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Eukaryotic Transcription
RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNA.
RNA polymerase II transcribes mRNA and
some snRNA.
RNA polymerase III transcribes tRNA and
some other small RNAs.
Each RNA polymerase recognizes its own
promoter.
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Mutation: Altered Genes
Point mutations alter a single base.
– base substitution mutations – substitute
one base for another
• transitions or transversions
• also called missense mutations
– nonsense mutations – create stop codon
– frameshift mutations – caused by
insertion or deletion of a single base
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Translation Translation
There are fewer tRNAs than codons. Elongation continues until the ribosome
Wobble pairing allows less stringent pairing encounters a stop codon.
between the 3’ base of the codon and the Stop codons are recognized by release
5’ base of the anticodon. factors which release the polypeptide from
This allows fewer tRNAs to accommodate all the ribosome.
codons.
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Translation 44
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Translation
The signal sequence/SRP holds the
ribosome on the RER.
As the polypeptide is synthesized it passes
through a pore into the interior of the
endoplasmic reticulum.
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tRNA and Ribosomes Translation
The ribosome has two primary functions: In prokaryotes, initiation of translation
requires the formation of the initiation
– decode the mRNA complex including
– form peptide bonds – an initiator tRNA charged with N-
formylmethionine
– the small ribosomal subunit
peptidyl transferase is the enzymatic
– mRNA strand
component of the ribosome which forms
The ribosome binding sequence of mRNA
peptide bonds between amino acids is complementary to part of rRNA
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Translation
Elongation of translation involves the
addition of amino acids
– a charged tRNA binds to the A site if its
anticodon is complementary to the
codon at the A site
– peptidyl transferase forms a peptide
bond
– the ribosome moves down the mRNA in
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a 5’ to 3’ direction
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Eukaryotic pre-mRNA Splicing tRNA and Ribosomes
The spliceosome is the organelle
tRNA molecules carry amino acids to the
responsible for removing introns and ribosome for incorporation into a
splicing exons together. polypeptide
Small ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) – aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases add
within the spliceosome recognize the intron- amino acids to the acceptor arm of tRNA
exon boundaries
– the anticodon loop contains 3
– introns – non-coding sequences nucleotides complementary to mRNA
– exons – sequences that will be translated codons
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The Nature of Genes
The central dogma of molecular biology
states that information flows in one
direction:
DNA RNA protein
Transcription is the flow of information from
DNA to RNA.
Translation is the flow of information from
RNA to protein.
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The Genetic Code
stop codons: 3 codons (UUA, UGA, UAG)
in the genetic code used to terminate
translation
start codon: the codon (AUG) used to
signify the start of translation
The remainder of the code is degenerate
meaning that some amino acids are
specified by more than one codon.
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Prokaryotic Transcription
A transcriptional unit extends from the
promoter to the terminator.
The promoter is composed of
– a DNA sequence for the binding of RNA
polymerase
– the start site (+1) – the first base to be
transcribed
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Prokaryotic Transcription
During elongation, the transcription bubble
moves down the DNA template at a rate of
50 nucleotides/sec.
The transcription bubble consists of
– RNA polymerase
– DNA template
– growing RNA transcript
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Genes and How They Work
The Nature of Genes
Beadle and Tatum looked for fungal cells
lacking specific enzymes.
– The enzymes were required for the
biochemical pathway producing the
amino acid arginine.
– They identified mutants deficient in each
enzyme of the pathway.
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