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Analysis
the most important laws because it shows the relationship between forces
and motion. It also allows you to calculate the acceleration (and therefore
the study of relationships of motion to the forces that cause it. We know
objects can only accelerate if there are forces on the object. Newton's second
law tells us exactly how much an object will accelerate for a given net force.
the motion of bodies based on the Laws of Motion by Sir Isaac Newton.
reality, there is no such thing as true point masses or perfect rigid. Thus,
of forces.
which means it has both magnitude and direction. It also pertains to any
are two main groups of forces – contact forces and long-range forces.
is produced when one body influences the state of motion of another body
even if these two bodies are separated by empty space. A good example of
contact force is applied force and normal force. For long-range force,
electric force and weight are two good examples. Aside from contact and
essential for us to know the different types/kinds of forces first. There are
Figure 2. The Four Common Types of Forces; (a) Normal force, (b)
Gravitational Force), Friction Force, and Tension; these four common types
of forces are illustrated in Figure 2. Aside from the four common types,
gravitational attraction between the Earth and the object. It is given by the
product of the mass of the object and the acceleration due to gravity, which
is approx. -9.8 m/s2. Weight is always towards the ground. Normal force is
which it is trying it to prevent the body from going through the surface.
surface. It is important to note that if the body does not go through the
surface, the magnitude is then equal to the magnitude of the force by which
the body is pressed against the surface. The next kind of force is friction,
which is a force that arises when two surfaces rub against each other. There
are two types of friction force: Static friction force and Kinetic friction force.
size of area of contact between the surfaces, and the normal force. More
body’s size and shape. Lastly, compression is a force that arises when a
body’s size and shape. It is important to note that if the body being
of Motion. There are three Newton’s Laws of Motion. The First Law of
that a body acted on by no net force moves with a constant velocity and
zero acceleration. From these definitions, the Newton’s First Law of Motion
(since some forces may cancel each other out). If the net force is zero, it is
equilibrium if and only if the net external force acting on the system is
equal to zero, as
regarded in
Equation (1).
of Static Equilibrium. If the net force is equal to zero, it means that both the
x- and y-components of the force are also equal to zero. The First Law of
net force acting on a body to accelerate in the same direction as the net
directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force acting on the body.
Law of Motion is
defined as the constant ratio of the magnitude of the net force (F) to the
magnitude of the acceleration (a). The SI unit for mass is kilogram; thus,
the SI unit for the net force is kg*m/s2, or Newton (N). One newton is the
body, the body accelerates. The direction of acceleration is the same as the
direction of the net force. The mass of the body times the acceleration of the
As stated above, the Equation (2) is only a special case of the second
law of motion in which the mass is constant. Using the formal definition of
Using the
terms of
net force
is equal to
The Law of
Action-Reaction, or the Third Law of Motion, simply states that for every
action there is an equal but opposite reaction. Formally, it tells that “If body
A exerts a force on body B (an “action”), then body B exerts a force on body
(a “reaction”). These
are opposite in direction. These two forces act on different bodies”. This
Motion which states that a net force is required for a body to have
acceleration. If a net force is applied on a body, the body will accelerate in
the direction of the net force. The acceleration of the body is also directly
parts with each having its own objectives. The materials needed for this
dynamics cart, a 1.5m string, two pieces of photogates, a smart timer, a set
materials are very delicate and needs extensive care is needed when
Figure 6
make sure to clean the surface of the dynamic track in order to remove dust
and other particles, be extra careful on to the pulley, photogates and smart
timer to avoid any damages, and to make sure that correct voltage source is
used for the smart timer. The materials needed for the experiment are
shown in Figure 5.
The first part which is Part A of the experiment, will be observing the
constant mass, and the changing net force. Its objective is to verify the
direct proportionality of acceleration and net force if the mass of the body
Start by placing the dynamic track on the lab table horizontally then
place the dynamics cart gently onto the track. The indicator when the track
is already horizontal is to test if the cart is moving. If it’s moving, then the
track is not place horizontally, but if the cart does not move, then the track
dynamics cart. Set the photogate number 1 on the dynamics track at 20-cm
mark and the photogate number 2 at 70-cm track. In Table 1, write under S
the distance traveled by the cart. Plug in photogate number 1 at the first
slot of the smart timer then the photogate number 2 at the second slot. Turn
on the smart timer then press “Select Measurement” button until it shows
“Time”. To set the mode, press “Select Mode” button until it shows “Time:
Two Gates.” Tie the end of the string to the cart and the other end to the
weight hanger. At the end of the dynamics track, set the cart and over the
pulley, place the weight hanger. Under m2 in Table 1, use a total mass of
20g for the hanging weight. Release the cart. Then, write the time of travel
under t in Table 1 by reading it the time of travel from the smart timer.
Repeat the steps, this time, with a mass of 60g and 100g. In table 1, write
the data that has been observer in the appropriate spaces. Compute the
accepted value using Accepted Value of the Acceleration equation and the
These are the equations we used in order to compute the data needed
m2 g
a=
m1 +m 2
2S
a=
t2
Percentage Error
Value /¿
¿ Experimental Value− Accepted x 100 % ¿
Accepted Value
the first trial, the net force and the experimental value of the acceleration
dynamics cart with a total hanging mass of 0.020 kg took 1.7873s to cover
the distance between the two photogates. Since the net force was low, the
cart travelled the longest which resulted to a low acceleration. The accepted
0.7368 m/s2, respectively. The total hanging mass was changed to 0.0600
kg. Due to a higher net force, the dynamics cart took only 1.1650s to travel
the distance and was noticed to be faster compared to the first trial with
lower hanging mass. With this, it can be implied that the dynamics cart
this trial increase to 29.30 % which is worse than the first because the
higher the percentage error is, the less accurate the data are.
On the third trial, the net force and the experimental value of the
1.3622 m/s^2, respectively. The total hanging mass was changed to 0.1000
kg, which was also observed to have the heaviest total hanging mass
compared to the first and second trial. In consequence, the cart took only
0.8568s which was recorded have the fastest acceleration among the three
the constant net force, and changing mass. Its objective is to verify the
For the first trial, get the mass of the cart and release the cart. Observe
and write the time of travel under the t in table 2. For trials 2-3, add masses
of 100 g and 300 g to the cart, and record these masses under m2 in table 2.
After getting all the data, compute for the accepted value of the
These are the equations we used in order to compute the data needed
m2 g
a=
m1 +m 2
2S
a=
t2
Percentage Error
Value /¿
¿ Experimental Value− Accepted x 100 % ¿
Accepted Value
According to the data that we’ve gathered which are encoded on part
decreased. As shown on figure 7. In the first trial, the dynamic cart was
cart, it took 0.7604s to travel the distance between the two points. It
error of 6.63 %.
On the second trial, the dynamics cart’s mass was increased by 0.6048
recorded time the dynamics cart travelled increased and was observed to
be slower compared to the first trial. The changes resulted to 1.3919 m/s 2
On the third trial, the mass of the dynamic cart was increased by
the mass of the dynamic cart in this trial is the heaviest, the time it took to
cover the distance was recorded to be 0.7857s and was observed to be the
Conclusion
On part A, the masses used such as the mass of hanging weights
were constant, but the net force was inconstant because of different weights
used on each trial. The data showed that the acceleration of the cart
increased when the mass of the hanging weight also became heavier.
that when then net force increases, the acceleration increases too. In
conclusion, the net force applied to the body is directly proportional to the
acceleration.
On part B, the mass of the cart were increasedin each trial while the
mass of the hanging weight remained constant. The data showed that the
acceleration of the cart decreased when weight was added. The results
showed that the acceleration decreased as the mass of the hanging weight
Therefore, it can be concluded that the greater the net force acting on
the object, the greater its acceleration, and simultaneously, the greater the
object's mass, the larger the force is required to accelerate it. This suggest
the object's mass and its acceleration is observed. The net force applied to
the body is directly proportional to the acceleration, and the mass of the