New Method of Productivity

Equation for Multibranch

Junlai Wu
e-mail: wujunlai2004@163.com
Yuetian Liu1
e-mail: lyt51@163.com
Haining Yang
e-mail: yizhongliyi61@163.com
MOE Key Lab of Petroleum Engineering,
China University of Petroleum-Beijing,
18 Fuxue Road, Changping,
Beijing 102249, P. R. China
Horizontal Well in
Three-Dimensional Anisotropic
Oil Reservoirs
As a highly efficient production method, multibranch horizontal well is widely used in the
development of low permeability reservoirs, naturally fracture reservoirs, heavy oil res-
ervoirs, shallow layer reservoirs, and multilayer reservoirs, because it can significantly
improve the productivity of a single well, inhibit edge or bottom water coning, and
enhance oil recovery. This paper presents a new productivity equation for multibranch
horizontal well in 3D anisotropic reservoirs. By applying coordinate transformation, a
3D anisotropic reservoir is transformed into an equivalent isotropic reservoir with con-
sidering wellbore deformation and vertical radial flow. An analytical solution of multi-
branch horizontal well productivity in 3D anisotropic reservoirs is obtained by using
pseudo-3D solving method and similar flow replaces theory. The results show that branch
number n, branch length (l), and permeability anisotropy degree (b3 ) are the three main
factors that have big effects on the production rate of multibranch horizontal well.
[DOI: 10.1115/1.4006573]

Keywords: anisotropic reservoir, multilateral horizontal well, similar flow replaces

theory, reservoir development, conformal mapping

1 Introduction seepage flow analysis and productivity equations are available in

the literature for multibranch horizontal well in 3D anisotropic
As a highly efficient production method, multibranch horizontal
reservoirs. This paper presents a new productivity equation for
well is widely used in the development of low permeability reser-
multibranch horizontal well in 3D anisotropic reservoirs.
voirs, naturally fracture reservoirs, heavy oil reservoirs, shallow
layer reservoirs, and multilayer reservoirs. Many researches on
horizontal well and multibranch horizontal well have been 2 Reservoir and Multibranch Horizontal Well Model
reported [1–3]. Hironori et al. [4] defined the multilateral/multi- As shown in Fig. 1, a Cartesian coordinates system zðx; yÞ is
branch and introduced its completions method; Han et al. [5] established in a infinite anisotropic formation, three principal
researched the multilateral wells by the electric field analog directions of anisotropic permeability are parallel to the x-, y-, z-
Model; and Hong-Jun et al. [6] optimized the multibranch hori- axis of coordinates, the values of principal permeability are kx , ky ,
zontal well parameters basing on streamline simulation. kz , respectively, and the principal direction of kz is perpendicular
Well productivity is one of the primary concerns in field devel- to the reservoir formation. Reservoir thickness is H, n multibranch
opment and provides the basis for field development strategy. horizontal wells are located in ðx; yÞ plane with angle of p2 to z-
Borisov [7] established one of the earliest analytical models for axis, angle of ai ¼ a1 þ 2ði1 Þp
ði ¼ 1;2;3;…;n Þ to x-axis, dis-
n
calculating steady state oil production for a horizontal well. The tance of h to the top of the reservoir. The ith branch length is li .
horizontal flow was assumed from an equivalent circular drainage Bottom hole pressure (BHP) of multibranch horizontal well is pw ,
area toward a vertical fracture with drainage radius much larger the radius and pressure of ellipse supply boundary are re and pe ,
than the vertical fracture length. Giger [8] proposed a model based respectively, and horizontal borehole radius is rw .
on Borisov’s but assumed an ellipsoidal drainage area. Joshi [9]
studied a model with elliptical flow in the horizontal plane and ra-
dial flow in the vertical plane. Abdel-Alim and Mohammed [10]
presented detailed equations to be used for calculating production
rate of multilateral holes both planner and stacked. Liu [11] inves-
tigated the productivity of a horizontal well in an anisotropic res-
ervoir. Lu et al. [12] presented steady state productivity equations
for a vertical well in anisotropic sector fault, channel, and rectan-
gular reservoirs. Others productivity equations for single horizon-
tal or multilateral wells are developed [13–20]. However, no

1
Corresponding author.
Contributed by the Petroleum Division of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL
OF ENERGY RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY. Manuscript received April 1, 2011; final manu-
script received April 2, 2012; published online May 14, 2012. Assoc. Editor: Fig. 1 Sketch map of multibranch horizontal wells in 3D aniso-
Desheng Zhou. tropic reservoir

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 Fig. 2 Sketch map of multibranch horizontal well model in the
corresponding equivalent isotropic reservoir Fig. 4 The R1 fan-shaped branch area flow after conformal
mapping

4 Theoretical Derivations
4.1 Solving Method. In the above, we have transformed the
flow problem from an anisotropic formation to an isotropic one.
Based on the pseudo-3D method, the three-dimensional flow of
multibranch horizontal well is divided into two parts: plane-flow
and vertical-flow (as shown in Fig. 3).
(1) In plane-flow, the flow of ith fan-shaped branch area is
changed into a fracture well flow in an isotropic medium by
using conformal mapping and similar flow replaces theory,
Fig. 3 The sketch map of partition solving in the corresponding more details about those two methodologies can be
equivalent isotropic reservoir obtained from Refs. [21] and [22].
(2) In vertical-flow, it is a radial flow and the shape of wellbore is
3 Transformation of Flow Problem From an ellipse rather than circular because of wellbore deformation.
Anisotropic Reservoir to an Equivalent Isotropic 4.2 Flows in Horizontal Plane. In ðx0 ; y0 Þ Plane, we first
Reservoir observe the R1 fan-shaped branch area in Fig. 2(a), the length of
two branches are l1 0 and l2 0 , respectively, and the included angle
As shown in Fig. 1, choosing the following coordinate of two branches is c1 ¼ a2 0  a1 0 . Assume w ¼ u þ iv and take
transformation: the following formulas for conformal mapping:
 1=2  1=2  1=2 0
k k k wðzÞ ¼ u þ iv ¼ fp=c1  eia1 p=c1 (3)
x0 ¼ x ; y0 ¼ y ; z0 ¼ z (1)
kx ky kz Through conformal mapping, we can obtain the flow shape sim-
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ilarly to Fig. 4, this flow is close to a fracture well flow in an iso-
Let b1 ¼ ky =kz ; b2 ¼ kz =kx ; b3 ¼ kx =ky ; kxy ¼ kx ky , and tropic medium, except the equipotential line of a small area
the above anisotropic reservoir (as shown in Fig. 1) is changed to a outside of the branch tip which deviates from the vertical direction
corresponding equivalent isotropic reservoir (as shown in Fig. 2). of u-axis. According to similar flow replaces theory [21], we can
In the equivalent isotropic reservoir, all of the reservoir parameters take the flow of Fig. 4 as a fracture well flow. Assume the produc-
are calculated by the following formulas: tion rate of R1 branch area is Q1, we have
8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  
> k ¼ 3 k x ky kz pkH pe  pf
>
> Q1 ¼ (4)
>
> pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4r 00
>
< H 0 ¼ H k=kz ; h0 ¼ h k=kz lln 00 e1 00
l1 þ l2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (2)
>
>
>
> li 0 ¼ li cos2 ai =b3 þ b3 sin2 ai where pf is the hypothesis flow pressure of the fracture well,
>
>
: 0 ðre ; he Þ is the cylindrical coordinate of ellipse pressure boundary
ai ¼ arctgðb3 tgai Þ in ðx0 ; y0 Þ plane. Combining Eqs. (2) and (3), we have

8  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffip=c1  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffip=c1
>
> 00 2 2 ; l002 ¼ l2 cos2 a2 =b3 þ b3 sin2 a2
< l1 ¼ l1 cos a1 =b3 þ b3 sin a1
 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffip=c1 (5)
> 00
> b ðtga2  tga1 Þ
: re1 ¼ re cos2 he =b3 þ b3 sin2 he ; c1 ¼ arct g 3 2
1 þ b3 tga2  tga1

Similarly, we can obtain the production rate of two branches in R2, …, Ri, …, Rn fan-shaped branch area,
     
pkH pe  pf pkH pe  pf pkH pe  pf
Q2 ¼ ::: Qi ¼ ::: Qn ¼
4r 00 4r 00 4r 00 (6)
lln 00 e2 00 lln 00 ei00 lln 00 en 00
l2 þ l3 li þ liþ1 ln þ l1

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  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffip=ci  p=ci is that the flow direction of multibranch horizontal well is three-
where rei00 ¼ re cos2 he =b3 þ b3 sin2 he ; l00i ¼ l0i dimensional in reservoir. So we can combine the above
 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffip=ci ptwo
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiparts,
adding Eq. (7) to Eq. (14), and substitute h0 ¼ h k=kz into
¼ li cos2 ai =b3 þ b3 sin2 ai , and ci ¼ a0iþ1  a0i
Eq. (14), we have
b3 ðtgaiþ1 tgai Þ
¼ arct g 1þb 2 is the included angle between ith branch
3 tgaiþ1 tgai
and i þ 1th branch. pe  pw
2 !1 3
Adding each branch production rate together, the total produc- X
n1
4r 00 4r 00
tion rate Q of multibranch horizontal well is 6 2=ln 00 ei00 þ 2=ln 00 ei 00 7
6 li þ liþ1 l n þ l1 7
! 6 i¼1 7
lQ 6 7
pkH   Xn1
4rei00 4rei00 ¼ 6 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ph 7
Q¼ pe  pf 1=ln 00 þ 1=ln 00 (7) 2pHkxy 6
6 H k=kz H=sin 7
7
l i¼1
li þ l00iþ1 l n þ l001 6 þ ln  H
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi7
4 lt 2 2
5
2
prw 1 þ b2 sin a þ cos a=b1 2
4.3 Flows in Vertical Plane. As shown in Fig. 3(b), wellbore
shape is changed from a circle into an ellipse after transformation, (15)
so we have
So
8 u2 v2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
< 2 þ ¼ 1; rv ¼ rw k=kz
rh rv2 2pkxy H ðpe  pw Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (8) Q¼
: l
rh ¼ rw ksin2 a=kx þ kcos2 a=ky !1
2 31
X
n1
4r 00 4r 00
where rh and rv are the semi-axis length of the ellipse wellbore 6 2=ln 00 ei00 þ 2=ln 00 en 00 7
6 i¼1 li þ liþ1 ln þ l1 7
and a is the average value of ai ði ¼ 1;2;3;…;nÞ . 6 7
6 ph 7
Although wellbore itself is an elliptical pressure boundary, the 6 p ffiffiffiffiffiffi 7
6 H=sin 7
flow potential line adjacent the borehole will become round 6 þ
H k=kz
ln  q H
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 7
quickly. This round potential line is equivalent to a circular supply 4 lt 5
2 2 2 2
prw 1 þ b2 sin a þ cos a=b1
boundary. Therefore, the above flow can be seen as a combination
of two part flows: (1) the flow from the wellbore to the circular (16)
inner boundary (domain A) and (2) the flow from the circular
inner boundary to outward (domain B). Assume that the radius where
8  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffip=ci
and pressure of circular supply boundary are rc and pc , respec- >
tively, according to the result of Muskats (1961), we have >
> rei00 ¼ re cos2 he =b3 þ b3 sin2 he
>
>
>
>  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffip=ci
> 00
>
lq 2 >
> l i ¼ li cos2 ai =b3 þ b3 sin2 ai
for domain A : pc  pw ¼ ln (9) >
>
2pk ðrh þ rv Þ >
< b ðtgaiþ1  tgai Þ
ci ¼ arct g 3 2 ði ¼ 1;2;3;…;nÞ
ph0 > 1 þ b3 tgaiþ1  tgai
H 0 =sin >
> Xn pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
lq H0 >
>
for domain B : pf  pc ¼ ln (10) >
> lt ¼ li cos2 ai =b3 þ b3 sin2 ai
2pk 2prc >
>
>
> i¼1
>
>
: ai ¼ a1 þ 2ði  1Þp
>
Add Eq. (9) to Eq. (10) n
(17)
ph
lq H 0 =sin
pf  pw ¼ ln H (11) Equations (16) and (17) are the complete productivity formulas
2pk pðrh þ rv Þ of multibranch horizontal wells in 3D anisotropic reservoirs.

where q is the production of unit length.

5 Discussion and Analysis
In equivalent isotropic reservoir, total length of multibranch
horizontal well is From three-dimensional anisotropic reservoir multibranch hori-
zontal well productivity formulas, it can be seen that the first part
X
n of the denominator in Eq. (16) is the horizontal filtrational resist-
lt ¼ l0i (12) ance, namely seepage external resistance; the second part of the
i¼1 denominator is the vertical seepage resistance, namely seepage in-
ternal resistance. So we can use the following formulas to repre-
Average production of unit length is
sent Eq. (17):
X
n
q ¼ Q=lt ¼ Q= l0i (13) 2pkxy H ðpe  pw Þ 2pkxy Hðpe  pw Þ
Q¼ ¼ (18)
i¼1 lR lðRout þ Rin Þ
Substitute Eqs. (8), (12), and (13) into Eq. (11) where
8 !1
ph >
> X
n1
4r 00 4r 00
lQ H 0 H0 =sin >
> Rout ¼ 2=ln 00 ei00 þ 2=ln 00 ei 00
pf  pw ¼ H
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi >
>
ln >
> li þ liþ1 ln þ l1
2pkH 0 X
n
prw ksin 2 a=k þ kcos2 a=k þ
x y k=kz < i¼1
l0i pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ph
> H k=kz H=sin
i¼1 >
>  H
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
(14) >
>
>
Rin ¼ X
n pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ln 
>
> 2
li cos ai =b3 þ b3 sin ai 2 prw 1 þ k z kxy
:
4.4 Flows in 3D Direction. The basic difference between i¼1
vertical well and multibranch horizontal well on seepage problem (19)

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 Fig. 5 The results, for example (Q-m3/d)

Table 1 Reservoir and fluid properties data (2) Branch number n, branch length (l) with the direction of the
maximum principal permeability, and permeability anisot-
Parameters Value ropy degree (b3 ) are the three main factors that have big
effects on the production rate of multibranch horizontal
Permeability in x, y, z direction, kx, ky, kz 10 mD well.
Pay zone thickness, H 10 m
Well vertical location, h 5m
Supply pressure and radius, pe, re 20 MPa, 300 m
Oil viscosity, mo 10 cp
Acknowledgment
Wellbore radius, rw 0.1 m This research project was supported by the Major National Sci-
Formation volume factor, Bo 1.2 m3/m3 ence and Technology Program of China (No. 2011ZX05009–004).
BHP, pw 10 MPa

Assume b1 ¼ b2 ¼ b3 ¼ 1; li ¼ l, and combining those into Eq.
(18), we have
0 1
ph 1
2pkxy Hðpe  pw Þ B pffiffiffir n=4 H H=sin H C
Q¼ @ln 2 e=l þ ln A (20)
ln l 2prw
Equation (20) is the productivity formulas of multibranch hori-
zontal well in 3D isotropic reservoirs.
Example. Equation (16) is used to calculate productivity index
of a multibranch horizontal well in 3D anisotropic reservoir with
different shape drainage areas. Liu [11] gives different methods to
calculate the equivalent supply radius re. Using reservoir and fluid
properties data are listed in Table 1, and assuming the first branch
parallel to x-axis (a1 ¼ 0), we can calculate the production rate of
multibranch horizontal well and study the factors that affect the
production rate, the results are as shown in Fig. 5.
According to the results, we can see that along with the increase
of permeability anisotropy degree (b3 ), branch number n, and
branch length l, seepage resistance reduces and the production
rate increases. The multibranch horizontal well productivity is a
strong function of branch number (n < 10), the permeability ani-
sotropy degree (b3 < 20), and branch length (l). It looks like that
the branch length the longer, the production rate higher, so this
may consider incremental oil production rate per unit length and
economic benefit cost ratio for optimizing the branch length.
6 Conclusions
(1) A new productivity equation is provided for multibranch
horizontal well in 3D anisotropic oil reservoirs with consid-
ering wellbore deformation and vertical-flow.
Nomenclature
kx , ky , kz ¼ the values of principal permeability in x, y, z
directions
H ¼ reservoir thickness
h ¼ distance of wellbore to the top of the reservoir
n ¼ branch number of multibranch horizontal wells
ai ¼ angle of ith branch to x-axis
li ¼ the ith branch length
pw ¼ BHP of multibranch horizontal well
re ¼ the radius of ellipse supply boundary
pe ¼ the pressure of ellipse supply boundary
rw ¼ horizontal well borehole radius
Subscripts
i ¼ the ith branch horizontal well
x, y, z ¼ coordinate indicators
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