lies between 23 40′ to 25 18′ north latitude and between 86 28′ to 87 57′ East longitude. Its
headquarters is at Dumka. Santhal Pargana shares its border with the states of Bihar in the north, and West
Bengal in the east. The Total population of the Santhal Pargana is 6963802 persons and 21.12% of Jharkhand
(Census of India 2011). Presently, this administrative division comprises six Districts: Godda, Devghar, Dumka,
Jamtara, Sahibganj and Pakur; which are shown in figure 1, [where figure (a) Shows India, figure (b) Show
Jharkhand State and figure (c) Show Santhal Pargana]. Santhal has three main seasons viz., (i) The Summer
season (March to May), (ii) rainy Season (June to October) and (iii) winter Season (November to February).

Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Science 2

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Figure 1: The Study Area (a) India. (b) Jharkhand State and (c) Santhal Pargana.

2.1. Satellite Data used

The base year taken was 2005-06 and 2011-12 for Geo-database creation. Details on path/row of all the scene
and satellite date of pass has been given in table 1. Entire Santhal Pargana has been covered in 4 scene of IRS
P-6, LISS-III. Geo-referenced IRS P6 LISS III data of Santhal Pargana had been received from National Remote
Sensing Center, Hyderabad (NRSC) in digital format by JSAC, Ranchi and provided for this research work (FCC
images of Satellite Data is shown in figure 2).

This data has a spatial resolution of 23.5 meter with four spectral bands, two in the visible, one in near infrared
and one in the SWIR region. Swath of sensor is 141km. Standard Path/Row Based products cover an area of 141
x 141km and are characterized by 3 Bands. Path/Row Based products comprise Raw, Radiometrically corrected
and Geo referenced levels of corrections. Quadrant products cover an area of 70 x 70km and are characterized

Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Science 3

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by 3 or 4 Bands (Geo Referenced). Quadrant products comprise Standard and Geo referenced levels of
corrections. Spectral characteristics of satellite data have been shown in table 2.

2.2. Ancillary Data

Spatial database earlier generated in different projects by Jharkhand Space Application Center, Ranchi was used
for the reference purpose during interpretation. The different datasets like District boundaries, Block boundaries,
etc. Wastelands data generated for 2008-09 are also to be used as a reference during delineation of various
wasteland classes. Forest density map procured from Forest Survey of India (FSI) was used as reference map for
interpretation of forest cover under dense and open forest category.

2.3. SOI Topographic Maps

Survey of India (SOI) digital topographic maps 1: 50,000 scales has been used for identification and generation of
different base layers viz., roads, railways, settlements, drainage and notified forest boundaries and elevation
contours. These layers have been also used for planning and carrying out the Ground Truth. Entire Santhal
Pargana is covered in 5 toposheets of Survey of India at 1:250,000 scale and in 34 toposheets at 1:50,000 scale.

Table 1: List of Satellite Data Used for Interpretation of Land Use/Land Cover Classes

IRS P6 LISS-III, scenes

Date of Pass of satellite 2005-06 Date of Pass of satellite 2011-12
Sl.No Path Row Rabi Kharif Zaid Rabi Kharif Zaid
1 106 54 21.Jan.2006 10.Nov.2005 08.Apr.2005 19.Feb.2012 15.Nov.2011 25.May.2012
2 106 55 21.Jan.2006 12.Oct.2006 03.Apr.2006 19.Feb.2012 25.Oct.2011 25.May.2012
3 107 54 2.Jan.2006 15.Nov.2005 13.Apr.2005 31.Jan.2012 20.Nov.2011 12.Apr.2012
4 107 55 26.Jan.2006 27.Oct.2004 02.May.2006 31.Jan.2012 20.Nov.2011 12.Apr.2012

Table 2: Spectral Resolution of IRS P6 LISS-III Satellite Data

Band Name Band Width [μm] Spatial Resolution [m]

LISS-III-1 0.62- 0.68 23.5
LISS-III-2 0.52- 0.59 23.5
LISS-III-3 0.77- 0.86 23.5
LISS-III-4 1.55 - 1.7 23.5

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Figure 2: False Composite Colour Images of Study Area

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2.4. Methodology

The generation of LULC report was generated by a schematic flow diagram which is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Flow Diagram of Report Generation used for LULC

3. Results and Discussions

The total Land Use/ Land Cover of Santhal Pargana were classified into seven major classes shown in pai-chart
in Figure 4. These seven major classes were classified in to 34 sub classes of Santhal Pargana shown in table 4,
Figure 5. Figure 6 show Land Use/Land Cover Change map of Santhal Pargana, and figure 7 show Ground Truth
Points map of Santhal Pargana.

2
The total geographical area of Santhal Pargana was contributing 14360.2km . Built up/Mining/Quarry area 7%,
Agriculture land occupied 57%, Fallow Land 6%, Forest 15%, Scrub Forest 3%, Wasteland 9% and Waterbodies
occupied 3%.

Figure 4: Land Use/Land Cover of Santhal Pargana

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2
In total built-up/Mining/Quarry area occupied 7% (991.45km ) of total geographical area. In built-up category rural
2 2 2
829.5km (5.78%), Compact (Continuous) 14.2km (0.10%), Built Up-Sparse (Discontinuous), 71.9km (0.50%),
2 2 2
Vegetated Area/Open Area 0.03km , Quarry 60.4km (0.42%), Industrial area 3.1km (0.02%), Mine –Active
2 2
8.7km (0.06) and Mining- Abandoned 3.4km (0.02%), category were Recorded during the year of 2011-12.

2
Agriculture land dominated over other LU/LC categories and occupied 57% (8253.19km ) of total geographical
2 2
area of Santhal Pargana. In this category Kharif Crop 5776.5km (40.23%), Rabi Crop 60.2km (0.42%), Zaid
2 2 2
Crop 25.1km (0.17%), Two Crop 2252.2km (15.68%), Crop in more than 2 seasons 113.1km (0.79%) and
2
Agricultural Plantation 26.1km (0.18%) were Recorded during the year of 2011-12. Fallow Land occupied 6.02%
2 2
(864.9km ) area of Santhal Pargana. Scrub Forest area exhibited their presence in 427.4km (2.98%) was
recorded during the year of 2011-12. Forest was the second dominant category after agriculture and occupied
2
15% (2091.02km ) of total geographical area including tree clad area. In this category Deciduous
2 2
(Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Dense 521.6km (3.63%), Deciduous (Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Open 794.8km (5.53%), Tree Clad
2 2 2
Area –Dense 198.2km (1.38%), Tree Clad Area –open 567.4km (3.95%), Forest Plantation 9.0km (0.06%) were
2
recorded during the year of 2011-12. Wasteland occupied 1253.03km (9%) of total geographical area, where
2 2 2
Gullied land 2.5km (0.02%), Ravinous land 10.6km (0.07%), Dense scrub 116.1km (0.81%), Open scrub
2 2
1047.6km (7.30%), Barren Rocky/Stony waste 76.3km (0.53%) were recorded in 2011-12. Wetlands Natural
2 2
17.9km (0.12%) was recorded in 2011-12. Waterbodies occupied 3% (479.16km ) of total geographical area,
2 2
where River/Stream- Perennial 179.9km (1.25%), River/Stream-Non Perennial 138.7km (0.97%), Canal/Drain
2 2 2
0.8km (0.01%), Lakes/ponds- Permanent 16.0km (0.11%), Lakes/ponds-Seasonal 18.3km (0.13%),
2 2
Reservoir/Tanks- Permanent 69.0km (0.48%) and Reservoir/Tanks-Seasonal 38.4km (0.27%) were recorded in
2011-12.

2
Table 4: Area Statistics (Km ) of Different Land Use /Land Cover Classes in Different District of Santal Pargana

Sl. Land Use/Land Jamtara Devghar Dumka Godda Pakur Sahibganj Total % of Total
N. Cover Classes Area Area Area Area Area Area Area Geographical
area
1 Built Up- 0.7 4.5 2.5 1.9 1.9 2.7 14.2 0.10
Compact
(Continuous)
2 Built Up-Sparse 4.9 22.7 11.8 9.6 5.6 17.3 71.9 0.50
(Discontinuous)
3 Vegetated 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.00
Area/Open Area
4 Built Up- Rural 103.1 124.7 264.1 121.9 132.8 82.9 829.5 5.78
5 Industrial area 0.2 0.6 0.3 1.4 0.2 0.4 3.1 0.02
6 Mine –Active 0.0 2.0 0.0 4.3 2.3 0.0 8.7 0.06
7 Mining- 0.0 0.0 1.9 1.0 0.1 0.3 3.4 0.02
Abandoned
8 Quarry 21.1 1.6 8.1 0.2 17.1 12.3 60.4 0.42
9 Agricultural- 989.2 1214.8 1780.7 688.7 578.2 524.9 5776.5 40.23
Kharif Crop
10 Agricultural 0.1 3.0 13.0 28.1 8.3 7.8 60.2 0.42
Land- Rabi Crop
11 Agricultural 1.8 0.2 0.1 0.0 11.6 11.4 25.1 0.17
Land- Zaid Crop
12 Agricultural 184.8 230.4 295.3 552.2 445.9 543.6 2252.2 15.68
Land- Two Crop
13 Crops- More 10.1 7.3 3.5 7.9 39.8 44.5 113.1 0.79
than 2 seasons
14 Agricultural - 137.2 136.4 267.3 196.8 98.4 29.0 864.9 6.02
Fallow Land
15 Agricultural 6.5 7.1 2.3 1.4 0.3 8.4 26.1 0.18
Plantation

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16 Forest- 11.2 26.2 78.5 120.6 53.1 231.9 521.6 3.63

Deciduous -
Dense
17 Forest- 19.5 21.2 242.9 201.0 107.6 202.5 794.8 5.53
Deciduous –
Open
18 Forest Plantation 2.0 6.5 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 9.0 0.06
19 Forest-Scrub 50.1 136.5 113.8 51.8 30.7 44.4 427.4 2.98
Forest
20 Tree Clad Area – 14.4 14.0 31.9 3.7 36.9 97.2 198.2 1.38
Dense
21 Tree Clad Area – 40.8 60.1 269.9 73.9 87.4 35.3 567.4 3.95
open
22 Wasteland- 1.2 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.02
Gullied
23 Wasteland- 0.0 8.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.6 0.07
Ravinous land
24 Wasteland- 2.0 11.9 13.1 9.0 21.3 58.7 116.1 0.81
Dense scrub
25 Wasteland- 125.7 364.3 226.7 163.2 75.4 92.3 1047.6 7.30
Open scrub
26 Barren 10.1 7.7 20.0 3.5 33.2 1.8 76.3 0.53
Rocky/Stony
waste
27 Wetlands- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 17.9 17.9 0.12
Natural
28 River/Stream- 7.9 18.8 21.3 19.1 11.8 101.1 179.9 1.25
Perennial
29 River/Stream- 19.5 39.0 25.8 8.2 4.6 41.7 138.7 0.97
Non Perennial
30 Canal/Drain 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.01
31 Lakes/ponds- 1.4 0.8 1.7 0.7 4.9 6.5 16.0 0.11
Permanent
32 Lakes/ponds- 2.1 6.4 1.4 1.2 2.6 4.6 18.3 0.13
Seasonal
33 Reservoir/Tanks- 23.4 4.7 37.6 2.7 0.6 0.0 69.0 0.48
Permanent
34 Reservoir/Tanks- 12.2 0.0 24.2 2.0 0.1 0.0 38.4 0.27
Seasonal
Grand Total 1803.0 2482.8 3763.4 2276.4 1813.1 2221.4 14360.2 100

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Figure 5: Land Use/Land Cover map of Santhal Pargana

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Figure 6: Land Use/Land Cover Change map of Santhal Pargana

Figure 7: Ground Truth Points map of Santhal Pargana

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4. Change Matrix Description

2
In Santhal Pargana, total area of Land use/ Land Cover change was 255.72km recorded during the year 2011-12
with respect to the year 2005-06, where

2
 Industrial area (0.82km ) to Mining- Abandoned.

2 2
 The Major change has been recorded in Kharif crop (123.95km ) were contribute in Industrial area 0.25km ,
2 2 2
Mine -Active 1.88km , Quarry 1.78km , Agricultural Land- Rabi Crop 3.89km , Agricultural Land- Two Crop
2 2 2
0.90km , Agricultural Land- Two Crop 99.71km , Agricultural Land- More than 2 seasons 3.04km ,
2 2 2
Agricultural Land- Fallow Land 0.61km , Agricultural Plantation 3.04km , River/Stream-Perennial 6.88km ,
2 2
River/Stream-Non Perennial 0.63km and Reservoir/Tanks-Permanent 2.04km .

2 2
 Agricultural Land- Rabi Crop (22.48km ) were contribute in Built Up-Sparse (Discontinuous) 0.03km , Kharif
2 2 2 2
Crop 0.90km , Agricultural Land- Two Crop 17.20km , More than 2.07km , River/Stream-Perennial 1.20km ,
2 2
Agricultural Land- Fallow Land 0.50km , River/Stream-Perennial 1.20km , River/Stream-Non Perennial
2 2
0.29km and Lakes/Pond-Seasonal 0.29km .

2 2
 Agricultural Land- Cropped in Two seasons (14.63km ) were contribute in to Industrial area 0.04km , Quarry
2 2 2
0.23km , Kharif Crop 6.54km , Agricultural Land- More than 2 seasons 3.89km , Agricultural Land- Fallow
2 2 2
Land 0.55km , Agricultural Plantation 0.20km , River/Stream-Perennial 3.10km and Reservoir/Tanks-
2
Permanent 0.08km .

2 2
 Agricultural Land- Zaid Crop (8.06km ) were contribute in Kharif Crop 3.02km , Agricultural Land- Two Crop
2 2 2
1.63km , Agricultural Land- More than 2 seasons 0.10km , River/Stream-Perennial 3.11km and
2 2
River/Stream-Non Perennial 0.19km Agricultural Land- Cropped in Two seasons (14.63km ) were contribute
2 2 2
in to Industrial area 0.04km , Quarry 0.23km , Kharif Crop 6.54km , Agricultural Land- More than 2 seasons
2 2 2
3.89km , Agricultural Land- Fallow Land 0.55km , Agricultural Plantation 0.20km , River/Stream-Perennial
2 2
3.10km and Reservoir/Tanks-Permanent 0.08km .

2 2
 Agricultural Land- More than 2 seasons (2.63km ) area has changed to Kharif Crop 0.11km , Agricultural
2 2 2
Land- Two Crop 0.59km , River/Stream-Perennial 1.75km , River/Stream-Non Perennial 0.11km and
2
Lakes/ponds- Permanent 0.07km .

2 2 2 2
 Fallow land (11.41km ) were contribute to Industrial area 0.12km , Mine –Active 0.29km , Quarry 2.28km ,
2 2 2 2
Kharif Crop 1.18km , Zaid Crop 0.04km , Rabi Crop 1.73km , Agricultural Land- Two Crop 1.51km ,
2 2 2
Agricultural Plantation 2.97km , Wasteland- Open scrub 0.52km , River/Stream-Perennial 0.77km and
2
River/Stream-Non Perennial 0.11km .

2 2 2
 Forest-Deciduous (Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Dense (0.40km ) was changed to Quarry class 0.36km and 0.04km in
Mining- Active class.

2 2
 Forest-Deciduous (Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Open (2.81km ) area were changed to Quarry class 0.85km , Mining-
2 2 2
Active class 0.38km , Forest- Plantation 0.52km , Forest-Scrub Forest 1.11km , Reservoir/Tanks-Seasonal
2 2 2 2
0.04km Forest-Scrub Forest 3.75km to Quarry class 0.74km and Forest plantation 3.00km .

2 2 2
 Tree Clad Area –Dense/Closed (3.10km ) has contribute to 2.54km Quarry class, 0.08km in River/Stream-
2
Perennial classes and Mine -Active 0.48km .

2 2 2
 Wasteland-Dense scrub (1.68km ) has changed in Industrial area 0.07km , Quarry 0.51km , River/Stream-
2 2
Perennial 0.34km and Wasteland- Open scrub 0.76km classes.

2 2 2
 Wasteland- Open scrub (7.67km ) were change found in Quarry 1.67km , River/Stream-Perennial 3.08km ,
2 2
River/Stream-Non Perennial 0.47km and Agricultural plantation 2.44km classes.

2
 Wasteland- Barren/Rocky (1.60km ) to Quarry class.

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2 2
 River/Stream-Perennial (28.22km ) were contribute in Agricultural Land- Kharif Crop 0.15km , Agricultural
2 2 2
Land- Rabi Crop 0.55km , Agricultural Land- Zaid Crop 2.06km , Agricultural Land Two Crop 04.06km and
2
River/Stream-Non Perennial 21.06km classes.

2 2
 River/Stream-Non Perennial (19.67km ) has changed Agricultural Land- Rabi Crop 1.51km , Agricultural
2 2 2
Land- Zaid Crop 0.05km , Agricultural Land Two Crop 5.67km and Reservoir/Tanks-Permanent 2.54km and
2
River/Stream- Perennial 9.91km classes.

2
 Reservoir/Tanks-Seasonal (0.33km ) to Reservoir/Tanks-Permanent.

Change area details have been provided in change matrix Table 5 and Figure 6.

Table 5: Land Use/Land Cover classes Change Matrix of Santhal Pargana

Santhal Pargana Statistics Class Change in 2005-06 to 2011-12

Land Use / Land Cover 2011-12
Gran
LULC
2 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 22 23 35 44 45 47 48 49 50 d
CODE
Total
5 0. 0.82
82
10 0. 1. 1. 3. 0. 99 3. 0. 3.0 6. 0. 2. 123.9
25 88 78 89 19 .7 04 61 4 88 63 04 5
1
11 0. 0. 17 2. 0. 1. 0. 0. 22.48
03 90 .2 07 50 20 29 29
0
12 3. 1. 0. 3. 0. 8.06
02 63 10 11 19
13 0. 0. 6. 3. 0. 0.2 3. 0. 14.63
04 23 54 89 55 0 10 08
14 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 2.63
Land Use / Land Cover 2005-06

11 59 75 11 07
15 0. 0. 2. 1. 1. 0. 1. 2.9 0. 0. 0. 11.41
12 29 28 08 73 04 51 7 52 77 11
20 0. 0. 0.40
04 36
21 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 2.81
38 85 42 11 04
23 0. 3. 3.75
74 00
26 0. 2. 0. 3.10
48 54 08
34 0. 0. 0. 0. 1.68
07 51 76 34
35 1. 2.4 3. 0. 7.67
67 4 08 47
39 1. 1.60
60
44 0. 0. 2. 4. 21 28.22
15 55 06 06 .4
1
45 1. 0. 5. 9. 2. 19.67
51 05 67 91 54
50 0. 1. 0. 0. 2.85
24 78 50 33
Grand 0. 0. 3. 0. 12 12 7. 2. 13 9. 1. 8.6 3. 1. 1. 30 23 0. 0. 4. 0. 255.7

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Total 03 48 08 82 .5 .0 68 33 2. 62 67 5 43 11 28 .2 .2 07 29 98 04 2
6 5 15 2 0

5. Abbreviated Land Use Land Cover code as follows

2.Built Up-Sparse (Discontinuous), 5.Industrial area, 7.Mine –Active, 8.Mining- Abandoned, 9.Quarry,
10.Agricultural Land- Kharif Crop, 11.Agricultural Land- Rabi Crop 12.Agricultural Land- Zaid Crop 13.Agricultural
Land- Two Crop, 14.Agricultural Land- More than 2 seasons, 15. Agricultural Land- Fallow Land, 16.Agricultural
Plantation, 20.Forest-Deciduous(Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Dense/Closed, 21.Forest-Deciduou(Dry/Moist/ Thorn) - Open,
22.Forest- Plantation, 23.Forest-Scrub Forest scrub, 26.Tree Clad area – Dense, 27.Tree Clad area – Open,
34.Wasteland- Dense scrub, 35.Wasteland- Open scrub, 39.Wasteland- Barren/Rocky 44.River/Stream-Perennial,
45.River/Stream-Non Perennial, 47.Lakes/Pond- Permanent, 48.Lakes/Pond- Seasonal and 49.Reservoir/Tanks-
Permanent, 50.Reservoir/Tanks-Seasonal.

Classification Accuracy Assessment Report of Santhal Pargna

The Overall Classification Accuracy in Santhal Pargana was gating 93.00%. Producers Accuracy and Users
Accuracy was assessed for each LU/LC class. Overall Kappa Statistics was 0.9131 Conditional Kappa for each
Category. Classification Accuracy Assessment details has been provided in Table 6.

Table 6: Classification Accuracy Assessment Report of Santhal Pargna

Sl. No. Class Name Reference Classified Number Producers Users Kappa
Totals Totals Correct Accuracy Accuracy
1 Built Up-Compact (Continuous) 0 0 0 --- --- 0
2 Built Up-Sparse (Discontinuous) 1 1 1 100.00% 100.00% 1
3 Vegetated Area/Open Area 0 0 0 --- --- 0
4 Built Up- Rural 12 12 12 100.00% 100.00% 1
5 Industrial area 0 0 0 --- --- 0
6 Mine –Active 0 0 0 --- --- 0
7 Mining- Abandoned 0 0 0 --- --- 0
8 Quarry 1 1 1 100.00% 100.00% 1
9 Agricultural-Kharif Crop 75 80 74 98.67% 92.50% 0.88
10 Agricultural Land- Rabi Crop 2 1 1 50.00% 100.00% 1
11 Agricultural Land- Zaid Crop 3 0 0 --- --- 0
12 Agricultural Land- Two Crop 31 31 28 90.32% 90.32% 0.8855
13 Crops- More than 2 seasons 3 2 2 66.67% 100.00% 1
14 Agricultural - Fallow Land 12 12 11 91.67% 91.67% 0.9113
15 Agricultural Plantation 0 0 0 --- --- 0
16 Forest-Deciduous –Dense 7 7 6 85.71% 85.71% 0.852
17 Forest-Deciduous –Open 11 11 10 90.91% 90.91% 0.9038
18 Forest Plantation 0 0 0 --- --- 0
19 Forest-Scrub Forest 6 6 6 100.00% 100.00% 1
20 Tree Clad Area –Dense 4 3 3 75.00% 100.00% 1
21 Tree Clad Area –open 7 8 7 100.00% 87.50% 0.8705
22 Wasteland- Gullied 0 0 0 --- --- 0
23 Wasteland-Ravinous land 0 0 0 --- --- 0
24 Wasteland-Dense scrub 2 2 2 100.00% 100.00% 1
25 Wasteland- Open scrub 15 15 14 93.33% 93.33% 0.9279
26 Barren Rocky/Stony waste 1 1 1 100.00% 100.00% 1
27 Wetlands-Natural 0 0 0 --- --- 0
28 River/Stream-Perennial 3 3 3 100.00% 100.00% 1
29 River/Stream-Non Perennial 2 2 2 100.00% 100.00% 1
30 Canal/Drain 0 0 0 --- --- 0
31 Lakes/ponds- Permanent 0 0 0 --- --- 0
32 Lakes/ponds-Seasonal 0 0 0 --- --- 0

Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Science 13

 JRSES

33 Reservoir/Tanks-Permanent 1 1 1 100.00% 100.00% 1

34 Reservoir/Tanks-Seasonal 1 1 1 100.00% 100.00% 1
Total 200 200 186

Overall Classification Accuracy = 93.00%

KAPPA (K^) STATISTICS
Overall Kappa Statistics = 0.9131
Conditional Kappa for each Category.

6. Conclusion

The following conclusions have been drawn from this research work:

a) Six major LU/LC classes were mapped in level-I, 18 classes in level-II and 34 sub-classes in level-III.

2 2
b) Agricultural crop land occupied 57% (8253.19km ), Forest land occupied 15% (2091.02km ),Waste land
2 2 2
occupied 9% (1253.03km ), Fallow Land occupied 6% (864.93km ), Water bodies occupied 3% (479.16km )
2
and Forest occupied 3% (427.40km ) of total geographical area of Santhal Pargana.

2
c) Total area change in Santhal Pargna 255.72km was recorded, over a period of five year (2005-06 to 2011-12).
Change area arranged in decreasing order in different Districts of Santhal Pargana was as follows: Sahibganj
2 2 2 2 2
(102.84km ), Devghar (68.09km ), Pakur (37.96km ), Dumka (18.68km ), Jamtara (14.24km ) and Godda
2 2 2
(8.12km ). Major change recorded in Agricultural two crop land 132.15km were contributed to Kharif 99.71 km ,
2 2 2 2
Rabi 17.20km , Zaid1.63km , Crop more than Two seasons 1.63km , Fellow land 0.59km , River/Stream-
2 2 2
Perennial 4.06km , River/Stream-Non Perennial 5.67km and Reservoir/Tanks-Seasonal 1.78km .

d) On the Basis of limited Ground Truth of Santhal Pargana, found that the Agricultural Crop Paddy, Wheat,
Mustard, Pulses, Pea and Potato etc were main crops of the Santhal Pargana.

e) Waste land area was positive changed due to plantations like as Jetropa and other trees. Rivers were
degrading and shifting due to Sand removal activities and course erosion etc.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank to Jharkhand Space Application Centre, Jharkhand for provide facilities.

References

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Washington, D.C.

[2]. Bansal Amit, Karwariya Sateesh and Goyal Sandip. Change Detection in Land use / Land cover in Sewan
Watershed Using Remote Sensing and GIS Technique Int. Journal of Advances in Remote Sensing and GIS.
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[3]. Jayakumar, S. and D.I. Arockiasamy. Landuse/Land Cover Mapping and Change Detection in part of Eastern
Ghats of Tamil Nadu using Remote Sensing and GIS. Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing. 2003. 31
(4) 251-260.

[4]. N.K. Sharma, J.B. Lamay, N.J. Kullu, R.K. Singh, and A.T. Jeyaseelan. Land Use and Land Cover Analysis of
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Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Science 14

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