ARBOLEDA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Alcala, Pangasinan

SUBJECT: TLE I
STUDENT: KARL JAN A. TADEO
Section: I – Gomez
TEACHER: ROSANA CABALTEJA
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Computer Inventors and Contributors

Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace
(10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852)

Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852),
born Augusta Ada Byron, was an English writer chiefly known for her work on Charles
Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the analytical engine. Her notes on the
engine include what is recognised as the first algorithm intended to be processed by a machine; as
such she is regarded as the world's first computer programmer.

She was the only legitimate child of the poet Lord Byron (with Anne Isabella Milbanke),
but had no relationship with her father, who died when she was nine. As a young adult she took an
interest in mathematics and in particular Babbage's work on the analytical engine. Between 1842
and 1843 she translated an article by Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea on the engine, which
she supplemented with a set of notes of her own. These notes contain what is considered the first
computer program—that is, an algorithm encoded for processing by a machine. Though Babbage's
engine was never built, Lovelace's notes are important in the early history of computers. She also
foresaw the capability of computers to go beyond mere calculating or number-crunching while
others, including Babbage himself, focused only on these capabilities.

Charles Babbage
(26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871)

Charles Babbage, (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician,
philosopher, inventor, and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable
computer. Parts of his uncompleted mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum. In
1991, a perfectly functioning difference engine was constructed from Babbage's original plans.
Built to tolerances achievable in the 19th century, the success of the finished engine indicated that
Babbage's machine would have worked. Nine years later, the Science Museum completed the
printer Babbage had designed for the difference engine, an astonishingly complex device for the
19th century. Considered a "father of the computer", Babbage is credited with inventing the first
mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs.
 Blaise Pascal
(June 19, 1623 – August 19, 1662)

Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623 – August 19, 1662), was a French mathematician, physicist,
inventor, writer and Catholic philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father,
a Tax Collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he
made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and
vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defense of the
scientific method.

In 1642, while still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines,
and after three years of effort and 50 prototypes he invented the mechanical calculator. He built
twenty of these machines (called the Pascaline) in the following ten years. Pascal was a
mathematician of the first order. He helped create two major new areas of research. He wrote a
significant treatise on the subject of projective geometry at the age of sixteen, and later
corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of
modern economics and social science. Following Galileo and Torricelli, in 1646 he refuted
Aristotle's followers who insisted that nature abhors a vacuum. His results caused many disputes
before being accepted.

In 1646, he and his sister Jacqueline identified with the religious movement within
Catholicism known by its detractors as Jansenism. His father died in 1651. Following a mystical
experience in late 1654, he had his "second conversion", abandoned his scientific work, and
devoted himself to philosophy and theology. His two most famous works date from this period: the
Lettres provinciales and the Pensées, the former set in the conflict between Jansenists and Jesuits.
In this year, he also wrote an important treatise on the arithmetical triangle. Between 1658 and
1659 he wrote on the cycloid and its use in calculating the volume of solids.

Pascal had poor health especially after his eighteenth year and his death came just two
months after his 39th birthday.

John Napier of Merchiston

(1550 – 4 April 1617)

John Napier of Merchiston (1550 – 4 April 1617) – also signed as Neper, Nepair –
named Marvellous Merchiston, was a Scottish mathematician, physicist, astronomer &
astrologer, and also the 8th Laird of Merchistoun. He was the son of Sir Archibald Napier of
Merchiston. John Napier is most renowned as the discoverer of the logarithm, although the actual
founder of logarithms was Michael Stifel who invented an early form of logarithm tables
independently of and decades before John Napier. Napier is the inventor of the so-called "Napier's
bones". Napier also made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics.
Napier's birthplace, the Merchiston Tower in Edinburgh, Scotland, is now part of the facilities of
Edinburgh Napier University. After his death from the effects of gout, Napier's remains were
buried in St Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh.

.
 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (sometimes von Leibniz)
(July 1, 1646 - November 14, 1716)

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (sometimes von Leibniz) (July 1, 1646 - November 14, 1716)
was a German mathematician and philosopher. He wrote primarily in Latin and French.

Leibniz occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of
philosophy. Leibniz developed the infinitesimal calculus independently of Isaac Newton, and
Leibniz's mathematical notation has been widely used ever since it was published. Leibniz also
developed the binary number system, which is at the foundation of virtually all digital computers.

In philosophy, Leibniz is mostly noted for his optimism, e.g. his conclusion that our
Universe is, in a restricted sense, the best possible one that God could have created. Leibniz, along
with René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, was one of the three great 17th Century advocates of
rationalism. The work of Leibniz anticipated modern logic and analytic philosophy, but his
philosophy also looks back to the scholastic tradition, in which conclusions are produced by
applying reason to first principles or a priori definitions rather than to empirical evidence. Leibniz
made major contributions to physics and technology, and anticipated notions that surfaced much
later in biology, medicine, geology, probability theory, psychology, linguistics, and information
science. He wrote works on politics, law, ethics, theology, history, philosophy, and philology.
Leibniz's contributions to this vast array of subjects were scattered in various learned journals, in
tens of thousands of letters, and in unpublished manuscripts. As of 2010, there is no complete
gathering of the writings of Leibniz. The collection of manuscript papers of Leibniz at the
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek - Niedersächische Landesbibliothek were inscribed on
UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register in 2007.

Howard Hathaway Aiken

(March 8, 1900 – March 14, 1973)

Howard Hathaway Aiken (March 8, 1900 – March 14, 1973) was a pioneer in computing,
being the original conceptual designer behind IBM's Harvard Mark I computer.

He studied at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and later obtained his Ph.D. in physics
at Harvard University in 1939. During this time, he encountered differential equations that he
could only solve numerically. He envisioned an electro-mechanical computing device that could
do much of the tedious work for him. This computer was originally called the Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator (ASCC) and later renamed Harvard Mark I. With help from Grace Hopper
and funding from IBM, the machine was completed in 1944. In 1947, Aiken completed his work
on the Harvard Mark II computer. He continued his work on the Mark III and the Harvard Mark
IV. The Mark III used some electronic components and the Mark IV was all-electronic. The Mark
III and Mark IV used magnetic drum memory and the Mark IV also had magnetic core memory.

Aiken was inspired by Charles Babbage's Difference Engine. He received the University
of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering Engineers Day Award in 1958, the Harry H.
Goode Memorial Award in 1964, the John Price Wetherill Medal in 1964, and IEEE's Edison
Medal 'For a meritorious career of pioneering contributions to the development and application of
large-scale digital computers and important contributions to education in the digital computer
field.' in 1970.

Howard Aiken was also an Officer in the United States Navy Reserve. He retired to Fort
Lauderdale, Florida, and died on March 14, 1973 during a trip to St. Louis, Missouri.
 ARBOLEDA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Alcala, Pangasinan

SUBJECT: ENGLISH I
STUDENT: KARL JAN A. TADEO
Section: I – Gomez
TEACHER: MARY BLANCO
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Summary of “The world is an apple”

When Mario got home Gloria saw Mario and she was asking for some money to feed their
children to Mario. Mario said that he have no money because he did something. Gloria didn't
believe on what Mario said and said to tell the truth. When Mario answered it, Gloria was shocked
on what she heard because Mario lost his job. Gloria asked Mario if how he lost his job and Mario
answered it and Gloria was shocked again because Mario said that he lost his job because of an
apple. Gloria said that how can he lose his job by just taking one not a dozen not a crate but one
apple and Mario answered that he just saw it rolling and he found himself putting it in his bag
because Tita would love to have it, and Mario told Gloria that there's no need to worry because he
found a new job. Suddenly Pablo was there ruining the whole conversation and asked them if how
is their daughter doing and he'll loan a few pesos to help their daughter and Gloria said that no
thank you because Mario stopped depending on Pablo. Pablo said that Mario's new job was with
Pablo and when Gloria heard it he told Mario that it's a bad doing and risky. But Mario didn't
listen and walks away with Pablo and told Gloria not to worry because he will come back early
morning and don't wait for him. Gloria cries and shouting Mario, while Tita was crying also
because he heard the conversation.
 ARBOLEDA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Alcala, Pangasinan

SUBJECT: TLE I
STUDENT: KARL JAN A. TADEO
Section: I – Gomez
TEACHER: ROSANA CABALTEJA
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Different types of Computers

Based on the operational principle of computers, they are categorized as analog computers and
hybrid computers.

Analog Computers: These are almost extinct today. These are different from a digital computer because
an analog computer can perform several mathematical operations simultaneously. It uses continuous
variables for mathematical operations and utilizes mechanical or electrical energy.

Hybrid Computers: These computers are a combination of both digital and analog computers. In this type
of computers, the digital segments perform process control by conversion of analog signals to digital ones.

Following are some of the other important types of computers.

Mainframe Computers: Large organizations use mainframes for highly critical applications such as bulk
data processing and ERP. Most of the mainframe computers have the capacities to host multiple operating
systems and operate as a number of virtual machines and can thus substitute for several small servers.

Microcomputers: A computer with a microprocessor and its central processing unit is known as a
microcomputer. They do not occupy space as much as mainframes. When supplemented with a keyboard
and a mouse, microcomputers can be called as personal computers. A monitor, a keyboard and other
similar input output devices, computer memory in the form of RAM and a power supply unit come
packaged in a microcomputer. These computers can fit on desks or tables and serve as the best choices
for single-user tasks.

Personal computers come in a variety of forms such as desktops, laptops and personal digital
assistants. Let us look at each of these types of computers.

Desktops: A desktop is intended to be used on a single location. The spare parts of a desktop computer
are readily available at relative lower costs. Power consumption is not as critical as that in laptops.
Desktops are widely popular for daily use in workplaces and households.

Laptops: Similar in operation to desktops, laptop computers are miniaturized and optimized for mobile
use. Laptops run on a single battery or an external adapter that charges the computer batteries. They are
enabled with an inbuilt keyboard, touch pad acting as a mouse and a liquid crystal display. Its portability
and capacity to operate on battery power have served as a boon for mobile users.

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs): It is a handheld computer and popularly known as a palmtop. It has a
touch screen and a memory card for storage of data. PDAs can also be effectively used as portable audio
players, web browsers and smart phones. Most of them can access the Internet by means of Bluetooth or
Wi-Fi communication.
Minicomputers: In terms of size and processing capacity, minicomputers lie in between mainframes and
microcomputers. Minicomputers are also called mid-range systems or workstations. The term began to be
popularly used in the 1960s to refer to relatively smaller third generation computers. They took up the
space that would be needed for a refrigerator or two and used transistor and core memory technologies.
The 12-bit PDP-8 minicomputer of the Digital Equipment Corporation was the first successful
minicomputer.

Supercomputers: The highly calculation-intensive tasks can be effectively performed by means of

supercomputers. Quantum physics, mechanics, weather forecasting, molecular theory are best studied by
means of supercomputers. Their ability of parallel processing and their well-designed memory hierarchy
give the supercomputers, large transaction processing powers.

Wearable Computers: A record-setting step in the evolution of computers was the creation of wearable
computers. These computers can be worn on the body and are often used in the study of behaviour
modelling and human health. Military and health professionals have incorporated wearable computers
into their daily routine, as a part of such studies. When the users’ hands and sensory organs are engaged
in other activities, wearable computers are of great help in tracking human actions. Wearable computers
are consistently in operation as they do not have to be turned on and off and are constantly interacting
with the user.