1

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st Term,

AY 2018-2019

Research Paper entitled:

Zooplankton community of the pool in the seminary

of the University of Santo Tomas

A Research Proposal

Presented to the

Senior High School

University of Santo Tomas

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements of the Course

Practical Research 2

By:

ANGELES, Abigail Y.

ARAIS, Mark Noah

BUTAWAN, Angela Samantha M.

CINCO, Paolo Miguel D.

CRISTOBAL, Paul Aldrin G.

December 2018
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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st Term,

AY 2018-2019

Abstract:

Zooplankton community composition quickly changes according to a variety of events

that the species respond to; it could be the local environment, seasonal events, or
diurnal cycles. This study intends to impart new knowledge regarding the Zooplankton’s
profile based on its characteristics primarily the Cladoceran and Copepods species. Also,
this aims to determine the species the abundance of species present within the
seminary pool of the University of Santo Tomas from the months of January 2019 to
March 2019. Conical nets will be used in collecting zooplankton. Specimens is preserved
with 70% ethanol and properly stored in labeled screw-capped bottles.These will be
counted using Hemocytometer, filtered using mesh filter and stained with Rose Bengal
dye. Eventually, it will be classified according to their manor taxonomic group with the
aid of taxonomic keys and illustrations.

Keywords: Zooplankton’s profile, Seminary pool, Cladoceran, Copepods, diurnal cycle

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................PAGE
5

1.1. Background of the study .............................................................................. 5

1.2. Objectives ................................................................................................... 7

1.3 Significance of the study .............................................................................. 7

1.4 Scope & limitations ...................................................................................... 8

2. Review of Related literature ............................................................................... 9

2.1. Information on freshwater zooplankton in the Philippines ................. 9

2.2 Common groups of zooplankton ................................................................ 9

2.3 Zooplankton Sampling Methods ........................................................ 11

2.4 Determining the abundance of zooplankton species ........................... 12

2.5 Specie richness and diversity among Philippine lakes ...........................12

2.6 Composition of zooplankton in tropical and temperate lakes ................14

2.7 Environmental Factors that influence the distribution of zooplankton community 15

2.8 Diversity Indices ......................................................................................17

2.9 Significance of Identifying and Classifying of Zooplankton .......................19

2.9.1 Zooplankton as indicators of water quality ...........................................22

3. The Research Methods .................................................................................23

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st Term,

AY 2018-2019

3.1 Research Design .................................................................................... 23

3.2 Data sampling ....................................................................................... 23

3.3 Data analysis .......................................................................................... 24

References ......................................................................................................25

Appendix 1 ......................................................................................................27

Appendix 2 ......................................................................................................29
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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The country’s location and geographic origins make it megadiverse with a lot of

endemic species per unit area. There are 206 integrated priority areas for biodiversity

conservation initiatives, 170 are terrestrial and 36 are marine. Freshwater bodies are at

least 2,000 km of the total land area of the Philippines stated by the Philippine

Biodiversity Conservation Priority. (DENR-PAWB, 2009) There are a lot of organisms

that can be located in the surface of aquatic environments and zooplankton is one,

mainly recognized as a tiny animal which is usually a weak swimmer because it just drift

along with the currents of the water. (Shiel, 1995) Also, it can be referred as an

indispensible component of an aquatic ecosystem which plays an essential role on

becoming a major link from primary producers (phytoplankton and aquatic

macrophytes) to a higher level consumers and used as a bioindicator wherein it is

beneficial in accessing the health of an aquatic ecosystem. Their significance to aquatic

ecosystems may be attributed to their unique life histories and role in the food web too

(Papa, et al, 2012). There are various species of zooplankton that can be found.
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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

One of it is Clacodera which is a small brachiopod crustaceans referred to as water fleas

which are notable components in the microfaunal food chain that are often herbivorous

or detritivorous (Shiel, 1995) while Copepod group is the most enormous subclass of the

crustacea having three free living orders that are primarily parasitic.

Zooplankton form a diverse community with a composition that changes depending

on a wide range of factors which are the physical, chemical and biological factors that

influence the composition and abundance of zooplankton communities. (Matsumara-

Tundinsi & Noguiera, 1996) Factors recognized mostly are temperature, pH, and

availability of food, in natural environment these act simultaneously causing it to

interact to different degrees modifying the zooplankton structure in many ways.

Temperature controls the reproductive rate, population size and metabolism of the

species (Edmondson, 1965). In tropical regions, precipitation and wind are significant

physical factors affecting zooplankton structure and predation by fish may affect its

structure as well in accordance with the fish feeding mode. (Brooks & Dodson, 1965)

Based from the previous studies that were conducted to determine the abundance of

zooplankton species which took place on several Philippine lakes, Laguna de Bay is

considerably known to be diverse in zooplankton while Lake Lanao has a limnetic

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

zooplankton community despite its high productivity and the diversity found on it is

greatly influenced by a planktonic invertebrate obligate predator, Chaoborus. (Lewis,

1975) On the other hand, Lake Taal possess all the elements of a tropical zooplankton

assemblage which appears to be more diverse than any major lake in the country

because of the presence of a planktivoroys fish, Sardinella tawilis which has a direct

influence on zooplankton diversity, size composition and abundance. (Fernando, 1980)

1.2 OBJECTIVES

The study aims to determine the zooplankton's profile in the seminary pool of the

University of Santo Tomas. In particular the study aims to determine the species present

from the months of January 2019 to March 2019; and to determine the abundance of

each zooplankton.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study can impart new discovery about the zooplankton community present in the

seminary pool of University of Santo Tomas; and it can broaden the knowledge of

people (especially the thomasians) on zooplankton. The results that will be produce in

this study can provide accurate data and information to other people in order for them

to have better understanding on the importance of zooplankton. The study can be a

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

basis for other researches related to this topic. All data that can also help other

researchers who will be conducting similar study in the future.

1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The collection of samples will be conducted from the months of January 2019 to March 2019

only within the seminary pool of University of Santo Tomas. The samples of zooplankton that

will be collected will then be analyzed. The study will only focus on the two (2) common groups

of zooplankton namely: Cladocera and Copepeda. The study will also be grounded only in

determining the characteristics, composition and profile of zooplanktons that will be collected.

The study will also tackle the environmental factors that influence the distribution of

zooplankton community in the seminary pool.

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITRATURE

2.1 Information on freshwater zooplankton in the Philippines

In the late 19th century, the first research on freshwater zooplankton in the Philippines

had been conducted. Semper (1872) recorded the first zooplankton specie that was

discovered in the country. In the 1970s, freshwater zooplankton in the Philippines

counted a total of only 125 species of Copepeda, Cladocera, and Rotifera. More recent

researches put the total number of Philippine freshwater zooplankton specie at

deficient 141 spp. (Mamaril Sr. and Fernando 1978; Mamaril Sr.2001). The most

thorough publication on Philippine freshwater zooplankton systematics recorded a total

number of 125 zooplankton specie having 49 cladocerans and 9 copepods collected

from the littoral and limnetic zones of lakes and reservoirs as well as smaller bodies of

water in the Philippines. (Mamaril Sr., & Fernando 1978)

2.2 Common groups of zooplankton

Cladocerans are crustaceans that have a single eye and a bivalve carapace.

Cladocerans are associated as “water fleas” and its size ranges from less than 500

microns to 1 mm. The four to six pairs of its legs beat simultaneously to produce a
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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

current that carries food particles to the animal’s mouth. The enlarged antennae is

primarily used for swimming. Cladocerans are typically identified base on their body

shape,size and particularly by examining the post abdominal claw. ( Shiel, 1995 ).

Copepods are zooplankton that have segmented body with small appendages on the

head, thorax and two caudal setae at the bottom part of the abdomen. The size of the

copepods ranges from 500 microns to 2 mm. Calanoids and cyclopoids are the most

common copepod specie in lakes and ponds. Copepods are brown in color and

sometimes appears to be in red and orange colors due to the accumulated lipid droplets

inside its body. Shiel (1995).

Rotifers are small zooplankton that has two distinctive features. Their size typically

ranges from 100 to 500 microns. Rotifers have a ciliated region at the head called

corona which is used for movement and collecting food particles from water. They also

have a muscular pharynx made of two hard jaws called trophi. These two tiny structures

are used to identify rotifers to the specie level.

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

2.3 Zooplankton Sampling Methods

There are different methods of sampling zooplankton. Some of these are via plankton

nets, plankton traps, plankton tubes, and optical plankton counters. (de Bernardi 1984).

Plankton Nets has been used for a long time. A common variation is that of a net conical

in shape. This acts like a filter, allowing the water to pass and collect the plankton (or in

different specifications, can let smaller organisms pass and catch only specific ones.).

(de Bernardi 1984)

Plankton traps can be considered as bottles specialized for collecting plankton. These

samplers have fast closing systems and large openings (mouths), which helps in reducing

the risk of being avoided by the plankton. (de Bernardi 1984). A plankton tube is like a

long flexible bottle that is lowered into the water to collect plankton. These tubes

should remain vertical as they are submerged. They are useful for sampling a whole

column of water in shallow waters. (Pennak 1962) The water is pumped through the

tube, thus collecting the plankton within the water column, then closes with a closing

device which secures the catch. (George & Owen 1978)

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

2.4 Determining the abundance of zooplankton species

Philippines is an archipelagic nation with 7,641 islands in Southeast Asia. The country’s

location and geographic origins make it a megadiverse country with a lot of endemic specie

per unit area. According to the Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priority, there are 206

integrated priority areas for biodiversity conservation initiatives, 170 are terrestrial and 36

are marine. Freshwater bodies are at least 2,000 km2 of the total land area of the

Philippines. It includes 211 lakes, 18 major river systems and 22 swamps and small

reservoirs that provide energy, irrigation and food. (DENR-PAWB, 2009)

2.5 Specie richness and diversity among Philippine lakes

An updated taxonomy and distribution of micro-crustacean zooplankton in the

Philippines was provided by Lopez et. Al (2017). A total of 84 species with 11 calanoid, 18

cyclopoid copepod species and 55 cladoceran species were included.

Laguna de Bay is diverse in its zooplankton. Among the 21 species of Rotifera, there

were at least three branchionid species present (3 spp. of Brachionus and Platyias

quadricornis). An endemic calanoid was present, Filipinodiaptomus insulanus, and another

calanoid identified as Arctodiaptomus was also present. (Mamaril,1986).

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

Lake Lanao has a limnetic zooplankton community despite its high productivity, which

is enhanced by atelomixis, the remixing of divided epilimnion. The rotifer Branchionus

forficula and the cladocerans Diaphanosoma modigliani, Bosminopsis deitersi and Bosmina

longirostis were recorded by Woltereck (1941). (Mamaril, 2001).

Lewis (1975) stated that the zooplankton diversity and abundance in Lake Lanao are

greatly influenced by a planktonic invertebrate obligate predator, Chaoborus. It is an

amazing predator of zooplankton and the only large non-piscine carnivore preying on

zooplankton. (as cited by Mamaril, 2001).

According to Fernando (1980), Lake Taal has all the elements of a tropical zooplankton

assemblage. Among the rotifera, Brachionus is represented among nine species. The only

large-bodied Cladocera observed is Simocephalus vetulus. The limnetic species

Diaphanosoma sarsi and Ceriodaphnia cornuta are also present. Cyclopods copepods are

also presented with five species out of seven species in the entire country. (Mamaril, 2001).

The zooplankton in Taal Lake appear to be more diverse than any major lake in our

country because of the presence of a planktivorous fish, Sardinella tawilis, which is an

endemic in Taal. Lazzaro (1987) stated that the feature of planktivory has a direct influence

on zooplankton diversity, size composition and abundance

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st Term,

AY 2018-2019

2.6 Composition of zooplankton in tropical and temperate lakes

Fernando (1980) said that freshwater zooplankton are less diverse than marine

zooplankton because the species composition differs between tropical and temperate

regions, and there are fewer tropical freshwater zooplankton. (Mamaril, 2001).

Southeast Asian Rotifera are mainly represented by Branchionus and Keratella tropica. B.

calyciflorus along with B. patulus, B. quadridentatus and Platyias quadricornis are closely

related here in the Philippines. Rotifera are found in various freshwater biotopes in the

Philippines. The shortage of Cladocera in the tropic was pointed out by Fernando (1980).

These are due to the rareness of Daphnia, a member of the order Cladocera. Also, the

absence of representatives of families that are a feature of temperature lakes, such as

Leptodoridae, Holopedidae, and Polyphemidae, and absence of large Cladocera like

Eurycercus and Saycia. (Mamaril, 2001).

Temperate species are almost the same number as the tropical species. Sometimes,

there may be more species in regions of tropics than in temperate areas. In the study of

Mamaril (1986), seventeen co-occurring species were recorded in a single sample collected

at the Bustos Dam in Bulacan.

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

2.7 Environmental Factors that influence the distribution of zooplankton community

There are a number of physical, chemical and biological factors that influence the

composition and abundance of zooplankton communities. Factors recognized mostly are

temperature, Ph, and availability of food, in natural environment these act simultaneously

causing it to interact to different degrees modifying the zooplankton structure in many

ways.

Temperature controls the reproductive rate, population size and metabolism of the

species (Edmondson, 1965). In tropical regions, precipitation and wind are significant

physical factors affecting zooplankton structure (Matsumara-Tundinsi & Noguiera, 1996).

Predation by fish may affect its structure as well in accordance with the fish feeding mode:

selective feeders, differential capture of organisms, tendency to eliminate large species

which are replaced by less vulnerable forms (Brooks & Dodson, 1965). The diversity of

species may be less sometimes but the abundance of a single species may be superior over

other groups, and the abundance of zooplankton has a relation to hydrography,

physicochemical factors and availability of phytoplankton. Temperature and Ph are both

positively connected to species diversity while conductivity and salinity are negatively

related. Quality and quantity of food, interference competition, predation and ecological
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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

conditions influence plankton communities which will lead in favoring species over

others that is why reservoirs mostly found in Brazil is dominated by Rotifers,

Based from a study conducted by (Lirio & Labana,) Copepods became dominant in

Laguna de Bay which can be compared to the data gathered by (Sampaio et al, 2002)

wherein Rotifers normally outweigh tropical waters. Species diversity is lower during

summer months and higher during winter months which will result that the richness of

some copepods have an accurate evidence (Duggan et al, 2001) that the changes in water

temperature would really play a significant role.

A study conducted by Badsi et. Al (2010), analyzed the physicochemical parameter that

indicates the certain environmental factors that are essential to the evolution and

operation of the closed lagoon. The parameters include nutrients, dissolved oxygen, Ph and

temperature.

Rotifers were the most dominant zooplankton observed. The densities of the

zooplankton ranged from 551 and 4217 organisms and rotifers ranged between 503.5 and

4198 organisms. The result, according to Margalef (1983) and Orcutt and Pace (1984), says

that a strong representation of rotifers in aquatic freshwater can be considered as an

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

indicator of a high biological trophic level. The studies of the distribution of zooplankton

population are characterized by the importance of rotifers.

2.8 Diversity Indices

Diversity Indices are widely used in order to measure and monitor the diversity of

species and to report about the condition of the environment. It considers the total

number of species present together with the abundance of each species. This can also be

referred as a statistics which summarizes the population’s diversity, wherein each member

belongs to a distinct group.

Shannon Index is just one of the many indices in species diversity that provides more

complex information and mainly used to characterize diversity of species like plant and

animal communities. This shows that all the species are represented and randomly

sampled. Shannon index also accounts for both evenness and abundance of the species

present. In order to calculate the index, the first step is to divide the number of individual

species found in the sample by the total number of all the species, which it will be called as

P1 and next thing is to multiply the fraction by its natural log (P, * In P,). Lastly, sum all the -

(P, * In P,) products in order to know the value of H. H value is beneficial in knowing the

way the abundance of species is being distributed among other species within the
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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

community. There are some advantages of using Shannon Index and one of it is that its

sample size is not greatly affected and in just the expression it can easily grasp a lot of

information which will be beneficial in large sets of data that will be communicated to a

general audience.

Simpson’s Diversity Index is used in computing the number of something moreover its

relative quality. In ecological study, it is frequently used for measuring the biodiversity

of species. Researchers need to know if the data they got is correct, and also they use

this especially in dealing with huge quantities of data and the size of the diversity in the

data is very difficult to solve from reading only from a table of results. To understand

deeper the concepts, there are two main factors to consider to measure a diversity. The

first one is richness, the total number of species present in diversity. Second is Evenness,

measures the relative quality of the species. Nevertheless, the diversity does not rely

only on richness, but also on evenness. Simpson’s Index measures the two randomly

selected species from a sample will be the same. The formula used for calculating the

 𝑛(𝑛−1)
value of the index (D) is: D= 1 - where n is the number of species showing one
𝑁(𝑁−1)

quality and N is the total of all species.

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st Term,

AY 2018-2019

2.9 Significance of Identifying and Classifying of Zooplankton

Many interactions take place that is closely related to the food chains between

species in a micro-faunal community. Shiel (1995) explained that the community

composition quickly changes according to a variety of events that the species respond

to. It could be the local environment conditions, seasonal events, or diurnal cycles. This

indicates that a microscopic organism may vary from place to place which exhibits

different surroundings. With a community as diverse as the zooplankton, the

identification and classification of each sample plays a significant and vital role in this

research.

Shiel (1995) presented that Rotifers differ in their forms, classes, and strategies in

reproduction. This group has semisessile, sessile, semiplanktonic, planktonic, creeping,

and planktonic forms. Each of these differs in their external anatomy and internal

organization. Another factor that can help in the identification and classification of this

specie is its own life cycle. It consists of three classes, each having three different

strategies in reproduction. First is the Seisonidea, which is the bisexual phase consisting

of males and females. Bdelloida, which are asexual parthenogens, are all females.

Monogononta is the heterogony phase that generates an evolved alternation of the

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

previous phases. Male generations may happen during this period. The generalized

figure for this is a spindle-shaped, wormlike creature, which the

head, trunk and foot are prominent due to pseudosegmentation. However, a general

body plan for this diverse group is difficult to represent and call it as the typical form.

Mostly found in fresh waters, this group of zooplankton has the fastest reproductive

rate. They are also the most abundant in any metazoan. Rotifers are found in immersed

vegetation in damp moss or in any location that holds water for such a long time.

Ueno (1966) stated that there are several kinds of clacoderans that were found from

the specimens that were collected in the planktons from Lake Taal. They are the

Diaphanosma sarsi, which are females, Ceriodaphnia cornuta and Latonopsis australis.

Every one of these was gathered in different times of the year, and their morphology

slightly differs from each other. Another specimen was collected from a different

expedition from Lakes Lanao, Uyaan, and Dapaon in Mindoro, which are called

Bosminopsis deitersi.
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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st Term,

AY 2018-2019

Cladocera is generally the term used for small branchipod crustaceans referred to as

water fleas, which are notable components in the microfaunal food chain that are often

herbivorous or detritivorous. Most cladocerans collected in inland waters have internal

organization usually located in the carapace which covers their trunks and limbs. Their

size ranges from 250μm in the chydorid genus to 6mm in the daphnia genus. This group

is divided into seven types of genus namely; Bosminidae, Chydoridae, Sidiidae,

Daphniidae, Moinidae, Ilyocryptidae, and Macrothricidae. (Shiel, 1995)

Copepod group is the most enormous subclass of the Crustacea having three free-

living orders that are primarily parasitic, which are classified as Calanoida, Cyclopodia,

and Harpacticoida. Only the Harpacticoida are occasionally found in open waters

because they are commonly located at the benthic zone, which is at the lowest level of a

large body of water. The Calanoids are usually the dominant elements of zooplankton in

terms of the limnetic region of inland waters. Development in these species goes

through five stages before reaching the adult period where most of the sexual

dimorphism is attained.
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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

Overall, the identification and classification of zooplankton plays a vital role in

experienting such an environment that hasn’t been disturbed for a very long time. The

temperature of a surrounding affects the life cycle of micro-invertebrates, which then

becomes a factor on their morphology, or physiology. Even though they have a rapid

succession in a very short time frame, their reproduction is very consistent, making an

environment to be possibly having large communities with these species. (Shiel,1995)

2.9.1 Zooplankton as indicators of water quality

One of the possible indicators of water quality in bodies of water with trophic

biological conditions is the zooplankton. They can adapt more quickly to environmental

changes than fishes. They also become highly dependent with each other during those

periods. Compared to the phytoplankton, they are bigger and easier to classify, which

enable samples to be examined in a short time. Because of the composition and

abundance in their community, they come to be receptive indicator that demonstrates

subtle differences in their physiochemical characteristics. (Gannon & Stemberger, 1978)

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

CHAPTER 3

THE RESEARCH METHODS

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

This study aims to determine the zooplankton present in the seminary pool of University

of Santo Tomas by analyzing its composition using the appropriate equipment.

Quantitative-descriptive research design will be used since the study wants to

characterize the zooplankton that will be collected. Descriptive approach will be used

since the samples that will be gathered will only be observed and described without

having to control anything from it.

3.2 DATA SAMPLING

Collecting of samples will take place every second week from the months of January to

March of 2019 at the seminary pool of the University of Santo Tomas. Two replicate

vertical tows from 3ft. depth will be made using a conical plankton net. Samples will

then be preserved with 70% ethanol and will be properly stored in labeled screw-

capped bottles. The samples will be brought to the laboratory for the identification and

analysis. (Papa et al. 2018)

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

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3.3 DATA ANALYSIS

Samples will be counted using Hemocytometer and will be filtered using mesh filter

and will be stained with Rose Bengal dye in 70% (v/v) ethanol. Samples will also be

mounted using glycerine, and then will be classified according on their major taxonomic

groups and dissected with the help of Olympus CX2I Compound Microscope and Swift

Stereomicroscope. Identification is will be done with the aid of taxonomic keys and

illustrations on Philippine zooplankton by Mamaril & Fernando (1978), Papa, Tordesillas

& Mamaril Sr. (2012). Species diversity for copepods and cladocerans will be computed

using Shannon Diversity index and will be compared across sampling months using One-

way ANOVA.
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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

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REFERENCES

Aquino, R., Cho, C. D., Cruz, M. A., Papa, R. D. S., Saguiguit, A. (2008). Zooplankton
composition and diversity in Paoay Lake, Luzon Island. Philippine Journal of Science, 137
(2), 9 pages.

Brooks, J. L. & Dodson, S. I, (1965). Predation, body size, and composition of plankton.
Science, 150, 8 pages.

Burns, C. W. (2003) Consequences of Climate-Induced Salinity Increases on Zooplankton

Abundance and Diversity in Coastal Lakes. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 251, 10
pages.

Cruz, D. R., David, C. I., Lopez, M. L., Papa, R. D. S., Paz, E. S., Viernes, G. A., & Wong, J.
F. (2018). Freshwater microcrustaceans in the highly urbanized Metropolitan Manila
Area. Check List, 14,

De Bernardi, R. (1984). Methods for the Estimation of Zooplankton Abundance. A

Manual on Methods for the Assessment of Secondary Productivity in Fresh Waters, 10
pages.

Dela Paz, E. S. P., Guinto, S. K., Lopez, M. L. D., Papa, R. D. S., Pascual, J. A. F., Rizo, E. Z.
S., & Tordesillas, D. T. (2017). Annotated Checklist and Insular Distribution of Freshwater
Microcrustaceans in the Philippines. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 65, 31 pages.

Dmondson, W. T. (1965). Reproducive Rate of Planktonic Rotifers as Related to Food

and Temperature in Nature. Ecology Monogr, 35, 51 pages.

Gannon, J. E., & Stemberger, R. S. (1978). Zooplankton as Indicators of Water Quality.

Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 21 pages.

George, D. G., & Owen, G. H. (1978). A New Tube Sampler for Crustacean Zooplankton.
Limnology and Oceanography, 23 (3), 4 pages.
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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

Mamaril, A. C., Papa, R. D. S., Tordesillas, D. T. (2012). An Updated Taxonomic Account

of Limnetic Crustacean Zooplankton in Lake Taal, Philippines. Philippine Journal of
Science, 141 (2), 9 pages.

Matsumura-Tundisi, T. & Tundisi, J. G. (1976). Plankton Studies in a Lacustrine

Environment. Preliminary Data on Zooplankton Ecology of Broa Reservoir. Oecologia,
25, 6 pages.

McCauley, E. (1984). The Estimation of the Abundance and Biomass of Zooplankton in

Samples. A Manual on Methods for the Assessment of Secondary Productivity in
Freshwaters, 17, 38 pages.

Papa, R. D. S., & Zafaralla, M. T. (2011). The Composition, Diversity and Community
Dynamics of Limnetic Zooplankton in a Tropical a Caldera Lake. Raffles Bulletin of
Zoology, 59 (1).

Pennak, R. W. (1962). Quantitative Zooplankton Sampling in Littoral Vegetation Areas.

Limnology and Oceanography, 23 (3) 4 pages.

Sampaio (2002). Composition and Abundance of Zooplankton in the Limnetic Zone of

Seven Reservoirs of the Paranapamema River. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62 (3), 21
pages.

Shiel, R. J. (1995). A Guide to Identification of Rotifers, Cladocerans and Copepods from

Australian Inland Waters.

How to Calculate Biodiversity, Student Handout. (PDF)

27

Appendix I : Gantt Chart

August September October November
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Activity
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Term, AY 2018-2019

W1 W2 w3 w4 w1 w2 w3 w4 w1 w2 w3 w4 w1 w2 w3 w4
Topic
Proposal
Literature
&
Review
Presentas
Introducti-
on
Methodol-
ogy
Proposal
Final
Research
Proposal
28

Appendix I : Gantt Chart

December January February March
Activity
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

w1 w2 w3 w4 w1 w2 w3 w4 w1 w2 w3 w4 w1 w2 w3 w4
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Term, AY 2018-2019

Final
Research
Proposal
Sampling
(1)
Sampling
(2)
Sampling
(3)
Sampling
(4)
Data
Analysis
 29

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1st

Term, AY 2018-2019

Appendix II Budgetary Requirements

SOURCES OF EXPENSES Quantity

Amount
(PhP)
A. Meetings
*estimated
- Transportation (per day, once a week) 5 Php 1,356
B. Collecting Materials
*estimated:
- Conical Plankton Net 1 Php.5,332.09
- Mesh filter 2 Php.2,358.36
- Screw-capped bottles 4 Php.133.04
C. Chemicals for analysis of zooplankton
samples
- Ethanol ( 70% ) 1 Php. 391.70
- Glycerine ( 60 mL ) 1 Php. 35
*estimated
- Rose Bengal Dye ( 95% ) 1 Php.3,663.49

Php.
TOTAL 13,269.68