NAME: RAMSHA NUSRAT

COURSE: B.Sc (HONS)PHYSICS

SEM:VI
ROLL NO. :16BPH027
INSTITUTION: JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

AIM
Our goal is to plot motion of a curved ball.

OBJECTIVE:
In order to achieve our aim we describe two algorithms and use them to solve some linear and second order differential equations and
find different values of x,y and z direction components to plot graph of motion of curved ball w.r.t different velocities and time that
describes the motion of our ball.
 INTRODUCTION
Consider top view of a spinning ball moving with some velocity towards left side. The ball is given a spin in clockwise
direction. What we observe here is the top side of the ball the velocity of the fluid(air) is more than the velocity of air
at the bottom side.
When the fluid comes contact with the upper side of the ball, the speed of air increases because the speed of ball adds
to the speed of air(As the flow of fluid is in the same direction of spin). When the fluid passes by the bottom side of
ball, the speed of air decreases due to friction between both of them.

Fig:A spinning ball with air flowing faster at the topside compared to bottom side

We see a velocity difference between both sides of the ball. Now according to Bernoulli’s principle, at the top side of
the ball, due to high velocity a low pressure region gets created . This low pressure region pulls the ball with certain
force – Magnus force. A spinning ball or cylinder curving away from it’s principal flight path is called Magnus
effect. The Magnus effect is named after Gustav Magnus, the Germa physicist who investigated it.
In case of our example, the ball gets pulled upwards(because we are watching from top side). Actually, it is changing
it’s path & following a curved one.

METHODOLOGY
There are several forces acting on a ball moving through a fluid that were considered in the model. The forces considered were: drag
on the ball, gravity, The Magnus force which all opposed the force driving the ball to move forward. From Newton’s second law, it is
taken that while in the air, the ball’s velocity changes due to the applied force according to the equation Fnet = ma

where Fnet is the force on the ball, m is the mass of the ball and a is the acceleration of the ball.

The force can be rewritten as a second order parametric function of displacement with respect to time:

F = m dv/dt = md 2s/ dt2 = ms’’(t)

where dv/dt is the velocity function with respect to time, s(t) is the displacement defined as a function of t, the time.

This was done to better track the displacement of the ball over time. The components of force were considered separately in each
dimension of three dimensional motion since the movement of a curving ball is along all three coordinate axes. Further, certain
resistive forces such as gravity only act in one dimension, in this case the z direction since that represent vertical displacement.
Considering the components of force while in the air are

Fmx = mx’’(t) (lateral direction)

Fmy = my’’(t) (forward direction)

Fmz = mz’’(t) (vertical direction)

so that each component could be considered individually. The movement of the ball was opposed by the respective drag forces (and
gravity in the z direction), the net forces acting on the ball could be calculated as:

Fnet = FG + FD + FS + FL

where FG is the downward force experienced by gravity, FS is the sideways component of the Magnus force and FL is the lifting
component of the Magnus force. To further explain F S and FL consider a ball that is rotating strictly with topspin or backspin. The ball
will have no sideways rotation and hence FS = 0. Likewise, consider a ball that has strictly sideways spin. The Magnus force now has
no component in the z direction and thus FL = 0. However when a ball is rotating in more than one axis, FS and FL must be considered.
the components of Fnet have been described. The next thing to be considered is the drag force, which is defined as:

FD = 0.5CDρAv2

where CD is the drag coefficient of the ball, ρ is the density of the fluid in which the ball is travelling (air in this case), A is the cross
sectional area of the ball, and v is the velocity of the ball . This equation simply says that a sphere moving in a fluid experiences a drag
force proportional to the density of the medium, the cross sectional area of the sphere and the square of the velocity with which it is
travelling by some constant CD. In the case of our model, FD is considered to have the same form in all three dimensions and hence
can be equated to all three components of Eq. 3. However since the model was in three dimensions the velocity had to be broken up
into the components. The drag force then became:

FDx = 0.5CDρAv2 vˆx

FDy = 0.5CDρAv2vˆy

FDz = 0.5CDρAv2vˆz

but since we know that ˆv is simply the unit vector for a vector v, and is defined as vˆ = v /|v 2| we can substitute this into Eq.;Thus the
equation of drag became:

FDx = 0.5CDρA√(v 2 x + v 2 y + v 2 z)vx

FDy = 0.5CDρA√(v 2 x + v 2 y + v 2 z)vy

FDz = 0.5CDρA√( v 2 x + v 2 y + v 2 z)vz

PROGRAMS:
1)FOR CURVED BALL
program curveball

implicit none

real,dimension(1:100,1:3)::xyz

real,dimension(1:100,1:3)::vxyz

real:: f, o, k, p, l, q, t, x, y, z, vx, vy, vz

real:: k1, k2, k3, k4

real:: l1, l2, l3, l4

real:: m1, m2, m3, m4

real:: n1, n2, n3, n4

real:: o1, o2, o3, o4

real:: p1, p2, p3, p4

real:: x0,x1,y0,y1,z0,z1,vx0,vx1,vy0,vy1,vz0,vz1,t0,t1

integer:: i, j, d, nit=65

real:: h= 0.01, hh

f(t, x, vx)= vx !dx/dt=vx

o(t, x, vx)=(0.1696*vx) !B2/m=-0.0053

 !x acc= -(B2/m)v*vx

k(t, y, vy)= vy !dy/dt=vy

p(t, y, vy)= -9.8 !g=9.8m/s**2

!y acc= -g

l(t, z, vz)= vz !dz/dt=vz

q(t, z, vx)= -.07667*vx !So/m=-4.1/10**-4, w=187rad/s 0r 30rps

!z acc= -So*vx*w/m

t0=0.0

vx0=27 !m/s !v=60mph

vy0=0.

vz0=0.

x0=0; y0=1.6; z0=0.

write(4,*) x0, y0, z0

do i = 1, nit

k1 = f(t0, x0, vx0)

l1 = o(t0, x0, vx0)

k2 = f(t0 + hh, x0 + hh*k1, vx0 + hh*l1)

l2 = o(t0 + hh, x0 + hh*k1, vx0 + hh*l1)

k3 = f(t0 + hh, x0 + hh*k2, vx0 + hh*l2)

l3 = o(t0 + hh, x0 + hh*k2, vx0 + hh*l2)

k4 = f(t0 + h, x0 + h*k3, vx0 + h*l3)

l4 = o(t0 + h, x0 + h*k3, vx0 + h*l3)

t1 = t0 + h

x1 = x0 + (h/6)*(k1 + 2*k2 + 2*k3 + k4)

vx1 = vx0 +(h/6)*(l1 + 2*l2 + 2*l3 + l4)

t0=t1

x0=x1

vx0=vx1

xyz(i,1)=x1

vxyz(i,1)=vx0

write(1,*) t1, x1, vx1

end do

do i = 1, nit

m1 = k(t0, y0, vy0)

n1 = p(t0, y0, vy0)

m2 = k(t0 + hh, y0 + hh*m1, vy0 + hh*n1)

n2 = p(t0 + hh, y0 + hh*m1, vy0 + hh*n1)

m3 = k(t0 + hh, y0 + hh*m2, vy0 + hh*n2)

n3 = p(t0 + hh, y0 + hh*m2, vy0 + hh*n2)

m4 = k(t0 + h, y0 + h*m3, vy0 + h*n3)

 n4 = p(t0 + h, y0 + h*m3, vy0 + h*n3)

t1 = t0 + h

y1 = y0 + (h/6)*(m1 + 2*m2 + 2*m3 + m4)

vy1 = vy0 +(h/6)*(n1 + 2*n2 + 2*n3 + n4)

t0=t1

y0=y1

vy0=vy1

xyz(i,2)=y1

write(2,*) t1, y1, vy1

end do

do i = 1, nit

o1 = l(t0, z0, vz0)

p1 = q(t0, z0, vxyz(i,1))

o2 = l(t0 + hh, z0 + hh*o1, vz0 + hh*p1)

p2 = q(t0 + hh, z0 + hh*o1, vxyz(i,1) + hh*p1)

o3 = l(t0 + hh, z0 + hh*o2, vz0 + hh*p2)

p3 = q(t0 + hh, z0 + hh*o2, vxyz(i,1) + hh*p2)

o4 = l(t0 + h, z0 + h*o3, vz0 + h*p3)

p4 = q(t0 + h, z0 + h*o3, vxyz(i,1) + h*p3)

t1 = t0 + h

z1 = (z0 + (h/6)*(o1 + 2*o2 + 2*o3 + o4))

vz1 = vz0 +(h/6)*(p1 + 2*p2 + 2*p3 + p4)

t0=t1

z0=z1

vz0=vz1

xyz(i,3)=-z1

write(3,*) t1, z1, vz1

end do

do i=1,nit

write(4,*)(xyz(i,j),j=1,3)

enddo

end program curveball

PROGRAM 2:
Ball spinning with different velocities:
program otherpitches

implicit none

real,dimension(1:100,1:6)::xyz

real,dimension(1:100,1:6)::vxyz

real:: f,o,k,p,l,q,a,b,c,d,t,x,y,z,vx,vy,vz,vxx,xx,w,vw
 real:: k1, k2, k3, k4

real:: l1, l2, l3, l4

real:: m1, m2, m3, m4

real:: n1, n2, n3, n4

real:: o1, o2, o3, o4

real:: p1, p2, p3, p4

real:: a1, a2, a3, a4

real:: b1, b2, b3, b4

real:: c1, c2, c3, c4

real:: d1, d2, d3, d4

real:: x0,x1,y0,y1,z0,z1,vx0,vx1,vxx0,vxx1,vw1

real:: vy0,vy1,vz0,vz1,t0,t1,w0,w1,xx0,xx1,vw0

integer:: i, j, nit=85

real:: h= 0.01, hh

f(t, x, vx)= vx !dx/dt=vx

o(t, x, vx)=(0.1696*vx) !B2/m=-0.0053

!x acc= -(B2/m)v*vx

!'FOR NO SPIN AT ALL'

k(t, y, vy)= vy !dy/dt=vy

p(t, y, vy)= -9.8 !g=9.8m/s**2

!y acc= -g

!'NOW THIS IS VERTICAL DIRECTION FOR OVERHAND CURVE'

l(t, z, vz)= vz !dz/dt=vz

q(t, z, vx)= -.07667*vx-9.8 !So/m=-4.1/10**-4, w=187rad/s 0r 30rps

!z acc= -So*vx*w/m

!'FOR FASTBALL v=65mph'

a(t, xx, vxx)= vxx !dx/dt=vx

b(t, xx, vxx)=(0.1696*vxx) !B2/m=-0.0053

c(t, w, vw)= vw !dy/dt=vy

d(t, w, vxx)= -.07667*vxx-9.8 !g=9.8m/s**2

!y acc= -g

t0=0.0

vx0=22 !m/s !v=49mph

vy0=.8

vz0=.8

vxx0=30 !m/s v=65mph!

vw0=0.00

x0=0; y0=1.98; z0=1.98; w0=1.98

write(9,*) 3.28*x0, 3.28*y0, 3.28*z0, 3.28*xx0, 3.28*w0

do i = 1, nit

k1 = f(t0, x0, vx0)

l1 = o(t0, x0, vx0)

 k2 = f(t0 + hh, x0 + hh*k1, vx0 + hh*l1)

l2 = o(t0 + hh, x0 + hh*k1, vx0 + hh*l1)

k3 = f(t0 + hh, x0 + hh*k2, vx0 + hh*l2)

l3 = o(t0 + hh, x0 + hh*k2, vx0 + hh*l2)

k4 = f(t0 + h, x0 + h*k3, vx0 + h*l3)

l4 = o(t0 + h, x0 + h*k3, vx0 + h*l3)

t1 = t0 + h

x1 = x0 + (h/6)*(k1 + 2*k2 + 2*k3 + k4)

vx1 = vx0 +(h/6)*(l1 + 2*l2 + 2*l3 + l4)

t0=t1

x0=x1

vx0=vx1

xyz(i,1)=x1

vxyz(i,1)=vx0

write(6,*) t1, x1, vx1

end do

do i = 1, nit

m1 = k(t0, y0, vy0)

n1 = p(t0, y0, vy0)

m2 = k(t0 + hh, y0 + hh*m1, vy0 + hh*n1)

n2 = p(t0 + hh, y0 + hh*m1, vy0 + hh*n1)

m3 = k(t0 + hh, y0 + hh*m2, vy0 + hh*n2)

n3 = p(t0 + hh, y0 + hh*m2, vy0 + hh*n2)

m4 = k(t0 + h, y0 + h*m3, vy0 + h*n3)

n4 = p(t0 + h, y0 + h*m3, vy0 + h*n3)

t1 = t0 + h

y1 = y0 + (h/6)*(m1 + 2*m2 + 2*m3 + m4)

vy1 = vy0 +(h/6)*(n1 + 2*n2 + 2*n3 + n4)

t0=t1

y0=y1

vy0=vy1

xyz(i,2)=y1

write(7,*) t1, y1, vy1

end do

do i = 1, nit

o1 = l(t0, z0, vz0)

p1 = q(t0, z0, vxyz(i,1))

o2 = l(t0 + hh, z0 + hh*o1, vz0 + hh*p1)

p2 = q(t0 + hh, z0 + hh*o1, vxyz(i,1) + hh*p1)

o3 = l(t0 + hh, z0 + hh*o2, vz0 + hh*p2)

p3 = q(t0 + hh, z0 + hh*o2, vxyz(i,1) + hh*p2)

o4 = l(t0 + h, z0 + h*o3, vz0 + h*p3)

 p4 = q(t0 + h, z0 + h*o3, vxyz(i,1) + h*p3)

t1 = t0 + h

z1 = (z0 + (h/6)*(o1 + 2*o2 + 2*o3 + o4))

vz1 = vz0 +(h/6)*(p1 + 2*p2 + 2*p3 + p4)

t0=t1

z0=z1

vz0=vz1

xyz(i,3)=z1

write(8,*) t1, z1, vz1

end do

do i = 1, nit

c1 = a(t0, xx0, vxx0)

d1 = b(t0, xx0, vxx0)

c2 = a(t0 + hh, xx0 + hh*a1, vxx0 + hh*b1)

d2 = b(t0 + hh, xx0 + hh*a1, vxx0 + hh*b1)

c3 = a(t0 + hh, xx0 + hh*a2, vxx0 + hh*b2)

d3 = b(t0 + hh, xx0 + hh*a2, vxx0 + hh*b2)

c4 = a(t0 + h, xx0 + h*a3, vxx0 + h*b3)

d4 = b(t0 + h, xx0 + h*a3, vxx0 + h*b3)

t1 = t0 + h

xx1 = xx0 + (h/6)*(c1 + 2*c2 + 2*c3 + c4)

vxx1 = vxx0 +(h/6)*(d1 + 2*d2 + 2*d3 + d4)

t0=t1

xx0=xx1

vxx0=vxx1

xyz(i,4)=xx1

vxyz(i,2)=vxx1

write(11,*) t1, xx1, vxx1

end do

do i = 1, nit

a1 = c(t0, w0, vw0)

b1 = d(t0, w0, vxyz(i,2))

a2 = c(t0 + hh, w0 + hh*a1, vw0 + hh*b1)

b2 = d(t0 + hh, w0 + hh*a1, vxyz(i,2) + hh*b1)

a3 = c(t0 + hh, w0 + hh*a2, vw0 + hh*b2)

b3 = d(t0 + hh, w0 + hh*a2, vxyz(i,2) + hh*b2)

a4 = c(t0 + h, w0 + h*a3, vw0 + h*b3)

b4 = d(t0 + h, w0 + h*a3, vxyz(i,2) + h*b3)

t1 = t0 + h

w1 = w0 + (h/6)*(a1 + 2*a2 + 2*a3 + a4)

vw1 = vw0 +(h/6)*(b1 + 2*b2 + 2*b3 + b4)

 t0=t1

w0=w1

vw0=vw1

xyz(i,5)=w1

write(12,*) t1, w1, vw1

end do

do i=1,nit

write(9,*)(3.28*xyz(i,j),j=1,5)

enddo

end program otherpitches

OUTPUTS:
OUTPUT FOR SECOND PROGRAM:
SIGNIFICANCE:

In ball sports. Table tennis players – when hit a top spin, Magnus force pulls the ball downwards, which gives
less time to the opponent to hit it back again. Also during backspin, the ball stays in the air for longer period

causing delay in it’s flight time.

Football – Kicking the ball on either of the side of ball, gives both – velocity & spin to it which curves the path
during its trajectory. Sometimes this is enough to confuse the goalkeeper.

Flettner rotors – they are high speed rotating cylinders. By controlling the direction and speed of rotation,
strong lift or downforce can be generated.
This effect is used in a special type of ship stabilizer consisting of a rotating cylinder mounted beneath the
waterline and emerging laterally.

Magnus force also affects spinning missiles.

INFERENCES:
Computational physics, Nicholas J.Giardano
Mechanics, Kleppner

INTERNET
https://en.wikipedia.org

http://physics.wooster.edu/JrIS/Files/Ahmad_Web_Article.PDF

https://www.real-world-physics-problems.com

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org