Mujahideen

Mujahideen (Arabic: ‫ ﻣﺠﺎھﺪﯾﻦ‬mujāhidīn) is the plural form of mujahid (Arabic: ‫)ﻣﺠﺎھﺪ‬, the term for one engaged in
Jihad (literally, “struggle”).

Its widespread use in English began with reference to the guerrilla-type militant groups led by the Islamist Afghan
fighters in the Soviet–Afghan War, and now extends to other jihadist groups in various countries.

Contents
Early history
Modern western definition
Cold War era
Afghanistan
Iran–Iraq War
Myanmar (Burma)
Philippines
1990s
Yugoslav Wars
Bosnian War
North Caucasus
Contemporary Jihadism
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Iraq and Syria
Iraqi insurgency
Syrian civil war
Israel
Nigeria
Somalia
Name
See also
References

Early history
In its roots, Mujahideen (an Arabic word) refers to any person performing Jihad. In its post-classical meaning, Jihad
refers to an act which is spiritually comparable in reward to promoting Islam during the early 600s CE. These acts
could be as simple as sharing a considerable amount of your income with the poor.

Modern western definition

The modern term of mujahideen referring to spiritual Muslim warriors, originates in the 19th century when some
tribal leaders in Afghanistan fought against the British attempts to stop raids on India (although initially the British
derogatorally called them the Sitana Fanatics). It began in 1829 when a religious man, Sayyid Ahmed Shah Brelwi,
came back to the village of Sitana from a pilgrimage to Mecca and began preaching war against the ‘infidels’ in the area
defining the Northwest border of British India. Although he died in battle, the sect he had created survived and the
Mujahideen gained more power and prominence. During the Indian Mutiny of 1857, the Mujahideen were said to
accept any fleeing Sepoys and recruit them into their ranks. As time went by the sect grew ever larger until it was not
only conducting bandit raids, but even controlling larger areas in Afghanistan.[1]

Usman dan Fodio[2]

Jahangir Khoja[3]
Ma al-'Aynayn
Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi
Muhammad Ahmed Al Mahdi[4][5][6]
Mehmed V[7]
Omar Mukhtar
Imam Shamil[8][9]
Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo
Basmachi opponents of Tsarism and Bolshevism in Central Asia (1916 to the 1930s) called themselves
mojahed.[10]

Cold War era

The modern phenomenon of jihadism that presents jihad (offensive or defensive) as the casus belli for insurgencies,
guerrilla warfare and international terrorism, dates back to the 20th century and draws on early-to-mid-20th century
Islamist doctrines such as Qutbism.

Afghanistan
Arguably the best-known mujahideen outside the Islamic world, various
loosely aligned Afghan opposition groups initially rebelled against the
government of the pro-Soviet Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA)
during the late 1970s. At the DRA's request, the Soviet Union brought
forces into the country to aid the government from 1979. The mujahideen
fought against Soviet and DRA troops during the Soviet–Afghan War
(1979–1989). Afghanistan's resistance movement originated in chaos and,
at first, regional warlords waged virtually all of its fighting locally. As
warfare became more sophisticated, outside support and regional
Mujahideen fighters passing around
coordination grew. The basic units of mujahideen organization and action
the Durand Line border in 1985
continued to reflect the highly decentralized nature of Afghan society and
strong loci of competing mujahideen and tribal groups, particularly in
isolated areas among the mountains.[11] Eventually, the seven main
mujahideen parties allied as the political bloc called Islamic Unity of
Afghanistan Mujahideen.

Many Muslims from other countries assisted the various mujahideen

groups in Afghanistan. Some groups of these veterans became significant
players in later conflicts in and around the Muslim world. Osama bin
Laden, originally from a wealthy family in Saudi Arabia, was a prominent
organizer and financier of an all-Arab Islamist group of foreign volunteers; U.S. President Reagan meeting with
his Maktab al-Khadamat funnelled money, arms, and Muslim fighters from Afghan mujahideen at the White
around the Muslim world into Afghanistan, with the assistance and House.
support of the Saudi and Pakistani governments.[12] These foreign fighters
became known as "Afghan Arabs" and their efforts were coordinated by
Abdullah Yusuf Azzam.
Although the mujahideen were aided by the Pakistani, U.S., and Saudi governments, the mujahideen's primary source
of funding was private donors and religious charities throughout the Muslim world—particularly in the Persian Gulf.
Jason Burke recounts that "as little as 25 per cent of the money for the Afghan jihad was actually supplied directly by
states."[13]

Mujahideen forces caused serious casualties to the Soviet forces, and made
the war very costly for the Soviet Union. In 1989 the Soviet Union
withdrew its forces from Afghanistan. Many districts and cities then fell to
the mujahideen; in 1992 the DRA's last president, Mohammad Najibullah,
was overthrown.

However, the mujahideen did not establish a united government, and

many of the larger mujahideen groups began to fight each other over power
in Kabul. After several years of devastating fighting, a village mullah
named Mohammed Omar organized a new armed movement with the The areas where the different
backing of Pakistan. This movement became known as the Taliban mujahideen forces operated in 1985
("students" in Pashto), referring to how most Taliban had grown up in
refugee camps in Pakistan during the 1980s and were taught in the Saudi-
backed Wahhabi madrassas, religious schools known for teaching a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam. Veteran
mujahideen confronted this radical splinter group in 1996.

Iran–Iraq War
While more than one group in Iran have called themselves mujahideen, the most famous is the People's Mujahedin of
Iran (PMOI), as of 2014 an Iraq-based Islamic Socialist militant organization that advocates the overthrow of Iran's
current government. The group also took part in the 1979 Iranian Revolution, Iran–Iraq War (on the side of Iraqis),
and in the Iraqi internal conflicts.

Another mujahideen was the Mujahedin-e Islam, an Islamic party led by Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani.[14] It
formed part of the National Front (Iran) during the time of Mohammed Mosaddeq's oil nationalization, but broke
away from Mosaddeq over his allegedly un-Islamic policies.[15]

Myanmar (Burma)
From 1947 to 1961, local mujahideen fought against Burmese government soldiers in an attempt to have the Mayu
peninsula in northern Arakan, Burma (present-day Rakhine State, Myanmar) secede from the country, so it could be
annexed by East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh).[16] During the late 1950s and early 1960s, the mujahideen lost
most of its momentum and support, resulting in most of them surrendering to government forces.[17][18]

In the 1990s, the well-armed Rohingya Solidarity Organisation was the main perpetrator of attacks on Burmese
authorities positioned on the Bangladesh–Myanmar border.[19]

Philippines
In 1969, political tensions and open hostilities developed between the Government of the Philippines and jihadist
rebel groups.[20] The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) was established by University of the Philippines
professor Nur Misuari to condemn the killings of more than 60 Filipino Muslims and later became an aggressor
against the government while the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), a splinter group from the MNLF, was
established to seek an Islamic state within the Philippines and is more radical and more aggressive. The conflict is
ongoing; casualty statistics vary for the conflict however the conservative estimates of the Uppsala Conflict Data
Program indicate that at least 6,015 people were killed in armed conflict between the Government of Philippines and
ASG, BIFM, MILF, and MNLF factions between 1989 and 2012.[21] Abu Sayyaf is an Islamic separatist group in the
southern Philippines, formed in 1991. The group is known for its kidnappings of Western nationals and Filipinos, for
which it has received several large ransom-payments. Some Abu Sayyaf members have studied or worked in Saudi
Arabia and developed relations with the mujahideen members while fighting and training in the war against the Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan.[22]

1990s
The 1990s are a transitional period between the Mujahideen outfits forming part of the proxy wars between the Cold
War superpowers and the emergence of contemporary jihadism in the wake of the US "War on Terror" and the "Arab
Spring".

Al-Qaeda saw its formative period during this time, and jihadism formed part of the picture in regional conflicts of the
1990s, including the Yugoslav Wars, the Somali Civil War, the First Chechen War, etc.

Yugoslav Wars

Bosnian War
During the Bosnian war 1992–1995, many foreign Muslims came to Bosnia as mujahideen. Muslims around the world
who shared mujahideen beliefs and respected the author of Islamic Declaration come to the aid of fellow Muslims.
Alija Izetbegovic, author of Islamic Declaration and in his younger days author of poem "To the Jihad" [23] was
particularly happy about the presence of Mujahedeens in Bosnia and gave them full support.[24] El Mujahid members
claimed that in Bosnia they only have respect for Alija Izetbegovic and the head of the Bosnian Army Third Corps,
Sakib Mahmuljin.[25][26] The number of foreign Muslim volunteers in Bosnia was estimated at about 4,000 in
contemporary newspaper reports.[27] Later research estimated the number to be about 400.[28] They came from
various places such as Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq and the Palestinian Territories; to
quote the summary of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia judgment:[29]

The evidence shows that foreign volunteers arrived in central Bosnia in the second half of 1992 with the aim of helping
Muslims. Mostly they came from North Africa, the Near East and the Middle East. The foreign volunteers differed
considerably from the local population, not only because of their physical appearance and the language they spoke, but
also because of their fighting methods. The various foreign, Muslim volunteers were primarily organized into an
umbrella detachment of the 7th Muslim Brigade, which was a brigade of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, based in Zenica. This independent subdivision colloquially known as El-Mudžahid, was composed
exclusively of foreign nationals and not Bosnians (whereas the 7th Muslim Brigade was entirely made up of native
Bosnians) and consisted of somewhere between 300 and 1,500 volunteers. Enver Hadžihasanović, Lieutenant Colonel
of the Bosnian Army's 3rd Corps, appointed Mahmut Karalić (Commandant), Asim Koričić (Chief of Staff) and Amir
Kubura (Assistant Chief for Operational and Curricula) to lead the group.

Some of the mujahideen funnelled arms and money into the country which Bosnia direly needed due to a United
Nations-sanctioned arms embargo restricting the import of weapons into all of the republics of the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia. However, many of the mujahideen were extremely devout Muslims of the strict Salafi sect,
which contrasted sharply with the relatively secular society of Bosnian Muslims. This led to friction between the
mujahideen and the Bosnians.

Foreign volunteers in Bosnia have been accused of committing war crimes during the conflict. However, the ICTY has
never issued indictments against mujahideen fighters. Instead, the ICTY indicted some Bosnian Army commanders on
the basis of superior criminal responsibility. The ICTY acquitted Amir Kubura and Enver Hadžihasanović of the
Bosnian 3rd Corps of all charges related to the incidents involving mujahideen. Furthermore, the Appeals Chamber
noted that the relationship between the 3rd Corps and the El Mujahedin detachment was not one of subordination but
was instead close to overt hostility since the only way to control the detachment was to attack them as if they were a
distinct enemy force.[30]

The ICTY Trial Chamber convicted Rasim Delic, the former chief of the Bosnian Army General Staff. The ICTY found
that Delic had effective control over the El Mujahid Detachment. He was sentenced to three years of imprisonment for
his failure to prevent or punish the cruel treatment of twelve captured Serb soldiers by the Mujahideen. Delic
remained in the Detention Unit while appellate proceedings continued.[31]

Some individuals of the Bosnian Mujahideen, such as Abdelkader Mokhtari, Fateh Kamel, and Karim Said Atmani,
gained particular prominence within Bosnia as well as international attention from various foreign governments. They
were all North African volunteers with well established links to Islamic Fundamentalist groups before and after the
Bosnian War.

In 2015, former Human Rights Minister and Federation BiH Vice President Mirsad Kebo talked about numerous war
crimes committed against Serbs by mujahideen in Bosnia and their links with current and past Muslim officials
including former and current presidents of federation and presidents of parliament based on war diaries and other
documented evidence. He gave evidence to the BiH federal prosecutor.[32][33][34][35]

North Caucasus
The term mujahideen has often been used to refer to all separatist fighters in the case of the First and Second Chechen
Wars. However, in this article, mujahideen is used to refer to the foreign, non-Caucasian fighters who joined the
separatists’ cause for the sake of Jihad. They are often called Ansaar (helpers) in related literature dealing with this
conflict to prevent confusion with the native fighters.

Foreign mujahideen have played a part in both Chechen wars. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the
subsequent Chechen declaration of independence, foreign fighters began entering the region and associating
themselves with local rebels (most notably Shamil Basayev). Many of the foreign fighters were veterans of the Soviet–
Afghan War. The mujahideen also made a significant financial contribution to the separatists’ cause; with their access
to the immense wealth of Salafist charities like al-Haramein, they soon became an invaluable source of funds for the
Chechen resistance, which had few resources of its own.

Most of the mujahideen decided to remain in Chechnya after the withdrawal of Russian forces. In 1999, foreign
fighters played an important role in the ill-fated Chechen incursion into Dagestan, where they suffered a decisive
defeat and were forced to retreat back into Chechnya. The incursion provided the new Russian government with a
pretext for intervention. Russian ground forces invaded Chechnya again in 1999.

The mujahideen were deemed responsible for the decapitation of six young Russian conscripts caught in Dagestan
during a rebel incursion. The beheading was filmed and then posted online. The six Russian conscripts were caught
behind enemy lines after the small and unprepared Russian unit retreated during a rebel advance onto Dagestan. The
mujahideen were then killed by Russian special forces during a gunfight a short time later.

The separatists were less successful in the Second Chechen War. The Chechens were unable to hold their ground
against better prepared and more determined Russian forces. Russian officials claimed that the separatists had been
defeated as early as 2002. The Russians also succeeded in killing the most prominent mujahideen commanders, most
notably Ibn al-Khattab and Abu al-Walid.

Although the region has since been far from stable, separatist activity has decreased, though some foreign fighters
remain active in Chechnya. In the last months of 2007, the influence of foreign fighters became apparent again when
Dokka Umarov proclaimed the Caucasus Emirate being fought for by the Caucasian Mujahadeen, a pan-Caucasian
Islamic state of which Chechnya was to be a province. This move caused a rift in the resistance movement between
those supporting the Emirate and those who were in favour of preserving the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.

Contemporary Jihadism

India
An outfit calling itself the Indian Mujahideen came to light in 2008 with multiple large scale terror attacks. On
November 26, 2008, a group calling itself the Deccan Mujahideen claimed responsibility for a string of attacks across
Mumbai. The Weekly Standard claimed, "Indian intelligence believes the Indian Mujahideen is a front group created
by Lashkar-e-Taiba and the Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami to confuse investigators and cover the tracks of the Students
Islamic Movement of India, or SIMI, a radical Islamist movement with aim to establish Islamic rule over India.[36] In
the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmiri Muslim separatists opposing Indian rule are often known as
mujahideen. The members of the Salafi movement (within Sunni Islam) in the south Indian state of Kerala is known
as "Mujahids".[37]

Pakistan
Many militant groups have been involved in the war in North West Pakistan. Most notably the Pakistani Taliban, Al
Qaeda, and ISIS Khorasan Province. These groups refer to themselves as the mujahideen in their war against the
Pakistani military and the west. Several different militant groups have also taken root in Pakistan-controlled Kashmir.
Most noticeable of these groups are Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), Jammu and Kashmir
Liberation Front (JKLF), Hizbul Mujahideen and Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM).[38] A 1996 report by Human Rights
Watch estimated the number of active mujahideen at 3,200.[39]

Bangladesh
Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen was an Islamist organisation operating in Bangladesh. The organization was officially
banned by the government of Bangladesh in February 2005 after attacks on NGOs, but struck back in mid-August
when it detonated 500 bombs at 300 locations throughout Bangladesh.[40]

Iraq and Syria

Iraqi insurgency
The term mujahideen is sometimes applied to fighters who joined the insurgency after the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
Some groups also use the word mujahideen in their names, like Mujahideen Shura Council and Mujahideen Army.

Following the U.S. invasion of Iraq as part of the George W. Bush administration's post 9/11 foreign policy, many
foreign Mujahideen joined several Sunni militant groups resisting the U.S. occupation of Iraq. A considerable part of
the insurgents did not come from Iraq but instead from many other Arab countries, notably Jordan and Saudi Arabia.
Among these recruits was Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, a Jordanian national who would go on to assume the leadership of
Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI).

Syrian civil war

Various Islamic groups, often referred to as mujahideen and jihadists, have participated in the Syrian civil war.
Alawites, the sect to which Syrian President Bashar al-Assad belongs, are considered to be heretics in some Sunni
Muslim circles. In this sense, radical Sunni Jihadist organizations and their affiliates have been anti-Assad. Jihadist
leaders and intelligence sources said foreign fighters had begun to enter Syria only in February 2012.[41] In May 2012,
Syria's U.N. envoy Bashar Ja'afari declared that dozens of foreign fighters from Libya, Tunisia, Egypt, Britain, France
elsewhere had been captured or killed, and urged Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Turkey to stop "their sponsorship of the
armed rebellion".[42][43] Jihadist leaders and intelligence sources said foreign fighters had begun to enter Syria only in
February 2012.[41] In June, it was reported that hundreds of foreign fighters, many linked to al-Qaeda, had gone to
Syria to fight against Assad.[44] When asked if the United States would arm the opposition, Hillary Clinton expressed
doubts that such weapons would be effective in the toppling of the Syrian government and may even fall into the
hands of al-Qaeda or Hamas.[45]

American officials assumed already in 2012 that Qaidat al-Jihad (a.k.a. Al-Qaeda in Iraq) has conducted bomb attacks
against Syrian government forces,[46] Iraqi Foreign Minister Hoshyar Zebari said that al-Qaeda in Iraq members have
gone to Syria, where the militants previously received support and weapons from the Syrian government in order to
destabilize the US occupation of Iraq.[47] On 23 April, one of the leaders of Fatah al-Islam, Abdel Ghani Jawhar, was
killed during the Battle of Al-Qusayr, after he blew himself up while making a bomb.[48] In July 2012, Iraq's foreign
minister again warned that members of al-Qaeda in Iraq were seeking refuge in Syria and moving there to fight.[49]

It is believed that al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri condemned Assad.[50] A group thought linked to al-Qaeda and
calling itself the al-Nusra Front claimed for a suicide bomb attack on 6 January 2012 in the central Damascus
neighbourhood of al-Midan killed 26 people, most of whom were civilians,[51] as well as for truck bombs that killed 55
people and injured 370.

A member of the Abdullah Azzam Brigades in Lebanon admitted that his group had sent fighters to Syria. On
November 12, 2018, the United States closed its financial system to an Iraqi named, Shibl Muhsin 'Ubayd Al-Zaydi and
others over concerns that they were sending Iraqi fighters to Syria and financial support to other Hezbollah activities
in the region.[52]

Israel
The Mujahidin Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem (MSC) was designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization
(FTO) by the Department of State.[53]

On November 12, 2018, the U.S. Department of State blacklisted the Al-Mujahidin Brigades (AMB) over its alleged
Hezbollah associations, as well as, Jawad Nasrallah, son of Lebanon’s Iran-backed Hezbollah leader Sayyed Hassan
Nasrallah, from using the United States financial system and further naming him a terrorist associated with evidence
of his involvement in attacks against Israel in the West Bank.[54] It had been reported in Israel that the al-Mujahideen
Brigades was formerly linked to the Fatah rather than the Hamas organization.[55]

Nigeria
Boko Haram has been active in Nigeria since it was founded in 2001. It existed in other forms before 2001. Although it
initially limited its operations to northeast Nigeria, it has since expanded to other parts of Nigeria, and to Cameroon,
Niger and Chad. Boko Haram seeks to implement sharia law across Nigeria.

Somalia
The currently active jihadist groups in Somalia derive from the Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya group active during the 1990s.

In July 2006, a Web-posted message purportedly written by Osama bin Laden urged Somalis to build an Islamic state
in the country and warned western states that his al-Qaeda network would fight against them if they intervened
there.[56] Foreign fighters began to arrive, though there were official denials of the presence of mujahideen in the
country. Even so, the threat of jihad was made openly and repeatedly in the months preceding the Battle of Baidoa.[57]
On December 23, 2006, Islamists, for the first time, called upon
international fighters to join their cause.[58] The term mujahideen is now
openly used by the post-ICU resistance against the Ethiopians and the
TFG.

Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahideen is said to have non-Somali foreigners in

its ranks, particularly among its leadership.[59] Fighters from the Persian
Gulf and international jihadists were called to join the holy war against the
Al-Shabaab militants made gains
Somali government and its Ethiopian allies. Though Somali Islamists did
(2009-10) in guerrilla-style attacks
not use suicide bombing tactics before, the foreign elements of al-Shabaab
are blamed for several suicide bombings.[60][61] Egypt has a longstanding
policy of securing the Nile River flow by destabilizing Ethiopia.[62][63] Similarly, recent media reports said that
Egyptian and Arab jihadists were the core members of Al-Shabaab, and were training Somalis in sophisticated
weaponry and suicide bombing techniques.[64].

Name
In April 2017, the government of China prohibited parents from choosing the name Mujahid as the given name for a
child. The list included more than two dozen names and was targeted at the 10 million Uighurs in the western region
of Xinjiang.[65]

See also
Fedayeen
Islamic terrorism
Islamism
Jihad(ism)
List of battles of Muhammad
Pan-Islamism
Qutbism
Volunteers of the Faith

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