Laboratory Report

Experiment # 4
Physics for CS (with electromagnetism)
CS1E
Angelica Crisgi G. Eleazar
Student number: 20201131400
 Newton’s Second Law

Discussion

Newton developed his laws of motion in 1666, when he was only 23 years old.
In 1687, he presented the laws in his seminal work "Principia Mathematica
Philosophiae Naturalis,” in which he explained how outside forces affect the
movement of objects.

In developing his three laws Newton simplified objects, reducing them to

mathematical points without size or rotation to let him ignore factors such as friction,
air resistance, temperature and material properties, and focus on outcomes that can
be illustrated wholly with reference to mass, length and time.

Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the
foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and
the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces. More precisely, the
first law defines the force qualitatively, the second law offers a quantitative measure of
the force, and the third asserts that a single isolated force does not exist. These three
laws have been expressed in several ways, over nearly three centuries, and can be
summarized as follows:

First law

In an inertial frame of reference, an object either remains at rest or continues to move at

a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a force.

Second law

In an inertial frame of reference, the vector sum of the forces F on an object is equal to
the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration a of the object: F = ma. (It is
assumed here that the mass m is constant – see below.)

Third law

When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously
exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body.
Newton's laws are applied to objects which are idealized as single point masses, in the
sense that the size and shape of the object's body are neglected to focus on its motion
more easily.

Newton's second law of motion pertains to the behavior of objects for which all
existing forces are not balanced. The second law states that the acceleration of an
object is dependent upon two variables - the net force acting upon the object and the
mass of the object. The acceleration of an object depends directly upon the net force
acting upon the object, and inversely upon the mass of the object. As the force acting
upon an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is increased. As the mass of
an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is decreased.

The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the

magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely
proportional to the mass of the object.

This verbal statement can be expressed in equation form as follows:

a = Fnet / m

The above equation is often rearranged to a more familiar form as shown below. The
net force is equated to the product of the mass times the acceleration.

Fnet = m • a
 The second law of motion states that the
rate of change of momentum of a body is
directly proportional to the force applied and
the change in momentum takes place in the
direction of the force applied.

This means that by increasing the force acting on it, the object’s acceleration
increases while by increasing the mass results in decreasing the acceleration of the
object.

References:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law

https://sciencing.com/did-newton-discover-laws-motion-5349637.html

http://www.justscience.in/articles/day-to-day-examples-of-newtons-second-
law/2017/05/27
 Observation

Equipment used in the experiment are:

 Atwood’s machine
 Stop watch
 Clamps
 2 sets of slotted mass
 Iron stand
 2 weigh hangers
 2-m strings

Three forces is acting in the Atwood’s machine the forces of the gravity mass1 and
mass2. If the weight of each masses is equal to each other the forces of the balance is
equal. In the experiment different masses are in the slotted mass which means it
doesn’t have a balance force. The gravity pulls each mass, by the tension of the
masses caused by the gravitational force. The heavier mass is pulling down and the
lighter mass is pulling up.

In the experiment we also found out that when the mass increased the measured time is
fast.

To get the acceleration of each trial the formula used is:

a=g(m2-m1)
(m1+m2)

To solve for the acceleration, 9/8m/s2 is the value for the gravitational force.

To get the time fall the formula used is:

y= v(initial) t+ ½ ay t²
Data tabulation/Records
*for number 3 unit used m/s² or cm/s²
 Conclusion

The unbalance forces presented in the experiment results in acceleration. By this

experiment, the measurement of acceleration of each mass in different trials tested. The
use of Atwood’s machine in this experiment to determine the acceleration due to the
gravity. The time fall and the measured time is compared to each other, that results that
the time fall is much slower than the time in the timer. The larger raise of the pulley, can
results that time fall is increased. With the increasing force acting in each mass the
higher the acceleration. But with a higher mass the increasing acceleration of an object
(downward acceleration). The lighter the mass, results to decreasing acceleration
(upward).