PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

Power Quality

PTS 13.01.01
June 2016

© 2016 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form
or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright
owner. PETRONAS Technical Standards are Company’s internal standards and meant for authorized users only.
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FOREWORD

PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) has been developed based on the accumulated knowledge,
experience and best practices of the PETRONAS group supplementing National and International
standards where appropriate. The key objective of PTS is to ensure standard technical practice across
the PETRONAS group.

Compliance to PTS is compulsory for PETRONAS-operated facilities and Joint Ventures (JVs) where
PETRONAS has more than fifty percent (50%) shareholding and/or operational control, and includes
all phases of work activities.

Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers who use PTS are solely responsible in ensuring the quality of
work, goods and services meet the required design and engineering standards. In the case where
specific requirements are not covered in the PTS, it is the responsibility of the
Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers to propose other proven or internationally established
standards or practices of the same level of quality and integrity as reflected in the PTS.

In issuing and making the PTS available, PETRONAS is not making any warranty on the accuracy or
completeness of the information contained in PTS. The Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers shall
ensure accuracy and completeness of the PTS used for the intended design and engineering
requirement and shall inform the Owner for any conflicting requirement with other international
codes and technical standards before start of any work.

PETRONAS is the sole copyright holder of PTS. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, recording or
otherwise) or be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever, without the prior written
consent of PETRONAS.

The PTS shall be used exclusively for the authorised purpose. The users shall arrange for PTS to be
kept in safe custody and shall ensure its secrecy is maintained and provide satisfactory information to
PETRONAS that this requirement is met.
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ANNOUNCEMENT

Please be informed that the entire PTS inventory is currently undergoing transformation exercise from
2013 - 2015 which includes revision to numbering system, format and content. As part of this change,
the PTS numbering system has been revised to 6-digit numbers and drawings, forms and requisition
to 7-digit numbers. All newly revised PTS will adopt this new numbering system, and where required
make reference to other PTS in its revised numbering to ensure consistency. Users are requested to
refer to PTS 00.01.01 (Index to PTS) for mapping between old and revised PTS numbers for clarity. For
further inquiries, contact PTS administrator at ptshelpdesk@petronas.com.my
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Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 5
1.1 SCOPE .............................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERM ........................................................................................................ 5
1.3 SUMMARY OF CHANGES ................................................................................................. 7
2.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................... 8
3.0 VOLTAGE DEVIATIONS ......................................................................................... 10
3.1 VOLTAGE DEVIATIONS DURING NORMAL OPERATIONS............................................... 10
3.2 VOLTAGE DIP DURING MOTOR STARTING .................................................................... 10
3.3 VOLTAGE DIP CAUSED BY NETWORK FAULTS ............................................................... 10
3.4 AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SYSTEM ................................................................................... 10
3.5 SYSTEM STABILITY STUDIES .......................................................................................... 11
3.6 MOTOR RE-ACCELETATION ........................................................................................... 11
3.7 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT EQUIPMENT...................................................... 12
3.8 VOLTAGE DIP MITIGATION FOR MOTORS..................................................................... 12
3.9 VOLTAGE DIP MITIGATION FOR VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES (VSD OR VFD)..................... 13
3.10 VOLTAGE SURGE OR SPIKE............................................................................................. 13
4.0 POWER FACTOR .................................................................................................. 14
4.1 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION ...................................................................................... 14
5.0 HARMONICS ........................................................................................................ 15
5.1 HARMONICS LEVELS ...................................................................................................... 15
5.2 MITIGATION OF HARMONICS ....................................................................................... 15
6.0 POWER QUALITY MEASUREMENT ........................................................................ 16
6.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................................... 16
7.0 FREQUENCY DEVIATIONS ..................................................................................... 17
7.1 LOAD SHEDDING ........................................................................................................... 17
8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 18
APPENDIX 1: IEC 61000-4-34 (CLASS 3) CURVE................................................................. 20
APPENDIX 2: COIL HOLD-IN DEVICE ................................................................................. 21
APPENDIX 3: DIP-PROOF INVERTER ................................................................................. 22
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1.0 INTRODUCTION

This PTS gives recommended practices and requirements to attain and maintain power quality
in PETRONAS facilities. It provides an overview of what are required to be done to mitigate
typical power quality problems found in the plant or any facilities in PETRONAS. This PTS is
developed based on lessons learnt, best practices and experiences.

1.1 SCOPE

1.1.1 This PTS gives minimum technical requirements for power quality in electrical installations
both onshore and offshore.

1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERM

1.2.1 General Definition of Terms & Abbreviations

Refer to PTS Requirements, General Definition of Terms, Abbreviations & Reading Guide PTS
00.01.03 for General Definition of Terms & Abbreviations.

1.2.2 Specific Definition of Terms

No Term Definition

1 ATS Automatic transfer system. Works by

transferring power supply from one feeder or
bus section to another as a result of a voltage
dip of preset magnitude and duration.

2 Disturbance in AC System In AC system, disturbance or elements that can

affect the quality of supply include among
them (compare to nominal value):
i) Voltage deviations – over, dip/sag,
flicker, transient.
ii) Frequency – high/low
iii) Harmonics – voltage and current
iv) Resonance

v) Electro-magnetic interference

3 Electromagnetic Compatibility The ability of a device, equipment or system to

(EMC), function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic
(161-01-07, IEC 60050) environment without introducing intolerable
electromagnetic disturbances to anything in
that environment.

4 Frequency deviation, Difference between the system frequency at a

(614-01-10, IEC 60050) given instant and its nominal value
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No Term Definition

5 Harmonics Frequency components that are integer

multiples of the fundamental line frequency.

6 PCC Point of a power supply network where the

plant power system is interconnected with the
grid. This point is mutually agreed between the
interconnected parties and is usually also the
synchronizing point between the two systems.

7 Power Quality, Characteristics of the electric current, voltage

(614-01-01, IEC 60050) and frequency at a given point in an electric
power system, evaluated against a set of
reference technical parameters.

8 Voltage Deviation, Difference between the supply voltage at a

(614-01-14, IEC 60050) given instant and the declared supply or
nominal voltage.

9 Voltage Dip, Sudden voltage reduction at a point in an

(614-01-08, IEC 60050) electrical power system, followed by voltage
recovery after a short time interval, from a few
periods of the sinusoidal wave of the voltage to
a few seconds.

10 Voltage Surge, Transient voltage wave applied to a line or

(614-03-24, IEC 60050) equipment characterized by a rapid increase
followed generally by a slower non-oscillatory
decrease of the voltage.
Table 1: Specific Definition of Terms

1.2.3 Specific Abbreviations

No Abbreviation Description

1 ATS Automatic Transfer System

2 AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator

3 EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility

4 ENMC Electrical Network Monitoring and Control

system
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No Abbreviation Description

5 FAT Factory Acceptance Test

6 MCC Motor Control Center

7 OLTC On-Load Tap Changer

8 PCC Point of Common Coupling

9 PMS Power Monitoring System

10 PQ Power Quality

11 UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply

12 VFD Variable Frequency Drive

13 VSD Variable Speed Drive

Table 2: Specific Abbreviations

1.3 SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This PTS 13.01.01 (June 2016) replaces PTS 13.01.01 (May 2013).
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2.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

The electrical system shall be design to achieve acceptable power quality suitable for
addressed the following operations:-

i. Continuous process operations driven by electric motors where a short voltage

dip can cause motors to drop out thus interrupting the process.

ii. Multi-stage batch operations where an interruption during one process can
destroy the value of previous operations or result in off-spec products.
The design shall cater for the effects of poor quality as summarized in the following table:-

Impact / Effects of poor power quality

Type Typical Cause Impact/Effects

Voltage dip Faults in the system, switching of
large loads e.g. motor starting.
Opening of motor contactors and
control relays, VSD trip, ATS transfer
(undervoltage relays activated),
motor stalling, generator trip
(undervoltage relays), loss of
synchronism.

Voltage swell Switching transients, lightning, Over-fluxing of transformers,

voltage dip/fault recovery, loss of insulation failure, generator trip
large loads

Voltage Asymmetric loads, unequal Loss of motor full load torque,

unbalance system impedances overheating of rotor/stator and
bearing damage. De-rating of
cables, transformers

Under- System overload due to loss of Load shedding, power swing to the
frequency generation capacity (trip) grid, power blackout
System

Over- Loss of large loads, system faults Generator trip, power swing from
frequency the grid

Poor power Large inductive load, lack or loss Low power factor penalty, de-rating
factor of power factor control. of equipment

Harmonics, Non-linear loads, generator pitch Overheating of equipment (e.g.

resonance windings, failure of harmonics
filters, lack of detuning of PF
correction capacitors
transformers, motors, cables),
overloading of neutral, mal
operation of control systems, data
network congestion, nuisance
tripping of protective devices, over-
stressing of power factor correction
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Impact / Effects of poor power quality

capacitors, saturation of CT,
telecommunication interference,
flickering screens or lights

Electro- Lightning, high voltage switching, Mal-operation or trip of equipment

magnetic non-EMC compliant equipment, or protective devices
interference lack of shielding, bonding and
earthing
Table 3: Impact/ Effects of poor quality
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3.0 VOLTAGE DEVIATIONS

3.1 VOLTAGE DEVIATIONS DURING NORMAL OPERATIONS

3.1.1 During normal operation of a plant, the steady state voltage at the main intake bus, generator
terminals and consumer terminals should not deviate by more than +/- 5% from nominal or
rated value. Notwithstanding the above, the limits set by the Public Utility on voltage
deviations caused by consumers at the PCC shall be adhered to.

3.1.2 Where the plant is connected to the utility grid, the interconnection transformer shall have
an on-load tap changer which is normally on automatic control. Where the plant has an ENMC
or PMS to control the interchange of reactive power with the grid, the OLTC control shall be
integrated with the power interchange control and local voltage control.

3.2 VOLTAGE DIP DURING MOTOR STARTING

3.2.1 Any voltage deviation of more than 10% below nominal voltage for duration of 10 ms to 60
seconds is considered a voltage dip. During motor starting, the voltage dip should not be more
than -15% at the switchboard to which the motor is connected or more than +10% / -20% at
motor terminals. Duration of such voltage dips may range from one second to several
seconds. A motor starting study shall be performed during the Engineering stage of a project
to confirm that these deviation limits are not exceeded. Where the study show that the
deviation limits will be exceeded, measures (to be approved by the Owner) shall be taken to
overcome the excessive voltage drop. The dynamic characteristics of the motor and the driven
equipment shall be modeled in the study. Starters to reduce starting current should only be
used if direct-on-line (DOL) start of motors will cause voltage dips exceeding the limits set
above.

3.3 VOLTAGE DIP CAUSED BY NETWORK FAULTS

3.3.1 The severity of a voltage dip depends on the magnitude of the dip as well as the duration.
Voltage dips caused by network fault typically last less than one second depending on the time
taken by protection to clear the fault. The magnitude of the dip can be as much as 100% i.e.
0V at the point of fault, neglecting any fault impedance. The voltage dip experienced by other
parts of the network differs according to network topology. The severity of the dip can cause
plant interruptions e.g. motors to drop out or ATS to operate

3.4 AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SYSTEM

3.4.1 Auto transfer systems (ATS) are usually implemented using under-voltage schemes. ATS
under-voltage settings shall be coordinated with voltage dip statistics to minimize
unnecessary ATS operation. ATS systems are inherently break-before-make systems which can
cause momentary voltage loss to downstream equipment. As a minimum, the following is
required for ATS systems:-

i. ATS schemes at different voltage levels shall be coordinated such that those for
higher voltages switchboards (upstream) shall operate first thus preventing the
lower voltages switchboards (downstream) ATS from operating.
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ii. ATS undervoltage settings shall be such that nuisance operation is minimised for
voltage dips.

iii. The trip of an incomer (circuit breaker open) due to relay or manual operation
shall immediate initiate the ATS operation without waiting for the undervoltage
relay to operate.

iv. When either incomers or feeders experience under-voltage at the same time, the
ATS operation shall be blocked.

v. The operation of busbar protection or switchboard incomer over-current and

earth fault protection on one section of a switchboard shall block the ATS
operation. This is to prevent the healthy section of the switchboard from closing
onto the faulted section.

vi. ATS shall be modeled in system studies including motor re-acceleration to ensure
robustness of the overall system.

vii. ATS selector switch shall have auto and manual function as minimum.

3.5 SYSTEM STABILITY STUDIES

3.5.1 Transient stability studies shall be carried out for plants or projects which have synchronous
machines. Attention shall be paid to the critical clearance time of faults to prevent generator
pole slipping or to ensure motor re-acceleration is successful. Reference is made to PTS
13.00.02 Section 6.2.3. The CCT shall be determined for both internal plant faults and external
grid faults.

3.5.2 In addition to fast fault clearance as determined by CCT, pole slipping protection (out-of-step
relay) may be considered for generators and interconnection with the grid. The out-of-step
relays shall be coordinated with generator loss-of-field (LOF) relays since the LOF relays may
also operate during pole slipping conditions.

3.6 MOTOR RE-ACCELETATION

3.6.1 A motor re-acceleration scheme shall be implemented to restart motors after a voltage dip.
This will require motor re-acceleration studies to be carried out. Fault clearance times shall be
determined to allow successful re-acceleration.

3.6.2 Process requirements or constraints during motor restart shall be taken into consideration.
Voltage at switchboards busbars shall be maintained at minimum 90% during motor re-
acceleration. Motors shall be equipped with restarting facility as required by the Owner. For
system studies modeling, the actual contactor drop-out voltages shall be used which must be
supported by factory tests. In the absence of such tests, a value of 65% nominal voltage may
be assumed for contactor drop-out.

3.6.3 Motor restart schemes shall be implemented as follows:

On motor drop-out, if the voltage recovers to 90% nominal in:

i. less than 0.2 seconds, immediate restart of all motors

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ii. between 0.2 – 4 seconds, sequential restart

iii. more than 4 seconds, no restart

3.6.4 Motors controlled by circuit breakers or motors controlled by external supplies from UPS shall
be equipped with under-voltage relays and restart relays to trip the motors. This is to prevent
motors from stalling which can restrain voltage recovery or subject the motor to overcurrent
during under-voltage condition. Under-voltage relays shall be inherently self resetting to allow
automatic restart.

3.6.5 For sequential restart, motors shall be restarted in batches based on criticality or process
requirements. Attention shall be given to start permissive signals originating from process
instrumented systems.

3.7 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT EQUIPMENT

3.7.1 Plant equipment shall have voltage dip immunity characteristics in accordance with IEC 61000-
4-11, 61000-4-34 and 61000-2-4.

3.7.2 Manufacturer shall provide motor contactor voltage drop-out value which shall be verified by
testing.

3.7.3 For plants equipped with generators, dynamic response tests shall be carried out to fine-tune
the governor and excitation systems for proper dynamic behavior (refer PTS 13.00.02 Sections
7.3 and 7.4 and PTS 13.02.01 Section 4.3.1.3.4). This should be done during FAT or
commissioning.

3.7.4 Emergency diesel generators are designed to start up automatically and supply power to plant
vital loads in the event of voltage loss / dips. This function shall be tested on a regular basis as
part of plant routine testing of equipment (auto start test). It shall also be part of the testing
regiment to load the machines either by synchronising them to the plant electrical system/grid
or using a load bank. For new installations, the design of the emergency switchboard shall
allow auto-start functional test (break-before-make) to be carried out without causing any
voltage dip to the essential loads.

3.8 VOLTAGE DIP MITIGATION FOR MOTORS

3.8.1 Since motor contactors will inherently drop out if the voltage dip is severe enough, a
successful motor re-acceleration scheme is vital to avoid or minimize interruption to plant
operation. In general, plant equipment shall comply with the voltage dip immunity
characteristics as per IEC 61000-4-34 (Appendix 1).

3.8.2 Motors with control circuit power supply from UPS will not drop out during voltage dips.
However, to prevent these motors from stalling, under-voltage protection shall be provided.
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3.8.3 To eliminate the risk of critical motors not restarting successfully, the following methods
should be implemented to improve the immunity of these motors during voltage dips. The
behavior of such voltage dip mitigation devices need to be modeled and included in the
transient stability and motor re-acceleration studies.

i. Coil hold-in device

a) The hold-in device is connected between the power source and the
contactor coil (Appendix 2. During voltage dips, sufficient current flow
is maintained through the contactor coil to hold the main contacts in
place. The circuit shall be designed to provide hold-in current for dips
down to about 25% remaining voltage.

ii. Dip-proof inverter

a) The dip-proof inverter consists of a static switch in series with, and an

inverter in parallel to, the load. Energy is stored in a capacitor bank
(Appendix 3). During standby operation, the static switch supplies
power directly to the load, the inverter is switched off and the
capacitors are charged to the full operating voltage. Should there be
a deviation which is greater than a preset value, the static switch is
switched off and the inverter is activated. Switchover is typically less
than 0.2 ms.

b) If the voltage recovers within a preset time, the inverter supply is

synchronized to the mains and the load is switched back to the
supply, the capacitors are recharged in less than one second and the
inverter is ready to compensate for the next voltage dip. If the input
voltage does not recover within the preset time, the load is switched
back to the supply regardless of the voltage level.

3.9 VOLTAGE DIP MITIGATION FOR VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES (VSD OR VFD)

3.9.1 VSD shall be able to ride-through voltage dips in accordance with IEC 61000-4-34 (APPENDIX
1).

3.10 VOLTAGE SURGE OR SPIKE

3.10.1 If specified, an overvoltage study shall be carried out to determine the requirement for surge
arrestors. Surge arrestors shall be install as close as possible to the equipment to be protected.

3.10.2 Calculation of separation distances shall be in accordance with IEEE Standard C62.22-19
whereas calculation of arrestor protective zones shall comply with IEC 60071-2.
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4.0 POWER FACTOR

4.1 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

4.1.1 Power factor at the point of common coupling (PCC) should be maintained at the required
value. For the control of power factor, reference is made to PTS 13.00.01 Section 4.4.

4.1.2 Where capacitors are used, measurements and / or studies shall be carried out to verify that
they do not cause any resonance or overvoltage effects in the system. If necessary, the
capacitors shall be de-tuned accordingly by adding a reactor in series.
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5.0 HARMONICS

5.1 HARMONICS LEVELS

5.1.1 Harmonics levels shall comply with PTS 13.00.01. However, if the Utility imposes more
stringent requirements, then those limits shall apply as shown in the table below.

5.1.2 Reference is to be made to IEEE 519 for allowable harmonic current levels. Harmonics
generated in static UPS, VSD and power electronics devices shall comply with the EMC
requirements as specified in:

i. PTS 13.12.02 Static DC UPS units

ii. PTS 13.12.01 Static AC UPS units

iii. PTS 13.22.01 A.C Electrical Variable Speed Drive Systems

iv. PTS 13.13.03 Electrical Process Heaters

5.1.3 Required FAT tests shall be carried out to ensure compliance with above limits. Where FATs
are not possible for distribution systems, equipment shall be specified to IEC61000-3-2,
software simulations performed to gauge IEEE519 compliance, and results verified at site.

5.2 MITIGATION OF HARMONICS

5.2.1 A harmonics study shall be carried out for plants or projects which have sizeable power
capacitors or power electronics equipment. In addition, power quality measurements shall be
carried out in existing plants to ascertain the level of harmonics in a facility.

5.2.2 To mitigate excessive harmonics, harmonic filters shall be installed. The type of filter to be
installed should be decided based on effectiveness, reliability and economic considerations.
There are generally two types of filters; passive and active filters. Where passive filters
consisting of LC elements are installed, they should be of the acceptor circuit type (L and C in
series). The filters shall be connected in parallel with the supply.

5.2.3 Active harmonic filters shall be connected in parallel with the supply. In general, they shall be
connected as close as possible to the harmonic source.
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6.0 POWER QUALITY MEASUREMENT

6.1 GENERAL
6.1.1 Permanently installed PQ analyser with disturbance recording function should be installed at
each Point of Common Coupling with the grid. As a minimum, plant switchboards shall have
facilities for plug-in measurement of 3-phase voltage and current by a portable PQ analyzer.

6.1.2 Portable PQ measuring instruments are recommended for quick snapshots of power quality
at the point of measurement. Plant personnel should be trained to use them and to analyze
the results.
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7.0 FREQUENCY DEVIATIONS

7.1 LOAD SHEDDING

7.1.1 During normal operation, frequency shall be maintained at 50 Hz or 60 Hz +/- 2% as per PTS
13.00.01 Section 3.

7.1.2 For plants which are connected to the grid, the system frequency will be determined by the
grid. Plants with their own generation and can run on island mode shall have a load shedding
scheme (PTS 13.30.01 Section 4). Dynamic studies for load shedding schemes shall be carried
out accordingly.

7.1.3 During island operation, plants that run N+ 1 generator normally allow for the trip of the
largest generator without causing any impact to the plant. In such a trip scenario, the dynamic
response of the remaining N generators shall be such that the system frequency will not drop
to a value that initiates load shedding. The prime mover dynamic characteristics shall be fine-
tuned by testing in accordance with PTS 13.00.02 Section 7 and PTS 13.02.01 Section 4.
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8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

In this PTS, reference is made to the following Standards/Publications. Unless specifically

designated by date, the latest edition of each publication shall be used, together with any
supplements/revisions thereto:

PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

Index to PTS PTS 00.01.01
PTS Requirements, General Definition of Terms, Abbreviations & PTS 00.01.03
Reading Guide
Electrical Engineering Guidelines PTS 13.00.01
Electrical Network Monitoring and Control System - PTS 13.30.01
Application
Electrical Supply and Generation – design and operation PTS 13.00.02
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) requirements PTS 13.50.01
Synchronous A.C. Machine PTS 13.21.01
Packaged Unit A.C. Generator Sets PTS 13.21.02
Static D.C. Uninterruptible Power Supply (DC UPS) units PTS 13.12.02
Static A.C. Uninterruptible Power Supply unit (static AC PTS 13.12.01
UPS)
A.C. Electrical Variable Speed Drive Systems PTS 13.22.01
Low-voltage Switchgear and Controlgear Assemblies PTS 13.11.02
High-voltage Switchgear and Controlgear Assemblies PTS 13.11.01
Electrical Process Heaters PTS 13.13.03
Field Commissioning and Maintenance of Electrical PTS 13.02.01
Installations and Equipment
Electrical Engineering Guidelines PTS 13.00.01
Electrical Network Monitoring and Control System - PTS 13.30.01
Application

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control IEEE 519
in Electrical Power Systems
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) IEC 61000
Environment - Compatibility levels in industrial plants for low- IEC 61000-2-4:
frequency conducted disturbances 2002
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Testing and measurement techniques - Voltage dips, short IEC 61000-4-11:

interruptions and variation immunity test 2004
Testing and measurement techniques - Voltage dips, short IEC 61000-4-34:
interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests for equipment 2005
with mains current more than 16 A per phase
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APPENDIX 1: IEC 61000-4-34 (CLASS 3) CURVE

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APPENDIX 2: COIL HOLD-IN DEVICE

Figure1: Before Installation

Figure 2: After Installation

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APPENDIX 3: DIP-PROOF INVERTER