INTRODUCTION

When substances are brought in contact with each other they intermix, this property is known
as Diffusion. This property of diffusion takes place very rapidly in case of gases and to a
lesser extent in case of liquids, whereas solids do not show this process of diffusion with each
other. But what we can observe in case of solids is that the diffusion of solids in liquids takes
place at a very slow rate. If a solid is kept in contact with an excess of solvent in which it is
soluble, some portion of the solid gets dissolved. We know that this process is known as
dissolution of a solid in liquid and this process has taken place due to the diffusion of solid
particles into liquid. Molecules of solute are in constant random motion due to the collision
between molecules of solute and that of the solvent.

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Study of Diffusion of solids in Liquids

1. 1. CHEMISTRY PROJECT WORK Topic: - Study of Diffusion of solids in Liquids

2. 2. AIM Study of Diffusion of solids in liquids
3. 3. CERTIFICATE This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine investigation
work has been carried out to investigate about the subject matter and the related data
collection and investigation has been completed solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by
Sumit Kumar Rajak of class: -XII, Kendriya vidyalaya Lumding regarding his project
titled : - “Study of Diffusion of solids in liquids.” Teacher’s Signature Signature of
Principal Signature of External examiner
4. 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It would be my pleasure to express my sincere thanks to
My Chemistry Teacher Mr. Satish Kr. TTV in providing a helping hand in this
project. His valuable guidance, support and supervision all through this project titled:
“Study of Diffusion of solids in liquids”, are responsible for attaining its present form.
Name: -Swarup Kumar Boro Class: - XII
5. 5. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Objective 3. Experiment 1 4. Experiment 2 5.
Experiment 3 6. Result
6. 6. INTRODUCTION When substances are brought in contact with each other they
intermix, this property is known as Diffusion. This property of diffusion takes place
very rapidly in case of gases and to a lesser extent in case of liquids, whereas solids
do not show this process of diffusion with each other. But what we can observe in
case of solids is that the diffusion of solids in liquids takes place at a very slow rate. If
a solid is kept in contact with an excess of solvent in which it is soluble, some portion
of the solid gets dissolved. We know that this process is known as dissolution of a
solid in liquid and this process has taken place due to the diffusion of solid particles
into liquid. Molecules of solute are in constant random motion due to the collision
between molecules of solute and that of the solvent.
7. 7. OBJECTIVE Rate of diffusion depends upon:Temperature: As temperature
increases, the kinetic energy of the particles increases so the speed of particles also
increases which thus increases the rate of diffusion. Size of the particle: As the size of
particle increases, rate of diffusion decreases. Mass of the particle: As the mass of the
particle increases the rate of diffusion
8. 8. EXPERIMENT 1 To study diffusion when copper sulphate is brought in contact
with water (liquid) REQUIREMENTS: Copper sulphate crystals, 100ml beaker.
PROCEDURE: 1. Take about 2g of copper sulphate crystals in 100ml beaker. 2. Add
about 50ml of water and allow it to stand for few minutes. 3. Note the development of
 blue colour in water. 4. Allow to stand further till it is observed that all copper
sulphate disappears. 5. Note the blue color change in water.
9. 9. CONCLUSION: When solids such as copper sulphate, potassium permanganate are
brought in contact with liquids such as water, intermixing of substances, i.e. diffusion
takes place.
10. 10. EXPERIMENT 2 To study the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion of
solids in liquids REQUIREMENTS: Copper sulphate crystals, 200ml beaker, watch
glass, wire gauge, burner, tripod stand, thermometer and stop watch. PROCEDURE:
1.Take 5g of copper sulphate each in three beakers. 2. Pour 100ml of distilled water
slowly in one of the beakers. 3. Cover this beaker with a watch glass.
11. 11. 4. Pour 100ml of cold water in a second beaker slowly. 5. Place a third beaker
containing 100ml of water on a tripod stand for heating. 6. Observe the diffusion
process which begins in all the beakers. 7. Record the time taken for the dissolution of
copper sulphate in all the three cases. OBSERVATIONS S. No. 1. Temperature of
Time taken in water min 25 oc 15 o 2. 10 c 20 3. 70 oc 10 CONCLUSION:
12. 12. The Rate of diffusion of copper sulphate in water is in the order of Beaker 3 >
Beaker 1 > Beaker 2. Thus, the rate of diffusion varies directly with temperature.
EXPERIMENT 3 To study the effect of size of particles on the rate of diffusion of
solids in liquids REQUIREMENTS: Graduated 100ml measuring cylinders, copper
sulphate crystals of different sizes, stop watch PROCEDURE: 1. Add 50ml of water
to each of the three cylinders. 2. Take 5g each of big size, medium size, small size
crystals of copper sulphate and add them separately in three cylinders. 3. Allow to
stand for some time.
13. 13. 4. Note the time taken for blue color to reach any fixed mark in each of the
cylinders and note the observations. Observation S.No. Crystal size 1. 2. 3. Big
Medium small Time Taken in Minutes 20 15 10 CONCLUSION: Small particles
undergo diffusion more quickly than bigger particles.
14. 14. RESULT 1.When solids such as copper sulphate, potassium permanganate are
brought in contact with liquid such as water, intermixing of the substances, i.e.
diffusion takes place. 2.The rate of diffusion varies directly with temperature.
15. 15. 3. Small particles undergo diffusion more quickly than bigger particles.
BIBLIOGRAPHY LABORATORY MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY BY: - VEENA
SURI DINESH COMPANION CHEMISTRY BY: - S.K. MALHOTRA WEBSITES
— http://www.cbseportal.com

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Abstract

To Study of Diffusion of Solids in Liquids.

Theory:

When substances are brought in contact with each other, they intermix, this property is
known as diffusion. This property of diffusion takes place very rapidly in case of gases and to
a lesser extent in case of liquids whereas solids do not show this process of diffusion with
each other. But what we can observe in case of solids is that the diffusion of solids in liquids
takes place at very slow rate. If a solid is kept in contact with an excess of solvent in which it
is soluble, some portion of the solid gets dissolved. We know that this process is known as
dissolution of a solid particles into liquid, which takes place due to diffusion of solid particles
into the liquid

Diffusion is also defined as the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration in a given volume of fluid (either liquid or gas) down the
concentration gradient. For example, diffusion molecules will move randomly between areas
of high and low concentration but because there are more molecules in the high concentration
region, more molecules will leave the high concentration region than the low concentration
one. Therefore there will be a net movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Initially, a concentration gradient leaves a smooth decrease in concentration from high to low
which will form between the two regions. As time progress, the gradient will grow
increasingly shallow until the concentrations are equalized.

We know that molecules of solutes in solutions are in constant random motion due to the
collisions between molecules of solute and that of solvent. Also as the temperature is raised
kinetic energy of molecules increase which thereby increase the number of collisions
particles of different substances move at different rates.

Eg : When different coloured inks are placed in water at constant temperature, they diffuse at
different rates:

The speed of the movement of solid particles depends upon or the rate of diffusion depends
upon three factors.

a. Temperature

b. Size of he particles

c. Mass of the particle

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of substances with variable composition. The substance

present in the major proportion is called solvent, whereas the substance present in the minor
proportion is called the solute. It is possible to have solutions composed of several solute.
The process of a solute dissolving in a solvent is called dissolution. Molecules of solute and
that of the solvent are in constant random motion due to the collision between molecules of
solutes and that of solvent.

The components of a solution distribute themselves in a completely random manner given

sufficient time. For example, a lump of sugar chopped into a glass of water dissolves, and
eventually ir.olecules of sugar can be found randomly distributed throughout the water, even
though no mechanical stirring has been employed. This phenomenon, called diffusion, is
similar to the process of diffusion that occurs with gases. The molecules of sugar must be in
constant motion in the solution. In the case of liquid solutions, the sugar molecules do not
move very far before. They encounter other molecules; diffusion in a liquid is therefore less
rapid than diffusion in a gas

Requirements :

CuSO4 crystals, 100 ml beaker, water

Procedure:

1. Take about 2g of CuSO4 crystals in 100 ml beaker.

2. Add about 50ml of water and allow it to stand for few minutes.

3. Note the rate pf development of blue colour in water.

4. Allow to stand further till it is observed that all CuSO 4 crystals disappear.

5. Note the blue colour change in water.

Result:

When solids such as copper sulphate, are brought in contact with liquids such as water
intermixing of substances i.e. diffusion takes place Conclusion

The diffusion equation provides a mathematical description of diffusion. This equation is

derived from Pick's laws, which states that the net movement of diffusing substance per unit
area of section (the flux) is proportional to the concentration gradient (how steeply the
concentration changes in space) and is toward lower concentration (Thus if the concentration
is uniform three will be no met motion). The constant of proportionality is the diffusion
coefficient, which depends on the diffusing spaces and the material through which diffusion
occurs.

The mechanism of diffusion is "Breewnian motion" whereby a molecule makes a random

walk about a central location since by kinetic the mean velocity of a particle zero if it is not
subject to any external forces. Due to collisions with neighbouring molecules, the motion of
the particles is characterized by a mean free path when tends to confine the particle. But since
there is no potential field acting to restore a particle to it original position, it is still free to
move about the vessel or liquid in which it is located

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