NEWTON'S LAWS

Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws which provide relationships
between the forces acting on a body and the motion of the body. They were first compiled
by Sir Isaac Newton in his work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687).
The laws form the basis for classical mechanics and Newton himself used them to explain
many results concerning the motion of physical objects. In the third volume of the text,
he showed that these laws of motion, combined with his law of universal gravitation,
explained Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
Newton's laws of motion describe the acceleration of massive particles. In modern
language, the laws may be stated as:
First Law
A physical body will remain at rest, or continue to move at a constant velocity,
unless an unbalanced net force acts upon it.
If no net force acts on a particle, then it is possible to select a set of reference frames,
called inertial reference frames, observed from which the particle moves without any
change in velocity. This law is often simplified into the sentence "An object will stay at
rest or continue at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force".
Second Law
The net force on a body is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration.
Observed from an inertial reference frame, the net force on a particle is proportional to
the time rate of change of its linear momentum: F = d[mv] / dt. Momentum is the product
of mass and velocity. This law is often stated as F = ma (the net force on an object is
equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration).
Third Law
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Whenever a particle A exerts a force on another particle B, B simultaneously exerts a
force on A with the same magnitude in the opposite direction. The strong form of the law
further postulates that these two forces act along the same line. This law is often
simplified into the sentence "Every action has an equal and opposite reaction".
In the given interpretation mass, acceleration, and, most importantly, force are
assumed to be externally defined quantities. This is the most common, but not the only
interpretation: one can consider the laws to be a definition of these quantities. Notice that
the second law only holds when the observation is made from an inertial reference frame,
and since an inertial reference frame is defined by the first law, asking a proof of the first
law from the second law is a logical fallacy