Moorish architecture is the articulated Islamic architecture of northern Africa and parts of Spain and

Portugal, where the Moors were dominant between 711 and 1492. The best surviving examples of
this architectural tradition are the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba and the Alhambra in Granada
(mainly 1338–1390),[49] as well as the Giralda in Seville (1184).[50] Other notable examples include the
ruined palace city of Medina Azahara (936–1010) and the Mosque of Cristo de la Luz, now a church,
in Toledo, the Aljafería in Zaragoza and baths at for example Ronda and Alhama de Granada.

Moorish architecture is a variation of Islamic architecture. It developed as a group of people of

Islamic faith spread from the Middle East to the Maghreb, an area which included parts of North
Africa and Spain. Their architecture was noted for its unique characteristics -- a result of the
intertwined influences of culture and religion.

The Moors also built secular structures -- some with gardens and fountains enclosed, and others
surrounded by residential buildings. The Moors developed complex irrigation and plumbing systems
as well. One of the most distinctive types of Moorish structures is the alcázar, or fortress complex.
A spectacular example of an alcázar is the Alhambra, a fortress and palace built in Granada, Spain
during the 13th and 14th centuries.
The Palacio de Generalife (Spanish pronunciation: [xe.ne.ɾa.ˈli.fe]; Arabic: ‫ َجنَّة ْالعَ ِريف‬Jannat al-‘Arīf,
literally, "Architect's Garden") was the summer palace and country estate of the Nasrid rulers of
the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus, now beside the city of Granada in the autonomous
community of Andalusia, Spain.
The complex consists of the Patio de la Acequia (Court of the Water Channel or Water-Garden
Courtyard), which has a long pool framed by flowerbeds, fountains, colonnades and pavilions, and
the Jardím de la Sultana (Sultana's Garden or Courtyard of the Cypress). The former is thought to
best preserve the style of the medieval Persian garden in Al-Andalus.
Originally the palace was linked to the Alhambra by a covered walkway across the ravine that now
divides them. The Generalife is one of the oldest surviving Moorishgardens.[3]
Characteristic elements of Moorish architecture include muqarnas, horseshoe arches, voussoirs,
domes, crenellated arches, lancet arches, ogee arches, courtyards, and decorative tile work known
as zellij in Arabic or azulejo in Spanish and Portuguese
Moorish Revival or Neo-Moorish is one of the exotic revival architectural styles that were adopted
by architects of Europe and the Americas in the wake of the Romanticist fascination with all things
oriental. It reached the height of its popularity after the mid-19th century, part of a widening
vocabulary of articulated decorative ornament drawn from historical sources beyond
familiar classical and Gothic modes.
The Spanish word alcázar (pronounced [alˈkaθaɾ]) derives from the Arabic word ‫ القصر‬al-qaṣr "the fort,
castle, or palace".

In the early eighth century, the Moors invaded Spain and marched through the
region defeating any Christian people they found. For nearly seven centuries, the
Moors ruled Spain and their Islamic architectural influence can still be seen,
especially in the southern cities of Spain: Granada, Cordova, Valencia and Seville. In
fact, many of the Spanish Christian churches of today were once Islamic mosques
and buildings.
One of the most distinguished characteristics of Moorish architecture is the plain
exterior of a structure with an exquisitely ornate interior. The Moorish people were
nomads and lived in tents; this naturally translated into the interior of the tent being
the one place that was decorated with beautiful textiles, lush gardens and simple,
portable furnishings.

The interior of the buildings were decorated with fantastic and minutely colored
ornamental details. Elements of nature always included in these buildings were
courtyards with gardens, fountains, reflecting pools and exquisite landscapes.

The climate of the region influenced the building materials used: tile, marble, adobe
brick, clay and plaster. All of these materials would stay cool in the Spanish heat.
Tiled wainscoting in colorful geometric patterns could be found in the majority of the
rooms and mosaic patterns were created with pebbles.

The use of geometry in decor was a nod to the Moors' talent in structural design and
mathematics. The Koran forbids the copying of natural forms so instead craftsman
used stars, crescents, crosses, hexagons and octagons. (They were not allowed to
depict human figures, animals and flowers in their designs.) These geometric shapes
and patterns were created in wood, plaster, tile and textile designs and used these
colors in their designs: red, blue, green, white, sliver and gold.

The Moorish influence on design is one that acutely reflects the religious and
topographical influences of Islam and Spain. The interior elements of these buildings-
yeseria, artesonado, horseshoe & scalloped arches, stalactites, simple columns and
multifoils - are exquisite and unique.
The official design of the national flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly together with a
definition of the features and proportions.
According to the specifications it is a dark green rectangular flag in the proportion of length [A] and
width [B] as 3:2 with a white vertical bar at the mast, the green portion bearing a white crescent in
the centre and a five-pointed white heraldic star. The width of the white portion [C] is one quarter the
width of the flag [A], nearest the mast, so the green portion occupies the remaining three quarters
[D]. Draw a diagonal L3 from the top right hand corner to the bottom left corner of the green portion.
On this diagonal establish two points P1 and P2. P1 is positioned at the centre of the green portion
and P2 at the intersection of the diagonal L3 and an arc C4 created from the top right hand corner
equal to 13/20 the height of the flag [E]. With the centre at point P1 and a radius 3/10 the height of
the flag describe the first circle C1 and with centre at point P2 and a radius 11/40 the height of the
flag describe a second circle C2. The enclosures made by these two circles form the crescent. The
dimensions of the five-pointed white heraldic star are determined by drawing a circle C3 with a
radius 1/10 the height of the flag positioned between P2 and P3 on the diagonal L3. The circle
surrounds the five points of the heraldic star and star lies with one point on the diagonal L3 at point
P3 where the circle C1 intersects the diagonal L3. The flag is colored in Pakistan green having
standard RGB values (red = 0, green = 102, blue = 0) or with hex triplet #006600 or the HSV value =
(h = 120, s = 100, v = 40). The left strip, the star and the crescent are painted in white. The flag is
supported from left white side.

The Palacio de Generalife (Spanish pronunciation: [xe.ne.ɾa.ˈli.fe]; Arabic: ‫ َجنَّة ْالعَ ِريف‬Jannat al-‘Arīf,
literally, "Architect's Garden") was the summer palace and country estate of the Nasrid rulers of
the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus
The complex consists of the (Court of the Water Channel or Water-Garden Courtyard), which has a
long pool framed by flowerbeds, fountains, colonnades and pavilions, and (Sultana's Garden or
Courtyard of the Cypress). The former is thought to best preserve the style of the medieval Persian
garden in Al-Andalus.
Originally the palace was linked to the Alhambra by a covered walkway across the ravine that now
divides them. The Generalife is one of the oldest surviving Moorishgardens.[3]
The Spanish word alcázar (pronounced [alˈkaθaɾ]) derives from the Arabic word ‫ القصر‬al-qaṣr "the fort,
castle, or palace".
A traditional Spanish garden is a style of garden or designed landscape developed in historic
Spain, incorporating principles and elements of garden design from precedents in ancient Persian
gardens, Roman gardens and Islamic gardens, and the great Moorish gardens of the Al-Andalus era
on the Iberian Peninsula.
Traditionally, the paradise garden is interpreted with a central cross axis, in the four cardinal
directions, with long ponds or water channels (a rill or stylized qanat) where water reflects and flows,
set in a walled courtyard. The remaining quadrants often had fruit trees and fragrant plants. Thus,
characteristic sensory experiences are refreshing coolness, humidity, sounds, greenery, and
fragrance. This type of garden is compatible with the Spanish climate of sun and heat. Provisions for
shade are given with the use of arcades, pergolas, trellising, and
garden pavilions. Ceramic elements and tiles are often used: in water features; for structural,
decorative, and seating elements; and as paving; with solid fields, embellishments and accents; and
in pottery.