Submitted to: Dr. R.K.

Singh
Student Name: Himanshu Agarwal
Roll No.: 2K17/ME/108
FLUID SYSTEMS LAB
Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs)
The Programme Educational Objectives (PEO) of the under-graduate programme
Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) in Mechanical Engineering offered by Delhi
Technological University are:

 PEO1 : Graduates will be successful mechanical engineers in the industry or

in technical or professional careers.
 PEO2 : Graduates will continue to constantly learn in the emerging technology
and advanced field of study.

Programme Outcomes (POs)

On successful completion of the under-graduate programme B.Tech. Mechanical
Engineering, Mechanical Engineering graduates will,
 PO1 Apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering to arrive at
solutions.
 PO2 Identify, formulate and analyse engineering problems through technical
literature.
 PO3 Design a component, a process and a system to meet desired needs
considering economic, environmental, social, ethical, health and safety,
manufacturability and sustainability.
 PO4 Conduct experiment, analyse and interpret data to arrive at valid
conclusions.
 PO5 Use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools for modelling
and prediction of problems by understanding the limitations.
 PO6 Recognize the importance of health and safety, societal, cultural
responsibility in the design and implementation of engineering projects.
 PO7 Know and apply societal and environmental context to engineering
solutions for
 sustainable development.
 PO8 Apply the standards and professional ethics in engineering practice.
 PO9 Function effectively as a member or leader of a team.
 PO10 Express effectively, comprehend and write reports on the engineering
activities.
 PO11 Apply engineering and management principles to manage projects in
 multidisciplinary environments.
 PO12 Engage themselves in life-long learning by recognizing the need and
technological changes.
 Index
S. No. Experiment Date of Work Remarks
1 Experiment 1: 14/8/19
Runners and Impellers

2 Experiment 2: 21/8/19
Using apparatus for measuring force
due to impact of jet from a nozzle

3 Experiment 3: 21/8/19
Francis Turbine performance
characteristics

4 Experiment 4: 28/9/19
Pelton Turbine performance
characteristics

5 Experiment 5:
Kaplan turbine

6 Experiment 6:
Centrifugal Turbine

7 Experiment 7:
Hydraulic Ram
 EXPERIMENT 1
Runners and Impellers

RUNNERS
The runner is the heart of the turbine. This is where water power is transformed into
the rotational force that drives the generator. Regardless of the runner type, its
buckets or blades are responsible for capturing the most possible energy from the
water. The curvature of each surface, front and rear, determines how the water will
push its way around until it falls away. Also keep in mind that any given runner will
perform most efficiently at a specific Head and Flow. The runner should be closely
matched to your site characteristics.
Look for all-metal runners with smooth, polished surfaces to eliminate water and air
turbulence. One-piece, carefully machined runners typically run more efficiently and
reliably than those that are bolted together. Bronze manganese runners work well for
small systems with clean water and Heads up to about 500 feet. High-tensile
stainless steel runners are excellent for larger systems or abrasive water conditions.
All runners should be carefully balanced to minimize vibration, a problem that not
only affects efficiency but can also cause damage over time.

Runner for Pelton Turbine

A Pelton turbine consists of a runner, which is a circular
disc on the periphery of which a number of buckets are
mounted with equal spacing between them. The buckets
mounted are either double hemispherical or double
ellipsoidal shaped.

Runner for Francis Turbine

One of the critical parts of a hydraulic turbine is the turbine
runner. The runner design varies widely depending on the
available pressure and flow. Francis turbines runners
typically have between seven and thirteen fixed blades. The
construction may either be entirely of cast steel or a welded
construction where hot formed blades are welded to the
cast ring and crown. Fig gives an schematically overview
and the notation of a Francis turbine runner.

Runner for Propeller Turbine

Runner is in the form of a boss which is nothing but
extension of bottom end of the shaft into a bigger
diameter. On the periphery of the boss are mounted
equidistantly 3 to 6 six vanes made of stainless steel.
Therefore it will have less contact with the surface of
the water and as much as a low value of frictional
resistance. Further more runner blade are directly
attached to the hub and this feature eliminates
frictional losses.

Runner for Kaplan Turbine

The heart of the component in Kaplan
turbine are its runner blades, as it the
rotating part which helps in production
of electricity. Its shaft is connected to
the shaft of the generator. The runner
of this turbine has a large boss on
which its blades are attached and the
blades of the runner is adjustable to
an optimum angle of attack for
maximum power output. The blades of
the Kaplan turbine have twist along its
length.

IMPELLER
An impeller is a rotating component of a centrifugal pump which transfers energy
from the motor that drives the pump to the fluid being pumped by accelerating the
fluid outwards from the center of rotation. The velocity achieved by the impeller
transfers into pressure when the outward movement of the fluid is confined by the
pump casing. An impeller is usually a short cylinder with an open inlet (called an eye)
to accept incoming fluid, vanes to push the fluid radially, and splined, keyed , or
threaded bore to accept a drive shaft.
The impeller made out of cast material in many cases may be called rotor , also. It is
cheaper to cast the radial impeller right in the support it is fitted on, which is put in
motion by the gearbox from an electric motor, combustion engine or by steam driven
turbine. The rotor usually names both the spindle and the impeller when they are
mounted by bolts.

IMPELLERS CLASSIFICATION
 OPEN
 CLOSED
 SEMI OPEN IMPELLERS

Open impellers
Open impellers do not have a front or a rear shroud;
this allows debris that might foul the impeller to be
dragged along by the impeller, rubbing against the
front and rear stationary wear plates, grinding down
the particulate to a small enough size to pass through
the impeller. This works well with soft particulates but
generally causes too much abrasion on both the
impeller and the wear plates if the particulate is a hard
compound compared to the impeller material. Another
disadvantage for this style of impeller is the need for
the impeller vanes to be fairly thick. They must have
the mechanical strength to support themselves under
the stress of pumping the liquid. This added thickness and results in a decrease in
the flow area. Additionally the clearances, at the front and rear of the blade where
the hub and the shrouds would be on a closed impeller, result in a leakage in the
impeller. This leakage is very dependent on the clearances between the impeller and
the wear plates. As the pump wears over time these clearances increase and further
increase the leakage losses degrading the pumps efficiency and often the flow and
head levels. An advantage of this style of impeller is that they develop almost no
axial hydraulic thrust loads due to the lack of shrouds. They are also easy to
manufacture due to the lack of cores which makes them less expensive .

Closed Impellers

Also called enclosed impellers have a shroud and a hub

surfaced attached. The surfaces have several advantages.
They eliminate the leakage losses across the vanes. They
provide strength and stability to the vane allowing the vane
thickness to be reduced and increasing the flow area
through the impeller. The two shrouds also provide and
axial thrust balancing surface from which the pressure
differential can be balanced. The obvious disadvantage to
this form of impeller is that if the debris that enters the
vanes and is too large to pass through the impeller it
becomes stuck and must be removed by hand. This is
often referred to as de-ragging in the wastewater industry.
It requires the disassembly of the pump which is time consuming and costly.

Semi Open Impellers

These impellers have only one shroud on either the front or
the back of the impeller. They have some of the advantages
of each of the other styles, and their own set of drawbacks.
Thinner blading and reduced leakage losses because the
fluid has only one leakage path over the blade to make them
more efficient than fully open impeller designs. The one face
of the impeller being open allows them to pass particulate
that would clog many closed impellers. Their major
disadvantage is the fact that they have only one shroud that
fluid pressure builds upon. The differential pressure across
the impeller can cause extreme axial thrust loads putting
excessive stress on the bearings or requiring thrust
balancing techniques that increase leakage losses or power
consumption lowering the pump overall efficiency.

 AXIAL
 RADIAL
 MIXED IMPELLERS
Axial Impellers
Axial impellers are best for mixing applications that require
stratification or solid suspension. Axial impellers are set up
to
create effective top to bottom motion in the tank. This
motion
is highly effective when placed over the center of a baffled
tank. Some common types of axial flow impellers include:
marine impellers, pitched blade impellers, and hydrofoils.
Hydrofoil impellers are also known as high efficiency
impellers. They are a popular choice for applications that
require a range from general blending to storage tanks. This
is largely due to the greatest pumping per horsepower, cost
effectiveness, and are ideal for shear sensitive applications.

Radial Impellers
Radial impellers are designed in 4-6 blades. In
radial flow
impellers, the fluid moves perpendicularly to
the impeller. They
produce a radial flow pattern which moves the
contents of the
mixing tank to the sides of the vessel. The
radial flow impacts
the side which causes in either an up or down
direction which
fills the top top and the bottom of the impeller
to be ejected
once more. It is also important to note that
setting up baffles
helps to minimize vortexing and swirling
motions in the tank,
therefore, enhancing agitation efficiency.
Radial impellers are a
great fit for low-level applications inside longer
tanks based
upon the production of higher shear due to the angle of attack.

Mixed Impellers

This design develops pressure/head through centrifugal

forces. It is generally used where a low flow, high head
installation is required. This design is accomplished by
allowing the fluid to be discharged at a 90° angle from the
eye
of the impeller. Nominal rates are in the range of from 100
bpd to 1200 bpd with pump efficiencies in the order of 60%.
The radial stage is a flat stage and is the most efficient
design
for these lower flow rates.
  SINGLE SUCTION
 DOUBLE SUCTION

Single Suction Impeller

It has one side feeding arrangement, that is liquid enter from one side of the impeller.
This
impeller has a disadvantage that it experience an axial thrust towards the inlet end.

Double Suction Impeller

It has two side feeding arrangements, i.e. liquid enters from both sides of impeller.
As a
result the output of impeller. As a result the output of impeller is increased. Also
there is
another advantage of this arrangement over single sided impeller. I.e. it eliminates
the axial thrust.
 Experiment 2
Impact from Jet

AIM: The aim of this experiment is to determine the force by jet impact from a nozzle on
vanes of different geometrical shapes.

THEORY: Impact from jet coming from nozzle has momentum. When this jet hits vane
surface, it changes its direction and velocity which leads to change in momentum. As we
know force is nothing but rate of change of momentum. So, change in momentum of jet
applies force on the vane. Force applied by jet depend upon the shape of vane.

APPARATUS AND MACHINES USED:

The equipment consists of a high
efficiency gun metal nozzle fitted to a
25 mm diameter pipe supply line with
a gate valve. Vertically above the
nozzle, a gun metal vane is fitted to a
bracket of a differential lever which
balances the upward force of the jet
from the nozzle. The lever is provided
with an adjustable no load screw
mechanism. The force due to the jet
on the lever is counterbalanced by
weights placed on a hanger. Different
types of vanes can be fitted to the
bracket. The complete assembly is
enclosed in framed structure housing
with two leak proof transparent sides
for visual observation. The water deflected by the vane is collected in the collecting tank of
the hydraulic bench. For experimental purposes, two brass nozzles with nozzle outlet
diameters of 8mm and 10mm and two gunmetal vanes of the following shape are provided.
1. Semi-circular vane (180deg Angle of deflection)
2. Horizontal flat vane (90deg angle of
deflection)

PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the vane on the support
provided on lever.
2. Measure the distance of differential lever arms and calculate the ratio of lever arms
(2.0 in this case)
3. Balance the lever systems by means of counterweight for no load.
4. Place a weight on the hanger.
5. Open the gate valve and adjust the jet, so that the lever arm is balanced.
6. Collect water in the collecting tank.
7. Note
(a) the pressure gauge reading – P.
(b) The weight placed – W.
(c) Time for 5 cm. rise in the collecting tank –t
8. Repeat the procedure for different loads.

OBSERVATIONS:
1. For Flat Plate Vane:
Area of cross section of tank= 0.3x0.3 =0.09 m 2
Area of cross section of nozzle= πd 2 /4 = π(0.008) 2 /4 = 5.02x10 -5 m 2
Discharge, Q = volume of water in the tank/time
Sr. Pressure Weight Height Time Discharge, Velocity(m/s) Force(N)
No. gauge rises in taken Q
(gm) V=Q/A ρAV2
the tank
(kg/cm2) t(sec) (m3/s)
(cm)
1. 0.8 200 13.5 30 4.05x10-4 8.06 3.3
2. 1.7 400 17.5 30 5.25x10-4 10.33 5.42

2. For Hemispherical plate vane:

Area of cross section of tank= 0.3x0.3 =0.09 m2
Area of cross section of nozzle= πd2/4 = π(0.008)2/4 = 5.02x10-5 m2
Discharge, Q = volume of water in the tank/time

Sr. Pressure Weight Height Time Discharge, Velocity(m/s) Force(N)

No. gauge rises in taken Q
(gm) V=Q/A 2ρAV2
the tank
(kg/cm2) t(sec) (m3/s)
(cm)
1. 0.5 200 12.5 30 3.75x10-4 7.38 5.52
2. 0.7 400 17.0 30 5.10x10-4 10.15 10.34

CALCULATIONS:
Theoretical lifting force = Change in momentum per sec. In vertical direction
Fth =m X v X (SinƟ 1 - SinƟ 2)
For Horizontal flat vane, Ɵ1= 90deg and Ɵ2= 0deg
Fth= m X v
For semi circular vane Ɵ1 = 90deg and Ɵ2 = - 90deg .
Fth= 2 X m X v
Actual lifting force = W X lever arm ratio
Fact= 2.0 W
Where W is the weight placed on hangers.

RESULT:
Hence, we can conclude that different shapes of vane effect the force applied by the same jet.
 Experiment 3
Francis Turbine

AIM: To study the constructional details and performance parameters of Francis Turbine.
THEORY: The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine that was developed by James
B. Francis. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. They operate in
a water head from 40 to 600 m and are primarily used for electrical power production. The
electric generators which most often use this type of turbine have a power output which
generally ranges just a few kilowatts up to 800 MW.
The reaction turbine consists of fixed guide vanes
called stay vanes, adjustable guide vanes called
wicket gates, and rotating blades called runner
blades. Flow enters tangentially at high pressure, is
turned toward the runner by the stay vanes as it
moves along the spiral casing or volute, and then
passes through the wicket gates with a large
tangential velocity component. Momentum is
exchanged between the fluid and the runner as the
runner rotates, and there is a large pressure drop.
Unlike the impulse turbine, the water completely
fills the casing of a reaction turbine. For this reason,
a reaction turbine generally produces more power
than an impulse turbine of the same diameter, net
head, and volume flow rate. The angle of the wicket
gates is adjustable so as to control the volume flow
rate through the runner. In most designs the wicket
gates can close on each other, cutting off the flow of
water into the runner. At design conditions the flow
leaving the wicket gates impinges parallel to the
runner blade leading edge to avoid shock losses. In
Francis turbine a reaction turbine, there is a drop in
static pressure and a drop-in velocity head during
energy transfer in the runner. Only part of the total
head presented to the machine is converted to
velocity head before entering the runner. This is achieved in the adjustable guide vanes.
APPARATUS AND MACHINES USED: The system consists of a motor, venturi
meter and Francis turbine which consists of a runner joined with a draft tube. The Runner of
turbine is connected to a shaft which rotates along with the runner.

Components of the Francis Turbine:

Spiral Casing: Most of these machines have vertical shafts although some smaller machines
of this type have horizontal shaft. The fluid enters from the penstock (pipeline leading to the
turbine from the reservoir at high altitude) to a spiral casing which completely surrounds the
runner. This casing is known as scroll casing or volute. The cross-sectional area of this casing
decreases uniformly along the circumference to keep the fluid velocity constant in magnitude
along its path towards the stay vane. This is so because the rate of flow along the fluid path in
the volute decreases due to continuous entry of the fluid to the runner through the openings of
the stay vanes.
Stay Vanes and Wicket Gates: Water flow is directed toward the runner by the stay vanes as
it moves along the spiral casing, and then it passes through the wicket gates. The basic
purpose of the wicket gate is to convert a part of pressure energy of the fluid to the kinetic
energy and then to direct the fluid on to the runner blades at the angle appropriate to the
design. Moreover, they are pivoted and can be turned by a suitable governing mechanism to
regulate the flow while the load changes. The wicket gates impart a tangential velocity and
hence an angular momentum to the water before its entry to the runner.
Runner: It is the main part of the turbine that has blades on its periphery. During operation,
runner rotates and produces power. For a mixed flow type Francis Turbine, the flow in the
runner is not purely radial but a combination of radial and axial. The flow is inward, i.e. from
the periphery towards the centre. The main direction of flow changes as water passes through
the runner and is finally turned into the axial direction while entering the draft tube. Draft
Tube: After passing through the turbine runner, the exiting fluid still has appreciable kinetic
energy. To recover some of this kinetic energy the flow enters an expanding area (diffuser)
called draft tube, which slows down the flow speed, while increasing the pressure prior to
discharge into the downstream water. Therefore, the primary function of the draft tube is to
reduce the velocity of the discharged water to minimize the loss of kinetic energy at the
outlet. This permits the turbine to be set above the tail water without any appreciable drop of
available head. Moreover, careful design of draft tube is vital, otherwise cavitation can occur
inside the tube.

PROCEDURE:
1. Start the motor and allow the turbine to attain equilibrium.
2. Note the readings in Manometers in venturi meter.
3. Now put some weight in drum brake.
4. Note down the total weight shown.
5. Use tachometer to get the angular velocity.
6. Note the manometer reading at the draft tube located just after the runner.
7. Repeat the above procedure for different weights in the drum brake.

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

Disk Diameter = 300 mm
Inlet Diameter = 100 mm
Throat Diameter = 60 mm
Area of Inlet = 2.82 * 10-3 m3
Area of Throat = 7.85 * 10-3 m3
Hence, Discharge =
S. Total Initial Brake Manometer Q(m3/s R.P. Suppl Input Brake Effici
N Weight( Weight( Power(k Reading ec) M y Power(k power ency
o. kg) kg) W) P1(kg/c P2(kg/c Head( W) (%)
m2) m2) M)
1 2 0.150 0.6340 1.6 1.5 0.0134 2176 17.5 2.3 0.6340 27.56
2 3 0.200 0.8599 1.8 1.5 0.0402 1950 19 7.49 0.8599 11.48
3 4 0.250 1.015 1.75 1.3 0.0603 1720 18 10.64 1.0158 9.54
4 5 0.250 1.150 1.65 1.2 0.0603 1538 18 10.64 1.1506 10.81
5 6 0.300 1.237 1.45 1.2 0.335 1378 16 5.25 1.2370 23.56
 RPM vs Efficiency
30

25

20

15

10

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Now,
Input Power(P1) = Inlet Pressure * Volume Flow Rate
Output Power(P2) = Brake Force * Disk Radius * angular velocity
Efficiency = (P2/ P1) * 100
Supply Head = (Inlet Pressure – Pressure at end of runner)/(Density * g)

RESULT:
Hence, we can see that efficiency of a Francis turbine is high and also that efficiency of
turbine does not change with load, but the shaft velocity changes.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Do not touch the apparatus while taking readings.
2. See the upper Meniscus only.
 Experiment 4
Pelton Turbine

AIM: To study the constructional details and performance parameters of Pelton Turbine.
THEORY:

The Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine in which vanes, sometimes called buckets, of elliptical
shape are attached to the periphery of a rotating wheel, as shown in Fig. 2. One or two nozzles
project a jet of water tangentially to the vane pitch circle. The vanes are of double-outlet
section, as shown in Fig. 3, so that the jet is split and leaves symmetrically on both sides of the
vane. This type of turbine is used for high head and low flow rates. It is named after the
American engineer Lester Pelton.

APPARATUS AND MACHINES USED:

Components of the Pelton turbine:

Runner with bucket: Runner (also named
impeller) of Pelton turbine consists of a
circular disc on the periphery of which a
number of buckets are fixed.
Nozzle: The water coming from the reservoir
through penstock is accelerated to a certain
velocity by means of a nozzle.
Spear: The spear is a conical needle which is
operated either by a hand wheel or
automatically in an axial direction depending
 upon the size of the unit. The amount of water striking the buckets of the runner is controlled
the spear in the nozzle.
Casing: Casing is used to prevent the splashing of the water and to discharge water to tail race.
It is made up of cast iron or steel plate.
Breaking jet: When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the forward
direction the amount of water striking the runner reduce to zero. However, the runner due to
inertia goes on revolving for a long time. To stop the runner in a short time, a small nozzle is
used which directs the jet of water on the back of buckets. This jet of water is called breaking
jet.
Governing mechanism: The speed of turbine runner is required to be maintained constant so
that electric generator can be coupled directly to turbine. Therefore, a device called governor
is used to measure and regulate the speed of turbine runner.

PROCEDURE:
1. Start the motor and allow the turbine to attain equilibrium.
2. Note the readings in Manometers in venturi meter.
3. Now put some weight in drum brake.
4. Note down the total weight shown.
5. Use tachometer to get the angular velocity.
6. Note the manometer reading at the draft tube located just after the runner.
7. Repeat the above procedure for different weights in the drum brake.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

S.no Venturi meter weight Spring Net Inlet Speed discharge input output efficiency
reading balance weight head (RPM)
P1 P2 reading at
turbine
1 1.5 1.6 2 0.150 1.85 17.5 2176 0.00324 0.5562 0.4428 82
2 1.5 1.8 3 0.200 2.8 19 1950 0.00558 1.04 0.6006 57.75
3 1.3 1.75 4 0.250 3.75 18 1720 0.00687 1.2131 0.7095 58.49
4 1.2 1.65 5 0.250 4.75 18 1538 0.00687 1.2131 0.8036 66.2
5 1.2 1.45 6 0.250 5.75 19 1378 0.00601 1.203 0.8716 72.2
6 1.15 1.5 7 0.350 6.65 15 1038 0.00606 0.8919 0.7593 85.13
 Efficiency vs R.P.M
100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Discharge vs RPM
0.008

0.007

0.006

0.005

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
 Output vs RPM
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS: