Angel Aguila

Bsit 2A Automotive

Laws of motion
Newton’s first law may more properly be ascribed to Galileo. It states that a
body continues at rest or in uniform motion along a straight line unless it is
acted upon by a force, and it enables one to recognize when a force is acting. A
tennis ball struck by a racket experiences a sudden change in its motion
attributable to a force exerted by the racket. The player feels the shock of the
impact. According to Newton’s third law (action and reaction are equal and
opposite), the force that the ball exerts on the racket is equal and opposite to that
which the racket exerts on the ball. Moreover, a second balanced action and
reaction acts between player and racket.
Newton’s second law quantifies the concept of force, as well as that of inertia. A
body acted upon by a steady force suffers constant acceleration. Thus, a freely
falling body or a ball rolling down a plane has constant acceleration, as has been
seen, and this is to be interpreted in Newton’s terms as evidence that the force
of gravity, which causes the acceleration, is not changed by the body’s motion.
The same force (e.g., applied by a string which includes a spring balance to
check that the force is the same in different experiments) applied to different
bodies causes different accelerations; and it is found that, if a chosen strength of
force causes twice the acceleration in body A as it does in body B, then a
different force also causes twice as much acceleration in A as in B. The ratio of
accelerations is independent of the force and is therefore a property of the
bodies alone. They are said to have inertia (or inertial mass) in inverse
proportion to the accelerations. This experimental fact, which is the essence of
Newton’s second law, enables one to assign a number to every body that is a
measure of its mass. Thus, a certain body may be chosen as a standard of mass
and assigned the number 1. Another body is said to have mass m if the body
shows only a fraction 1/m of the acceleration of this standard when the two are
subjected to the same force. By proceeding in this way, every body may be
assigned a mass. It is because experiment allows this definition to be made that
a given force causes every body to show acceleration f such that mf is the same
for all bodies. This means that the product mf is determined only by the force
and not by the particular body on which it acts, and mf is defined to be the
numerical measure of the force. In this way a consistent set of measures of force
and mass is arrived at, having the property that F = mf. In this equation F, m,
and f are to be interpreted as numbers measuring the strength of the force, the
magnitude of the mass, and the rate of acceleration; and the product of the
numbers m and f is always equal to the number F. The product mv,
called motus (motion) by Newton, is now termed momentum. Newton’s second
law states that the rate of change of momentum equals the strength of the
applied force.
In order to assign a numerical measure m to the mass of a body, a standard of
mass must be chosen and assigned the value m = 1. Similarly, to measure
displacement a unit of length is needed, and for velocity and acceleration a unit
of time also must be defined. Given these, the numerical measure of a force
follows from mf without need to define a unit of force. Thus, in the Système
Internationale d’Unités (SI), in which the units are the standard kilogram, the
standard metre, and the standard second, a force of magnitude unity is one that,
applied to a mass of one kilogram, causes its velocity to increase steadily by one
metre per second during every second the force is acting.

Law of gravitation
The idealized observation of Galileo that all bodies in free-fall accelerate
equally implies that the gravitational force causing acceleration bears a constant
relation to the inertial mass. According to Newton’s postulated law of
gravitation, two bodies of mass m1 and m2, separated by a distance r, exert equal
attractive forces on each other (the equal action and reaction of the third law of
motion) of magnitude proportional to m1m2/r2. The constant of
proportionality, G, in the gravitational law, F = Gm1m2/r2, is thus to be regarded
as a universal constant, applying to all bodies, whatever their constitution. The
constancy of gravitational acceleration, g, at a given point on the Earth is a
particular case of this general law.

https://www.britannica.com/science/principles-of-physical-
science/Laws-of-motion