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s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s as
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laalia.www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
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i .O . rgrg
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O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i LESSON - 9 l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a1.a Give an account a aof the conditions.P.P aa a a at the time of aa
w ww
w
.P.P
wwww.P.P
w ww of the Indian w
w
economy
ww
w
.P.P
wwww.P.P
ww independence.ww ww ww ww
 The i . O . rgrg of poverty wasi.O
level
O very
. rgrghigh.
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
ala skilled artisans ala i a i a i
d a
dsaaslmany d adsaaslahad lost their a saaslala
livelihood.
d d d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  The per capita .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa was very low. ww a
.PPa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwwwww income from agriculture wwwwww
wwww . wwwwww
2. What were rgrgthe immediate tasks rgrgbefore the new government rgrg headed by Jawaharlal rgrg
l a i
a . O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
Nehru?
a saasal a saasal a saasal a sa asal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w  Developing w .P.P
the
w economy. w
Improving.P.P
w conditions in w .P.P
agriculture.
w ww.P.P
w
www w
w w w
www w
www w
www
 Wideningwthe manufacturing sector.
 Increasing
i .O . rgrg employmenti.and
O O . rgrreducing
O g poverty. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d
3. a
d
What
l
saasa do you understand d ad
l
saasaby the SocialisticdPattern a
d
l
saasa of Society? dadsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww  The reduction ww of inequalities.wwElimination of exploitation. ww ww
 Prevention rgrg of concentration rgrof
g wealth. rgrg rgrg
l a i
a .Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d
saasAlll
a citizens wouldahave
d d
l
saasa an equal opportunity d a
d
l
saasa to education and d a
d
asa l
saemployment. d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.Pimportant
.P .P.Paa aa
P.P
.the aa
.P.P
w ww
w 4. Point out the w www
two w ww
considerations
w that determined w ww
w setting up of public wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
sector enterprises in the wake of India‟s independence.
ila.O .Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
al1.The
a i ideological level. a 2.i The practical level a i a i
saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d a
d sasa d ad d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa  In ideological a
.P.Pa
level, To establish greatera
.P.Pa control over the a
.P.Pa
economy in the a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww development ww of a socialistic pattern ww . ww ww
 In practical rgrg level, The Government rgrg accepts responsibility rgrg for creatingrheavy grg
l a i
a . O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal
industries.
a saasal a saasal a sa asal a saasla
d
a5.ad d
a ad movement. .P.P d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w Write about the w .P.P
Bhoodan
w w w w .P.P
w w.P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
 Bhoodan movement was started by VinobaBhave.
 lIts i .O . rgrg persuade large
O
aimwas i .O . O grg
rlandowners i
to surrender .O . rgrg their surplus land
O i .O . rgrg
O
a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
a l
saasvoluntarily. d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w  VinobaBhave wwww 's Efforts attracted w wmuch
w w public w
attention.ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a i
a i . l a ia i . LESSON –
l a i
10a i . l a ia i .
d
1. a
d
How
l
saasa did Erasmus pave d adsaa
the
l
sa way for Reformation? d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w  Erasmus wwww
was a protester of manyw wChurch
w w practices w
andww
w teachings. wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 His well rgrg known work, The rPraise
grg of Folly . rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
a ala made fun of theologians
saaslHe a saaslala and monks. a saaslala a saaslala a saasla
a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww 2. Write aboutwthe w
w w Medici family in w w
w w
Florence. w w
w w wwww
 A powerful rgrg merchant family rgrgin florence calledi.OMedici. rgrg rgrg
 l a i
a . O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O l a ia.Oi . O
a sa al
asCosimo de Medici who
a saasalwas engage in banking a saasal with many branches a s a asal across a s aasla
d
a ad Italy. d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P ww.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www  The Medici w
wwwfamily patronisedwmany w
ww artists. w
www w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Send Your Questions & Answer Keys to our email id - padasalai.net@gmail.com
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
i.O
aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w M.VENKATESAN. ww ww M.A.,M.PHIL.,B.ED.,
w w w
ww PG ASST ( HISTORYw)wGHSS AYAPPAKKAM.www ww
3. Whati.do O . rgyou
O rg know of the Papal i .O . OrgrBull
g of 1493?
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasThe
 l
a proclamationadrew
d d
l
saasa a north–southdline a
d
l
saasfrom
a pole to pole,dapassing
d
l
saasa around d a
d saasla
a a 320 miles west
.P.P a athe Cape Verde islands.
.P.of
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww  It declared ww that any new discoveries ww west of the linewbelonged w to Spain. ww
 Portugal
i . O . rgrg was not happyi.with
O O . rgrgthe arrangement.
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.P4.aWhat was the significant a
.P.Pa outcome of w a
.P.Pa Armeda? ww a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww w Spanish
w w w w wwww
ww  King Philip
w w II of Spain sent an w w armada to invade England.
w w w w
 However,
i . O . rgrg the English easily
O i . O . rgrgdestroyed the Spanish
O i . O . rgrgArmada.
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al marked the rise
asThis l a a i
al the British as anasa
asof l
asala a i l a a i
asal world. asla
d a s
a d a sa d important power ind a s
modern
a d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
5. Point out the outcome of Diet of Worms.
 lThe .O Ogrg talks with Luther
rpeace .O rgrgand pope failed.i.O.O
O rgrg .O rgrg
O
a ia i . l a ia i . l a a i l a ia i .
d ad a l
saasLuther's books a
banned
d d
l
saasa and burnt. dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
w  luther was
ww wwww
declared outlaw bywwthe
w ww
w emperor. www ww
w ww wwww
6. What i O rgrg did the Star iChamber

O
.purpose
. .O . rgrg
O serve andlawhy i .O . Ogrg it called so ? .OO
rwas i . rgrg
l a a i l a a i a i l a a i
d ad a l
saasHenry VII decided d a
d
l
satoasaremove the threat d a
d saasthe
of
l
a nobles to his rule.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.aP aa
.PStar
.P aa
.Pthe
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  So he wwww
created special court inw ww
the
w Chamber tow ww
put
w rebellious w
nobles
www
ww ww ww ww ww
on trial.
alIn O
ila.this.Orgrgcourt palace ceiling i . O . Ogrg
rwere i . O . rgit
O rgwas called star ichamber. . O . rgrg
O
a i a i stars painted. a i
so a i
Padasalai
d adsasa d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww 7. Why did feudalism wwww fail in the later w ww
w
stage of the Middle Ages? wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 The plague that struck Europe in medieval time weakened the nobility.g g
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O ia.O .Orr
alAsaal ia .
ithousands of peasants a laalia .
i died, the nobilityallost aalia .
i their work forceaand laal itheir taxes asla
d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa
a ad too.
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w  Nobles died w w w w w w w w w w ww
www wwwin large numberswduring ww the course of Crusades. www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d d
l
saasa Holy Communion
8. aExplain
d a
d
l
saasa or Eucharist. dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
w  It‟s a ww wwww
religious ceremony performed
ww w ww
w in church by www ww
Catholics.
w ww wwww
 Catholic Christians partake of Holy Communion in remembrance of the
.O
sacrifices
i . rgrg made by Jesus.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad a l
saasThey accept bread d a
d sand
a
l
asa wine which are believed
d a
d
l
saasa to symbolisedadthe l
saasabody and d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.Christ.
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w blood of wwww
Jesus w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
9. What didrgrthe g Inquisition do.O inrgSpain?
rg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
a  ala Inquisition was
saaslThis a
lalaup to deal with the
saasset a
la
saaslaProtestants. a saaslala a saasla
ww.P.Pa  This Inquisition ww.P.PaTo give punishment ww
a the heretics.
.P.Pto ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w ww w w w w w w w ww
 They usedwmany methods to make w the heretics confess, w which ranged fromw
flogging
i . O . rgrg to burning at the
O i . O . rgrg
stake.
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P
10. Why was the
.P.Pa ad
conflict between families a ad
.P.P
of York and a ad
Lancastrian
.P.P
called War of a ad
.P.P
www Roses? How www
did the war come to an www
end? www www
 They gwore badges of white grose and red rose respectively, hence the name
O .O
ia.this r rg O
.Tudorr rg
O .O rgrg
O O
.new rgrg
O
alIn a i civil war, Henry l a ia i . emerged i
victorious
l a a i . and he started l a ia i . line of
d adsa s a l
d a
d sa as a l
d a
d saas a l
d a
d saas a l
d adsaasla
a a monarchy in .England.
.P.P aa aa aa aa
w ww
w wwwwP.P w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
www
w
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
laalia.www.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a d
aa a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w M.VENKATESAN. www w M.A.,M.PHIL.,B.ED.,
w w
ww PG ASST ( HISTORYw)wGHSS AYAPPAKKAM.www w w w
 He i .O . rgrg
entered
O into matrimonial i .O . Orgrgalliance with Elizabeth i .O . rgrg of York family.
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a11.
.P.P a Highlight the work .P.Pa aof the Council of Trent. .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww  The Council ww of Trent emphasised ww faith in the Bible.ww ww
 The i . O . rgrg
celibacy
O of the priests i . O . O grg the supremacy.O
rand i of. rgthe
O rg Pope were upheld. i . O . rgrg
O
a i
alasupported the image a a i a a i a i
d a
dsaaslIt d a
d saaslalworship of Jesus d ad saaslalMary
and a saaslala
in all churches.
d d d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww w
12. Why is Joanwof Arc remembered in w w history? w w ww
 lIn i . O rgrg
O
Hundred
. Years war, i . O
the
. rgrFrench
O g king Charles i . O . rgrVII
O g was helped by.OJoan
i . rgrg of
O
a
al
asArc. a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad P.P
.thea ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w
www
w w  She fought w
www
w w
courageously and won
w
www
w w battle at Orleans.w
www
w w w
www
w w
 Joan of Arc got the title Maid of Orleans.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l LESSON
d a
-
d
11
saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a1.a What impact did
.P.P .P.Pa athe European settlement .P.Paa in North aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w wAmerica
w w make onww the
w w
ww indigenous population? ww ww ww ww
 The i .O . rgrg
island‟s
O indigenousi.population,O . rgrg
O forced toi.mine O . rgrgfor gold.
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d a l
saasThey was devastated
d a
d
l
saasaby European diseases d ad
l
saasaand brutal working d a
d
l
saasconditions.
a
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.Pthe
.P .P aa
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  By the endw w
of
w w sixteenth w
centuryww
w it had virtually w ww
vanished.
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
2. What i do
. O . rgyou
O rg know about the i . O . rgrg Tea Party? i.O.O
Boston
O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O
a
ala i ala i a
lala i a
lala i
saaslFollowing saasla saasla
Padasalai
d a
d the d
Bostona
d Massacre, about100 d ad saasactivists dressed d a
d
likesaasNative d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww Americans. wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 They gboarded the three ships carrying tea and threw 342 boxes into seag at
i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . r rg
O
lBoston.
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
a ad This incident.P
.P.P
d came
.P
d
a ad to be called the.P d
a ad Tea Party. .P.P
Boston
.P
d
a ad d
a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
3. What.OO
i . rgrg the intellectual
was
i .O . O grg
rcontribution of Thomas
i .O . rgrg Paine to the
O i .O . Ogrg
rAmerican
d d saasa
Revolution?
a
l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.titled
P aa
.P.(1776).
P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  Thomas Paine, w ww
w wrote the pamphlet w ww
w Common Sense w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 In this pamphlet Paine sought to provide arguments to justify the demands of
thei .O . rgrg
colonists.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
dsaasThel
a pamphlet had
d a
d saan l
asaastounding impact
d ad saa
of
l
sapeople. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
4. Point outrgthe rg importance ofi.the rgrbattle
g of Saratoga. rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
a alathe Battle of Saratoga,
saaslAt a saaslala the British General a saaslalaBurgoyne wasdforced a saaslalato a saasla
a d d a d d a d d a d a d d
ww.P.Pa surrender. ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w w
w British forces surrendered w w
w w w w w
w forces at York Town. www w
 Finally, the to the American
 With . O rgthis
O rg victory the northern . O rgrg colonies became
O . O rgrg
free.
O .O rgrg
O
l
asala ia i . l
asala ia i . l
asal a ia i . l
asal a ia i . asla
a ad
.P.P a ad
.PEstates
.P P.Pa ad
.regime. a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
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ancienw w w w w w w w
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 Clergy, rgrg Nobility , and the rcommoners.
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 l a
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i . O
clergy and the a
nobility
l ia. O
i . O were exempted l a i
froma.Oi . Ovarious taxes. l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
a a  only the third.Pestate
.P.P a a bore the brunt.Pof a ataxation. aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
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aal al a i aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as
i.O
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P .P.P
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ww
w
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6. Highlight i .O . rgrthe
O g essence of The.ODeclaration
i . Orgrg of the Rightsi .O . rgrgof Man and of the
O i .O . rgrg
Citizen.
O
d a
dsaasIt l
a defined individual
d a
d saasand l
a collective rights.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.that
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.P.P
w ww
w  It also insisted w ww
w taxation could wwww
only be raised by common w ww
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 which declares that, „Men are born and remain free and equal in rights‟.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.P7.aOutline the contribution a
.P.Pa of Simon Bolivar a
.P.Pato Latin American a
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.P.independence. a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
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ww  Bolivar emerged w w as a strong military ww and political force w w after the struggles.w w
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rthe . O rgAndes.
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O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . asla
asa al
asBolívar defeat to hisa sa al
asenemies in the Battle a saaof
s alBoyaca. a saasal a sa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
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w
www w
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8. Highlight the essential features of Industrial Revolution.
ia.O .Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
alThe a i use of iron and a
steel.
l a i l a a i l a a i
d a sasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasla
a a  The use of new
.P.P d .P.P a d
asources of energy or .P.fuels
P d
a a such as coal, steam, .P.P d
a a and iron. aa
.P.P d
w ww
w  The invention w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww ww of new machines wwthat increased production. ww ww
 Developments rgrg in transportrgand rg communication rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a9.aWhy is Samuel Slater
.P.P .P.Pa a considered the father .P.Pa a of American Industrial .P.Pa a Revolution? .P.P aa
w ww
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 He, used the first water-powered roller spinning textile mill in the Americas.
 lSlater's
i . O . rgrgmill was duplicated
O i . O . rgrby
O g many other entrepreneurs.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
ala the U.S. President ala i a a i a i
saaslahailed saaslalof saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d a
dsaasSo d a
d him as d a
"Father
d the American d a
Industrial
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa Revolution." a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
10. What was rgrgthe backgroundi.O forrgrtheg Peterloo Massacre? rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
asa al England, industrial
asIn a sa asaldepression and high a sa
l
asafood prices. a saasal a saasla
d
a ad So a great demonstration d
a ad d
a adby the radical leader d
a adHenry Hunt. .P.P d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w was organised
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w
w
www w
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www by the size andwmood w
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 The magistrates, who were alarmed
ordered
i .O . rgrg the cavalry corps
O i .O . rtogrgattack the crowd.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa LESSON
.P.Pa a - 12 .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 1. Write aboutwthe w six-point People‟sww Charter of 1838. ww ww
 Universal
i .O . rgrg suffrage.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d a l
saasVoting by ballot,dto a
d
asa
sapreventl intimidation. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P P.Paa
.qualification .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
w  No propertywww ww
w for w
ww
ww
candidates.
w www ww
w w
ww
ww
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 Payment of members elected to the House of Commons,
ila.O .Orgrg . O . rgrg
O . O . rgrg
O . O . rgrg
O
alEqual
a i electoral districts a i i
and equal representation.a i i a i i
d a
d sasa d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  Annual a
.P.Pa
parliaments. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
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2. What do
i . O . rgyou
O rg know about the i . O . rgrg
Manifesto
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of Sixty? Orgrg
i . . O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al manifesto declared l a a i
asal that the FrenchaRevolution l
asala a i l a
al a i asla
asaasThe a sa s a of 1789 onlya s aasbrought about a s a
d
a ad political equality. d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
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www
 It's alsowdeclared that it did not wwhave economic equality.
 They i .O . rgwanted
O rg to represent i .O . O grg working class. .OO
rthe i . rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
i.O
d
aa ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
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ww w w
ww PG ASST ( HISTORYw)wGHSS AYAPPAKKAM.ww w w
3. Why iis.O.the O rgrgperiod between iJune .O . Orgrg24 and 26, 1848 iconsidered
.O . rgrg
O the bloodyi.June O . rgrgdays?
O
d adsaasThe
 l
a workers dared
d a
d sato l
asaoppose the government
d a
d
l
saasa to shut down the d a
d
l
asa created
sashops d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.Pof
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.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w by the efforts w ww
w Louis Banc. ww ww w ww
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w
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 so, between June 24 and 26, thousands of people werewkilled in france.
 Eleven i . O . Orgrgthousand revolutionaries i . O . rgrg were imprisoned
O i . O . rgrg
O or deported. ai.O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww 4. What role did ww
wConcert
w of Europewplay wwww in Metternich Era?w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww w w w w w
 It worked rgrg for the preservation rgrg of European order and
rgrg balance of power. rgrg
 l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal
They intervened in
a sa asal
the case of countries
a saasal
threatened by internal
a saasal
rebellion.
a saasla
d
a ad They Imposed d
a ad overall decision d d affected countries.
a athe d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.their
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w
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5. Why iwas .O . OrgItaly
rg described asi.“a O . rgmere
O rg geographicali.O . rgrg
expression”
O by Metternich?i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d a l
saasItaly was divideddinto a
d
l
saasaeight states by the d a
d aasa
sViennal Congress. dadsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P aa
.P aa
.PAustrians.
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  Northernw ww
Italy
w was handed overww ww
to the German-speaking w ww
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w
ww ww ww ww ww
 Italy in the nineteenth century was a „patchwork of about a dozen large states
and
a i .Oi . argnumber
O rg of smaller a i .Oi . rgrg
ones.
O a i .Oi . rgrg
O a i .Oi . rgrg
O
l
saasSo l a
a ‟ Metternich described l l a
saasa Italy as “a mere l l a
saasgeographical
a l
saasa l a saasla
aad a
d aa d a
d aad a
d expression.”
aad a
d aad a
d
w
ww w www w wwww www w www w
6. Explain Poor Laws.
i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
 a i
alaBritain the Poor a i
aslala as codified during a i a i
saaslIn saaslalaElizabethan period. saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d a
d d a
d saLaws, d a
d d a
d d a
d
ww.P.Pa  This act provided
a
ww
a
.P.Pa a relief for thewaged, w
a
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a
.P.Pa ww
a
.P.Pa
ww
ww  This act also w w w
w provided a relief for w ww
w the capable unemployed w w
w w in workhouses.w w w w
i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal an account ofasathe l a a i
asalfirst International l
asala a i l a a i
asal of 1864. asla
7.daAttempt
sa d d a saWorking Men‟s Association
d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w  It purpose w wwas
w to form an w w
international
w working class
w w
alliance.
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www www www www www
 It worked hard to exclude the moderates from the International.
 It i O
.also
. Orgrdenounced
g other i O rgrg such as Ferdinand
.socialists
. O i .O . rgrg Lassalle and Bakunin.
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 8. Highlight the w ww
w
contribution of w
Carbonariwww to the unification w w
w
ofw Italy. w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 The Carbonari, rgrg advocatingrgliberal and patrioticrideas.
 l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O rg
l a ia.Oi . Ogrg l a ia.Oi . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
They kept alive the
d a
d
ideas
saasa l of liberalism and
d a
d saasa l
nationalism.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  As a result Revolts
.P.P a a broke out in Naples,
.P.P a a Piedmont and Lombardy.
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
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9. Who iwas . O . OrgFrancois
rg Babeuf?i.O.O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
ala i a i
aslala agitator of the a
lala i ala i
d a
dsaaslFrancois Babeuf,dadsapolitical d a
d saasFrench Revolutionaryd a
d saaslaperiod. d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  He said, theww a
.P.Pa a
P.Panot address the needs
.did a
.P.Paof the peasants ww a
.PPa
ww
ww
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wwww Revolution in France
wwwwww
wwwwww
wwww .
and workers.
 He i . O . rgrg
advocated
O the abolition i . O . rgof
O rgprivate property i . O . rgrgthe generalisation
and
O i .O . Ogrgthe
rof
l a
al
asland.a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w w w
www www www www www
10. What was
i . O . Orgrgthe importanceiof . O . rZollverein?
Ogrg
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
 l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
Prussia was successful
d a
d saasa l
in establishing the
dadsaasa l
Zollverein (customs
d a
d
union).
saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
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w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w M.VENKATESAN.
w
ww w M.A.,M.PHIL.,B.ED.,
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 Iti.included
O . rgrg most of the Germanic
O i .O . Orgrg states except i .O . rgrg under the control
those
O i .O . rgof
O rg
d a
d
a l
saasAustria. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  It also provided
.P.P a aeconomic unity to.P
.P.P a aGermanic states. .P.P
.P aa aa
.P.P
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11. What i . Odo
. rgryou
O g know of the Gilded
i . O . rgrg Age?
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
ala i a i a i a i
d a
dsaaslThe Gilded age d
wasa
d saaslalaan era of intense
also d a
d
aslala
samass mobilisation d a
d
of
aslala
saworking classes. d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww  Socialistwand w ww
w labour movements wwww
emerged in many wwww
countries as a mass w ww
w
ww w ww ww w w
phenomenon.
ila.O .Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
alTheaa i expansion of l
asala a i
industrialisation resulted l
asala
in a i
wage growth. l
asala a i asla
d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w ww w ww
www 12. What is theww w
importance of the year www 1873 in the economic wwwhistory of America? www
 lThe i .O . rgrg economic Depression
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global i .O . rgrg occurred ini.1873.
O O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
l
saasThis
a economic Depression
d a
d saasa l
also affected d a
dthe
l
saasaUnited States very d a
d
asa l
saseriously. d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  American w ww
w
railroads became w ww
w
bankrupt in this period. wwww wwww
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i LESSON - 13 l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a1.aExplain the concept
.P.P a aof Imperialism as .defined
.P.P a a by John A. Hobson. aa aa
w ww
w w ww
w w wwP.P
w wwww.P.P
wwww.P.P
ww  Imperialism ww is the endeavour wofwthe great controllers wwof industry to broaden ww
the i . O . rgrg
channel.
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
ala try to bring ainsaathe a i a i a i
saaslThey slalause of locally unsold a
saaslalgoods saaslala capital. saasla
Padasalai
d a
d d d d a
d and unmarketing
d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa  Foreign markets a
.P.Paand foreign funds a
.Pa be used for this
.Pwill a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww wwwpurpose.
w wwww
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i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
2. Why l
asala did
a i Germany want to
l
asala a i
isolate France? l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad The France wanted
.P.P a ad to recover Alsace
.P.P .P.P ad Lorraine which
aand a d in the Franco-.PP
italost
.P.P .a a
d
www Prussianww w
War. www www www
 Bismarck rgrg expected France rgto
rgtake revenge fori.O rgrg
this. rgrg
l a i
a .Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a a i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d
saasSo l
a he was determined
d a
d
l
saasato isolate France. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
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3. What was rgrgthe significance iof Entente
rgrg Cordiale signed rgrgbetween Britaini.O and rgrgFrance
i . O
i . O . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
d a
d saaslaala
in 1904?
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasla
a a  Morocco and.PEgypt
.P.P a a related Quarrels awere
.P.P a solved. aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww.P
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww  France allowed ww to operate independently ww in Morocco. ww ww
 France i . O . rgrgagreed to recognize
O i . O . rgthe
O rg British occupation i . O . rgrgof Egypt.
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww
woutcome
w wwww wwww wwww
ww 4. Highlight the ww of the Balkan ww crisis. ww ww
Bulgarians
O felt injured i . O . rgrand
O g awaited an opportunity
i . O . rgrg
O to take revenge i .O . rgrgon
O
l a
al a
asSerbia. i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad The passions.of
.P.P ad Serbians were inflamed
athe
P.P a ad by victory. .P.P
.P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
www  Anti-Austrian www struggle in Serbia www and Bosnia became ww w
ever more militant. ww
w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P
w
w w w
ww PG ASST ( HISTORYw)wGHSS AYAPPAKKAM.www w w
5. Whati.was O . rgr“Triple
O g Intervention”? i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i a a i
d ad
l
saasAccording
 a to the d a
Treaty
d
l
saasa of Shimonoseki d a
d signed
l
saasa at the end, Japan d a
d
l
saasagot Liaotung dadsaasla
l
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w peninsula w ww
along
w with some regions.
w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 The European powers feared the sudden growth of Japans.
 lSo, i . O . rgrg England and
O
France, i . O . rgrg forced Japan
O
Russia i . O .
to rgsurrender
O rg the i
Liaotung. O . rgrg
O
a
ala i a i a i a i
d adsaaspeninsula to d
china. a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww 6. Write about w w the role played by Von w w
w Hindenburg in the wEastern Front of the wFirst w
World War. rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a 
sa al Russian forces
asThe a sa asal
penetrated far into the
a sa al
asEastern Prussia. a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w w.P.P  Russian w
troops
w.P.Pconfronted the w
German
w.P.P general von w .P.P
Hintenberg.
w w w.P.P
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
w w
 In the battle of Tannenberg Russia suffered heavy losses on account of the w
decisive
i .O . rgrg role played by Von
O i .O . rgrHindenburg.
O g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d
7. ad
Point
l
saasa out the importance d a
d
l
saasaof Battle of Jutland. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww  A historical ww war took place atwsea w in Jutland peninsula, ww Denmark. ww
 TheOO rgrg was inconclusive. rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. i. battle l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d ad

saasThel
a Battle of Jutland
d a
d
l
saasais remembered as d a
d
l
saasalargest naval battle
the
d a
d saaof l
sathe First d a
d saasla
a a World War. .P.P
.P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
8. What is Nihilism?
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
 a i a i a i a i
saaslala
Nihilism represented saaslala
a revolt against the saaslala
established social saaslala
order. saasla
Padasalai
a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww .P.Pa It rejected all
w w.P.Pa
authority exercised by
ww .P.Pathe state, church .P.Pa
and
ww
by the family.
ww .P.Pa
ww
ww  It basedwits w
w wbelief only on w w
scientific
w w truth. wwww w w
w w
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asaldid the League of l
asala a i l a a i
asal between Greece l a a i
al Bulgaria in asaasla
asand
s
9.daHow
a d a sa Nations resolve theda s
dispute
a d a sa
ad
a1925?
.wP.P a ad
.wP.P .wP.P a ad a ad
.wP.P adad
.wP.P
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
 In 1925, Greece invaded Bulgaria.
 lThe i .O . rgrg
O
League i
ordered alaceasefire. .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a a i a i l a a i l a a i
d ad
a l
saasAfter investigation d a
d
a l
saitasdecided that Greece d a
d saa
was
l
sa to pay reparations. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww 10. How did the wwLateran Treaty help wwMussolini in legitimising ww his authority? ww
 Mussolini
i .O . rgrg won over thei.Roman
O O . rgrg Catholic Church
O i .O . rgby
O rg recognising thei.O . rgrg
Vatican
O
d ad
l
saasCity
a as an independent
d a
d
l
saasa state. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.PChurch
.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  In returnwthe ww
w recognised w wthe
w w Kingdom of Italy. wwww w ww
w
ww ww w ww ww
 The Roman Catholic faith was w made the religion of Italy.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
11. What a iwas the Third Reich? a i a i a i
d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  The Nazi state a
PaHitler, known as
.P.of a
P.PaThird Reich. ww
.the a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w ww w ww
w
ww w
 It broughtwan end to the parliamentary ww democracy . w w w w
 As O aO grg Germany was
rresult O rgrg
converted
O into a highly O rgcentralised
O rg state. OO rgrg
l a ia. i . l a ia. i . l a ia. i . l a ia. i .
12.a saasal were the two underground
What a sa asal movements a sa
l
asawhich thrived in a saasal
Germany after the a s aasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w w.P.PFrench occupation w w P.P
.of Ruhr? w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
 In Berlin rgrg under Ludendorff, rgrgwho had organised rthe
grg former soldiers.O against
rgrg the
i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i i . O
a aala
saaslRepublican government.
a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saasla
d d
a a  There was another d d
a a in Munich, a former d d
a a corporal. aad d d
aa d
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w www w www w wwww www w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
w w w
ww PG ASST ( HISTORYw)wGHSS AYAPPAKKAM.ww w w w
 He i .Owas
. rgrgAdolf Hitler, thei.O
O . Orgrg of the National
leader i .O . rgrg
Socialist
O German Workers‟ i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
a l
saasParty. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www
LESSON - 14 w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
1. Bring out the importance of Kellogg-Briand Pact.
 lThe i . O . rgrg
O
Kellogg–Briand Pacti . O . rgrg signed in the year
O
was i . O . Ogrg
rof 1928. i . O . rgrg
O
a
ala i a
aslala i a a i a i
d a
dsaasThough the US d
dida
d sanot become a member d a
d saasoflalthe League of d a saaslalait
Nations,
d d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.PPa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww participated wwwwwwin. this meet. wwww ww
wwwwww
wwwwww
 The outcome of this pact was the pledge of all nations of the world to renounce
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
lwar.
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w w w
www 2. Why did Germany www withdraw from w League of Nations
wwthe wwinw 1933? www
 In Disarmament rgrg Conference, rgrgThe issue was the German
rgrg rearmament rplan grg on a
i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
saaslaala
par with France. alaala
d a d a sas d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saasla
a a  The French refused
.P.P d .P.P d
a a to agree to this.Pproposal. aa
.P
d aa
.P.P d aa
.P.P d
w ww
w  As a result, w w
w w w www w w
w w w w
w w
ww ww Germany withdrew wwfrom the League ofwNations. w ww
i O
.was. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
3. What
d a
d saasa l the background
d a
d saasa lfor the formation
d a
d
of
saasa Rome-Berlin
l Axis?
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  Britain and France
.P.P a a condemned Mussolini‟s
.P.P .P.Paa invasion of Ethiopia. aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww  This helped ww Hitler to establishwclose w relationship with wwItaly. ww
 This rwas grg the beginning of Rome–Berlin
rgrg Axis. rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.P4.aWhat was the essence ww.P.Pa of the Munich w .P.Pa
agreement?
w ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww  In the Munich w w
w w conference, the premiers w w
w w of Britain, France, w w
w w Germany and Italy w w
w w
joined
i . O . rgrthe
O g meeting.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
 l a a i
al German armyasashould
asThe l a a i
asal occupy the Sudetenland, l
asal a a i as demanded l a
asaby a i
l Hitler. asla
d a sa d d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad Parts of Czechoslovakia
.P.P a ad
.P.P should go P.P
.to ad
aPoland and Hungary. a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w ww
www www www www www
5. What .do
i O . rgyou
O rg know ofDunkirk i .O . Ogrg
rEvacuation? i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
 l
saasDuring
a the Secondasa
d d
World l
asa War, Frenchatroops
d d
l
saasa were driven to d a
d
the l
saasashores of the dadsaasla
l
a a Dunkirk coast.
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww
ww  From there, ww they were forced wtowleave the boats andwthe w small ships. ww
 The i .O . rgrg
French
O soldiers evacuatedi .O . rgrg from Dunkirki.formed
O O . rgrg the nucleus ofi.O
O the
. rgrgFree
O
d a
d
l
saasFrench
a army. dasaasa
d
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww
ww 6. Highlight the wwimportance of Japan‟s ww attack on Pearl Harbour. ww ww
 United i . O . rgrgStates declared war
O i . O . rgon
O rg Japan. i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
ala making it anaabsolute a i a i a i
d a
dsaaslThus d d saaslala second world d a
d
lala
saaswar. d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  Britain andwChina a
.PPa joined the US.ww .PPaa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwwww. wwww . wwwwww
wwwwww
7. Enumerate i . O . rgrgthe essential principles

O i . O . rgrg of Atlantic Charter.
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al territorial changes
asNo l al a
asawithouti l
asof a a i
al the people concerned. l
asala a i asla
d asa d a sa the consent
d a sa d a s a d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w  Freedom to
w w w
travel across the seaw ww
without hindrance. w w w w ww
www www www www www
 Disarmament of all nations that threaten aggression.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d
8. a saasa
Examine
d
l
the d
importance a
d saasof l
a the Treaty of Nanking.
dad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  The treaty w ww
w
of Nanking signed atw www
the end of first Opium w wWar.
w w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aal al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
i.O
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
w w w w
 This i .O .
grg opened the doors
rtreaty
O i .O . Orgrgto Britain. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad
 a l
saasChina ceded Hong d a
d sKong
a
l
asa and paid an indemnity.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww 9. Write aboutwthe w Boedi Oetomo and wwpoint out the reasonww for its failure. ww
 The i . O . rgrg organisation that
first
O i . O . Ogrg
rexpressed clear nationalism
i . O . rgrg in the East Indies
O i . O . rgrgwas
O
a
ala i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslBoediOetomo. d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  It turned out .P a a a cultural body,.P a
.Pa a
.P.Paservants and ww a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w to.Pbe w wwconsisting
w mainlywofw wcivil
w ww
ww students from
w w Java. w w w w ww
 Boedi i . O . rgrOetomo
O g soon became i . O . rgrdefunct
O g and a more i . O . Ogrg
rpopular political societyi . O . rgrg
O
l a
al a
asSarekat i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa Islam a s
emerged.
d a d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
10. Explain the immediate outcome of American rule established in the Philippines in
1902. laia.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
dsaasThel
a primary colonial
d a
d
l
saasainstitutions weredfirmly a
d
l
saasa established. dadsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.civil
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.on
P aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
w  The systemwww wofw
w services and
www ww
judiciary
w was established
www ww
w the basis of wwwwww
English education.
 laThe .O O grg
rmunicipal .O rgrg governments were
O .O rgrestablished
O g .O Ogrg
rthe
i
a i . and provincial
l a ia i . l a ia i . through
l a ia i .
d a
d
a l
saaselections. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
11. Discuss the developments that followed Dutch-Indonesian Agreement.
alDutchila.O .Orgrrecognised
g
i . O . rgSumatra
O rg i . O . rgrg republican states.
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i Java a
aslalaand i as independent
a i a i
saaslala la
saaslawas saasla
Padasalai
a a
sasOther a saunited a a a
a d d islands were
a d d and thus the
a d d
Indonesian United d d
States
a formed. a d d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa .P.Pa
wpeace
w ww.P.Pa
ww
ww  Subsequently, wwww the Dutch attempted wwww to twice to disrupt wwww in Indonesia. wwww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
12. Assessl
asala a i the significance of
l
asalathe
a i Cavite uprising. l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad In Philippines,
.P.P .P.P ad uprising , was
aCavite ad
acrushed
.P.P served to promote
.P.Pa ad the nationalist.P.P a ad
www cause. www www www www
 A number rgrg of Filipino intellectuals rgrg were arrested.rg g rgrg
 l a i
a
After . O
i . O a brief trial, three l a ia. O
i . O
priests were publiclyl a ia.Oi . Or
executed. l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww wLESSON
w - 15 ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
1. Identify
l a a i the espionage agencies
l a a i of USA and USSR.l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  In the United.PStates
.P.P a a the Central Intelligence aa
.P.P .P.Pawas
a established in .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww.P
w w ww
w Agency (CIA) w ww
w wwww
ww 1947. ww ww ww ww
 The i . O . rgrg Union‟s KGB,i.O
Sovit
O or. rgC
O rg N S was formedi.O in. rg1954.
O rg i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww 2. Explain thewconcept w ww
w of containment w ww
w
of communism. w ww
w www
w
ww w w w w w ww
 The i . O . rgrgwanted to control
US
O i . O . rgrg
communism
O by restoring
i . O . rgrg the economies of
O i .O . rgrg
the
O
l a
al a
asEuropean i l a
al a
aravaged i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa countries d a sa s by the war.
d a sa d a s a d a s a
a ad For this, the US
.P.P .P.P ad forward the Truman
aput a ad Doctrine and the
.P.P .P.P ad
aMarshall Plan. .P.Pa ad
www  And 1948 www the European Economic www Cooperation Agency www was formed. www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P .P.P
ww ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w M.VENKATESAN. ww ww M.A.,M.PHIL.,B.ED.,
w w w w
3. Pointi.out O . rgthe
O rg significance ofi.O the
. Orgr“Uniting
g for Peace” i .O . rgresolution
O rg passed iby .O . O grg UN
rthe
d d
l
saasa Assembly. dadsaasa
General
a
l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  The General .Assembly
.P.P aa a ain US to pass the.P aa aa
w ww
w wwwwP.P took initiative
w ww
w
.P.P
w w
.P
ww„Uniting for Peace‟ wwww.P.P
ww resolution. ww ww ww ww
 Ifi.the O . rgSecurity
O rg Council icould . O . rgrgnot reach an agreement
O i . O . rgrg in a crisis, thei.O
O . rgrg
General
O
a
ala i ala i a i
lala the military. saslala a i
d a
d saaslAssembly may maked a
d saasalarecommendation d adsaasuse
to d a
d a d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  USSR regarded a a resolution as illegal.
.P.Pthis a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
4. Whati.do O . rgyou
O rg know about Cominform? i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a
al
asUSSR a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d asa set up The d a s
Cominform
a in 1947. d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
P.P
.all .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w  This was an
w ww
organisation in which
w w w European w
communist
w w parties were w ww
www www www www www
represented.
 lIt i O rgrg
O
.discouraged
. trade contact i .O . rgrgbetween the non-communist
O i .O . rgrg
O countries. i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww 5. Provide examples ww of Surrogate Wars ww in the cold war era. ww ww
 The i .O . rgrg
Korean
O War andathe i .O . Ogrg
rVietnam Wars were i .O . rgrg examples ofi.the
classic
O O . rgCold
O rg
l a a i l a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasWar
a l
period. d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P aa
.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
w  In both cases
ww wwww Soviet Union www ww
supported
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government
w in North wwwwww
Korea and in North Vietnam.
 lThe i . O . rgrg States supported
O
United i . O . rgrgSouth Korea and
O i . O rgrg Vietnam.
O
South
. i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saasala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d a
d
ww
ww w ww
6. What was thewbackground to the Hungarian w w
w w Crisis? w w
w w wwww
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Russians agreed to i O
Nagy
. . rgrgbecoming premier
O i . O . O grg in Hungary ..OO
ragain i . rgrg
a a i
al started introducing
asHe l a a i
asala multiparty system l al
asaand a i l a l a i
asagovernment. asla
d asa d a sa d a sa set up a a
coalition
d sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.into
P a ad
.P.P
w
www
w w  Enraged wwwby
w ww
the development, w
www
w w
Soviet Russia sent its w
army
w
www w Hungary and
w
www
ww
crushed the rebellion
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a7.aWhat was Schuman
.P.P a aPlan?
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 Robert Schuman, the French foreign minister, realised that a reconciliation
.O
between
i . rgrg France and Germany
O i .O . rgrg was good for both.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
dsaasHe l
a proposed the joint
d a
d
l
saasaproduction of two d ad aasa l
scountries ' coal and d a
steel
d
l
saasato be d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P aa
.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w administered wwww by the High w ww
Authority.
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 This plan for sectoral economic integration created mutual interests and
i . O . rgrg
O
automatically linked the i . O .
two rgrgcountries.
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww 8. Outline the concept w w of Perestroika.w w w w ww
 lGorbachev
i . O . rgrg announced the
O i . O . Ogrg
rPerestroika at the i . O . rgrg
O
communist Partys .
Congress
i O . rgrg in
O
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa Soviet Russia. d a sa d a sa d a s a d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.Pof
.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w  Perestroika w ww
describes the w
necessityw w a political and w w w
economic re- w ww
www www www www www
structuring.
alBy ia.O .Orgrg i .O . rgloosened
O rg i .O . O grg
rcontrol i .O . rgrg
O
a i
Perestroika Gorbachev l a a i centralised
l a a i of many l a a i
institutions.
d a
d sasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww www
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aa l a la i ala
i.O
aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w M.VENKATESAN.
w
w w w w
i .O . rgrg
O 3 – MARKSi .O . Orgrg i .O . rgLESSON
O rg -9 i .O . rgrg
O
1.dad
What l
saasa are the main objectives d a
d
l
saasa of the Tenancy d a
d
asa l
sareforms? d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  To regulate w wthe
w w rent. w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 To secure rgrg the rights of the tenant.
rgrg rgrg rgrg
 a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
a ala
saaslExpropriating saaslalaof the land owners.
the land
a a saaslala a saaslala a saasla
.P.Pa  To confer ownership .P.Pa rights on theww PPa
.tenants. .P.Pa .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww ww
ww
ww
wwww . wwwwww
wwwwww
2. What was rgrthe
g outcome of Green rgrgRevolution in India? rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a 
sa al
asIndia s asal
achieved self-sufficiency
a a s asal
in food dproduction.
a a a saasal a saasla
d
a ad Productivity .also d d
a aincreased. a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w wP.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
ww w
www w w
 The government stored large w quanitity of food grains recieving from theww
farmers.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasTo
 l
a ensure food security
d a
d
l
saasa for the people.dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 3. Describe the w ww
w
Integrated Rural w ww
w
Development Programme w ww
w
introduced by the w
Unionww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Governmentg in the 1980s.
i .O . r rg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad

saasa l
The purpose was
d
to
a
d saasa l
provide rural households
d a
d saasa l with assets which
d a
d saasa l
would improve
d a
d saasla
a a their economic
.P.P aposition.
.P.P a .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww  In this plan, ww Govt supply of cows ww or goats for dairying. ww ww
 This O Ogrg also help to set.Oup
rplan rgrsmall
O g shops or other O rgtrade-related
O rg O rgrg
O
a i . i . a i i . a i . i . a i . i .
ala
saaslbusinesses. saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa  The subsidywvaried .P.Pa according to the
w ww Pa
.P.economic situationwof Pa family receiving
.P.the
w ww.P.Pa
ww
ww www w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
assistance.
4. What i . O
were. rgrgthe reasons for iagricultural
O . O . rgrg
O backwardness i . O . rgrgin India?
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad The backwardness
.P.P a ad of agriculture could
.P.P .P.Pa adbe attributed to two d
a afactors:
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www institutional wwwand technological. www www www
 Institutional rgrg factors refer to rgrthe
g social and economic rgrg relations between rgthe
rg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
d adsaasa l
land-owners and
d a
d
the
saasa l
cultivators.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  Technological.P.factors aa relate to did .not aa ause
a of chemical aa
w ww
w
.P.P
w ww P
w w wwP.P use of better seeds,
w w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
ww fertilizers, wwuse of machinery. ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a5.aWhat were the factors
.P.P a a which contributed
.P.P .P.Pato
a the poor performance a a of the public .P.P
.P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww sector enterprises? ww ww ww ww
 Delays . O rgrgin construction resulted
O . O rgrg in cost overrun.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a i i . a i i . a i i . a i i .
a  ala
saaslAdministrative prices
a
la not always under
saaslawere a saaslalacontrol. a saaslala a saasla
ww.P.Pa  Public sector ww.P.Pa were also overstaffed.
units ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w w
w operating companies w w w
w increased by many workers. w w
w w w w
w w
 The cost of
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i LESSON - 10 l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a1.ad
.P.P Why did Italy
a adthe birthplace of.P.Renaissance?
.P.P
become
a ad
P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
 Italians preserved the belief that they were descendants of the ancient Romans.
 lThey i .O . rglooked
O rg back upon i O
.their
. rgrgancestry with pride.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad a l
saasItaly had a more d a
secular
d
l
saasa culture than most d ad saasa l
other parts of Latin
d a
d
l
saaChristendom.
sa d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.write
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  They learnt
w wto
w w Latin as the
w w w
ancient
w Romans did.w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w M.VENKATESAN.
w
w w w
2. Highlight i .O . rgrthe
O g literary accomplishments
i .O . Orgrg of England i .O . rgrg the Renaissance.
during
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasThe
 l
a Elizabethan Age
d a
d
l
saasproduced
a many scholars
d a
d
l
saasa during the English d a
d
l
saasaRenaissance. dadsaasla
l
a a  Notable among
.P.P athem
.P.P a were William.PShakespeare, aa a a Marlowe, and .P.P
.P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w www.P Christopher
w www w ww
w
ww Francis w w
Bacon. ww ww ww
 Christopher
i . O . rgrg
O Marlowe wrote,Dido,
i . O . rgrg
O The Queeni.of O . Ogrg
rCarthage, and Tamburlainei . O . rgrg the
O
a
ala i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslGreat. d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  William Shakespeare a
.P.Pa wrote, the Othello, a
.P.PaHamlet, King Lear a
.P.P a a a
ww ww ww ww and Romeo and ww w.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww ww w
Juliet.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i asla
3.dad saasal were the achievements
What d a sa asal of Italian and aEnglish
d saasal explorers? asaasal
d d a sa
aa
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w  John Cabot,
w w an
w Italian explorer w w
saw
w the Canada and w w
made
w it an English w w w
www colony. w
w w www www www
 Giovannii .O . rgrg da Verrazano,i.O
O . rgrg Italian, explored
another
O i .O . rgrgthe lands for thei.French.
O O . rgrg
O
d a
dsaasHe l
a annexed provinces
d a
d
l
saasafor the French in d a
deastern
l
saasa Canada. dadsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  An English w wexplorer
w w named w
Henrywww Hudson wanted w
to www
find the passage from w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
North rgrAmerica
g to the Pacific rgrgOcean. rgrg rgrg
l a i
a . O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
4.d a
d
Bring
l
saasa out the negative d a
d a asa
soutcomel
of Commerciald a
d
l
saasaRevolution. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  The most w ww
w
negative result of the w www
Commercial Revolution w wwwas
w the revival of w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
slavery. rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
ala Commercial Revolution
saaslThe saaslala aslala and plantation lala saasla
Padasalai
a a developingasamining a saasfarming in the a
.P.Pa Spanish, Portuguese .P.Pa and Englishwcolonies. .PPa .P.Pa .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww ww
ww
ww
wwwww. wwww ww
ww wwww
 This led to the recruitment of slaves as unskilled labourers.
O grg
rslave O rgrg more than 11 million O rgrg Africans to thei.Americas. O rgrg
 lThisa i
a . i . O trade that i .
exported
l a a i . O l a ia. i . O l a a i . O
a saasal a sa asal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w 5. Assess the part w .P.P
w
played by John Calvin w wP.P
.in organising the ww.P.P
Protestant movement inw .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www w
www wwww
Genoa.
 lCalvin i .O . rgrgwas a great organiser
O i .O . rgrgand for a while he
O i .O . rgrg
O
controlled the city of
i .O . rgrg
O
Geneva.
d a
dsaasHisl
a book titled 'Institutes
d a
d
l
saasa of the Christian d a
d
asa l
saReligion' in Latin d a
contains
d
l
saasa his core d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w ideas. w ww
w w www w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 He strived hard to establish an organised society based on biblical teachings.
 lCalvinism
i .O . rgrg became popular
O i .O . rgeven
O rg during his lifetime. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 6. Discuss the w ww
contribution
w of Society wof
wwJesus
w to the w ww
counter-reformation
w movement w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
in Europe.
alIt O
ila.used.Orgrgeducation as a tool i . O . O grg
rto i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i teach the Catholic a i religion to the masses.
a i
d a
d
a
sasThey set up d
various a
d saa slala
educational d a
d
institutions
la
saaslato promote the d a
d saaslala religion.
Catholic d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww  Society of ww
wJesus
w succeeded in w w www
producing efficient and w www
faithful followers of w
theww
w
ww ww w w w w w
Church.
ila.O .Orgrg . O . rgrg
O . O . rgrg
O .O . rgrg
O
alTheaa i Jesuits, helped in l
asala ia i
raising the standard of
l
asala ia i
the Church in Europe. l
asal a ia i asla
d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w ww w w w
www 7. Write aboutwthe ww voyage of Columbus wwwin 1492. www www
 On 3rg August 1492 Columbus rgrgsailed from the iharbour rgrg of Palos, withi.O three
rgrg small
i . O
i . O rg i . O
i . O . O
i . O i . O
a aala .
saaslships a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saasla
aad d aad d aad d aad d d
aa d
w
ww w w
ww w www w www w ww w w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
w w w w
 After i .O . rgargvoyage of two months,
O i .O . Orgrg he came to a land i .O . rgwhich
O rg he believedi.to O . Ogrg
rbe
d ad
a l
saasIndia. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  But it was w ww
really
w a new continent, w wAmerica.
w w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 They gwere called Indians because, he believed that the land he had discovered
i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
ala India. a i a i a i
d a
d saaslwas d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww 8. Describe theww ww ww
voyage of Portuguese w ww
w
sailor Pedro Cabralwinw ww
wIndia.
w wwww
ww ww ww
 Cabral rgrgsailed to India, following rgrg the route of iVasco rgrg da Gama, and reached rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a sa al
asKozhikode. a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad The zamorin.ruler d
a ad allowed Cabral.Pto d
ad a fort and carry
a build d d trade.
a aon d
a ad
w .P.P
w w wP.P w w .P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www  He thenwleft w
wwfor Cochin , further w
www south, where he was w w
wwwarmly received. www w
 After i .O . rgestablishing
O rg a porti.O at. rgCannanore
O rg Cabral i .O . rgrg
returned
O with six shiploads
i .O . rgrg of
O
d a
d
a l
saasspices to Portugal. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww wLESSON
w - 11 ww ww
1. Discuss i .O . rgrgimportant provisions
the
O i .O . rgrgof the Treaty ofi.Paris
O O . rgrg signed in 1783. i.O.O
O rgrg
d a
d
l
saasBritain
a
recognised d a
d aasa
sthe l
freedom colonies d a
dand
l
saasathe formation ofdadthe l
saasaUnited States dadsaasla
l
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w of America. w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 France gained certain British territories in West Indies, India and Africa.
ila.O .Orgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
alSpain
a i obtained Florida a i
la i
from. Great Britain a i
la i . a
aslalai i .
saaslamaintained saaslaquo saasla
Padasalai
a a
sasHolland a a a sabefore a
a
.P.Pa
d d and a
.P.Pa
d
Englandd the a d d
status
.P.Pa that prevailed
a
.P.Pa
d d the war. a
.P.Pa
d d
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
2. Analyse rthe grg significance of American rgrg Revolution. rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
asa al concepts of democracy
asThe a saasal and republic a saasal
became widespread.asaasal a saasla
d
a ad The political .and d d
a asocial d
adthe lines of democracy
aon d
a ad and equality. .P.P d
a ad
w .P.P
w w wP.P changeswwere w w.P.P w .P.P
w w w
w
www w w
wwgained www w
www w
www
 Education prominence.
 The i .O . rgrg
principle
O of federalism i .O . rgbecame
O rg widespread. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.Pthe
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 3. Long before the
w ww
w revolution of 1789, w ww
there
w was a revolution w winw
w realm of ideas.
w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Explain.
ia.O .Orgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
alIntellectuals
a i played al a i
keya i . role in preparing l a i
the
a i . soil for the outbreak l a ia i .
of the
d a
d sa s a l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P French Revolution.
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  The w
writings ww
w of Voltaire and w ww
w
Rousseau acted as an w ww
w
impetus to the revolution. w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 Montesquieu rgrg , argued for the
rgrg division of power among
rgrg the legislative, executive
rgrg
a
and i . O
i . O
judiciary. a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  Rousseau , a
.P.Pa
argued that the relationship a
.P.Pa between the rulers a
.P.Pa
and ruled should be a
.P.Pa
wwww wawwcontract.
w wwww wwww wwww
ww bound by ww ww ww ww
4. What caused O rgrg the “September O Massacres”?
rgrg O rgrg O rgrg
l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O
asa al French people
asThe a saasal
believed that political
a sa s al
aprisoners in the jails
a saasal planning
were a s aasla
d
a ad to join a plot .of d
ad counter-revolutionaries.
athe d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w wP.P w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
wwwdescended on the w w
ww w
www w
www
 So the mob prisons.
 summarily
i .O . rgrg executed those
O i .O . O grg believed to be .royalists.
rthey i O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
dsaasIn l
a all about 1,200 aprisoners
d d saasa l were killeddad insaawhatl
sa came to be known d a
d
l
saasa as the d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w September w w
Massacres.
w w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
w w w
5. Tracei.the O . rgrcircumstances
O g iniwhich
.O . Orgrg Brazil became ithe .O . rgfirst
O rg constitutionali.O . rgrg
monarchy
O
d
l
saasa America.
indaSouth d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
P.P
.the .P aa
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  When Napoleon w ww
w invaded Portugal, w ww
w King of Portugal, w ww
w Tom Jovo, fled towhis ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
colony, Brazil.
 lBut i . O . rgrg his power was
O
later, i . O . rgrg
O
challenged in portugal. i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
ala he decided to go ala i ala i a i
aslalahands of his asaasla
d asaasSo d a slaPortugal
saato leavingd a saaslacolony
the of Brazil d a
in sathe
a d
.P.Pa son Dom Pedro. a
.P.Pa d a
.P.Pa d a
.P.Pa d adad
.P.P
www w www w www w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
 In 1822, Brazil obtained independence from Portugal.
 lIt i . O .
becamergrg the only constitutional
O i . O . rgrg monarchy ini.O
O . rgrg America.
O
South i . O . rgrg
O
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www 6. What happened www in Germany during www the second phase of ww w
Industrial Revolution? www
 lBy i .Othe
. rgrgend of the nineteenth
O i .O . rgrgcentury Germany
O i .O rgrg
O
emerged
. as the most i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
a l
saasindustrialised a saasa
country.
d d
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  It surpassed w ww
w the home of the w ww
Industrial
w Revolution, ww
Britain,
w w and proved to be
w waw
w
ww ww ww ww ww
competitor of the United States.
 lDaimler
i .O . rgrg and Benz became
O i .O . O grg
rthe most popularlabrands i .O . rgrg of automobile in
O i .O . rgrg
O
Germany
a a i l a a i a i l a a i
d a
d saasand
a l
the world. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  Germany w ww
w
made its mark in ironw ww
w
and steel industry. w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgLESSON - 12 i.O.O
O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslalaFrance sneezes, aslala catches a cold sa–aslElucidate.
ala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
1. When sEurope
a d a
d a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa  Europe in the ww .Pa
.Pnineteenth centurywwas a
.P.Pinfluenced
w .P.Pa
by thewdevelopments
w
in ww.P.Pa
ww
ww France. w w w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
 Metternich O rgrg was the onei.who O rgrgsought to suppress O rgrgspirit of democracy
the O rgrand
g
l a ia. i . O l a a i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O
a sa al
asnationalism that arose
a saasainl Europe.
a sa asal a sa asal a saasla
d
a ad He said, “When dad
aFrance sneezes, Europe d
a adcatches a cold.”.P.P d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w w .P.P
w
w
www  France sneezed
w
www not once, but w w
ww in 1789, 1830 and
thrice
w w
ww1848, when revolutions
w
www
broke
i .O . rgrout
O g in France. .O.O
i rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a2.a“The Industrial Revolution
.P.P aa
.P.P was the basis afor
.P.P a emerging the ideas a aof Socialism” – .P.P
.P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww Substantiate. ww ww ww ww
 The i .O . rgrg
working
O classes were i .O . rgrg
initially
O unorganised i .O . rgrg therefore wholly
and
O i .O at
. rgrthe
O g
d a
d
a l
saasmercy d d saasa
of their employers.
a
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  Soon they began
.P.P a ato feel that without
.P.P aa
.P.organisation
P a ano permanent .P.P
.P.P
andwunity, aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w ww
w wwww
ww improvement ww was possible. ww ww ww
 Soi.O they
. rgrgstrove to establish
O i . O . O grg unions.
rtrade i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
ala trade unions,asawas a i
aslalaa form of socialism a i
ala to attack the a i
aslala and the
d a
dsaaslThis d d d a
d saaslwhich d a
d sastates d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa welfare of the a
.Pa
.Pworkers. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
3. Estimate i . O . rgthe
O rg pioneering work i . O . O grg by Robert Owen
rdone i . O . rgin
O rg improving the conditioni .O . rgrg of
O
l a a i
asal in his factories.asaasal l a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a s
workersa d d a sa d a s a d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w  He did not
w w w
employ children below
w w w
the age of 10 in hisw w w
industries. w w w
www www www www www
 Later he criticised private property and profit.
 lHe i .O rgrg to advocate the
O
began
. i .O . rgrg
O
establishment of new i .O . rgrg
O
cooperative communities i .O . rgrgthat
O
d a
d
a l
saaswould combine a
industrial
d d
l
saasa and agricultural d a
d
l
saasproduction.
a
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  Owen had w ww
developed
w a theory of
w w w
Utopian
w Socialism. w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s as
i.O
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
w
w w w w
4. How did .O Ogrg 1830 July Revolution
rthe .O Orgrg in France impact .O Ogrg parts of Europe?
rother .O rgrg
O
l a i
a i . l a ia i. l a ia i . l a ia i .
d adsaasIn
 l
a other parts of Europe
d a
d
l
saasa there arose adnumber a
d
l
saasa of risings. dadsaasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  The revolution
.P.P .P.Pawas
a successful in the aa
.P.Netherlands,
P where aa
P.P
.Belgium was aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww separated wwto form an independent ww state. ww ww
Greeks
O received thei.O . rgrg of the great ipowers
support
O . O . rgrg and attained i.O.O
O rgrg
a
ala i a
aslala i a i a i
d a
d saaslindependence fromd a
d sathe Turks. d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  But the revolt a
PaPoles against thewRussian
.P.of a
.PPa Tsar was suppressed. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwwwww
wwwww. wwwwww
wwwwww
5. Enumerate i . O . rgrgthe reasons for inot

O . O . rgItaly
O rg and Germany i . O . rgrg
emerging
O as nation istates. O . rgrgalong
O
l a
al a
asEngland i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
with
d a sa and France.d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w  The Holy w w w
Roman Empire was an
w w w
empire only in name. w w w w ww
www www www www www
 Germany contained three of four hundred separate States.
 lIt i O
.was. rgrtheir
O g kings wholasaved i .O . rgrgthese countries from
O i .O . rgrfeudal
O g anarchylaand i .O . Ogrg
rmade
a a i a i l a a i a i
d a
d saasthem
a l
into nations. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
P.P
.nation aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
w  Conditions www w
w w
suitable for the rise
wwof
w wItaly
w w and Germany www ww
as
w states wwwwww
developed only in the nineteenth century.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
6.d a
Trace
d
l
saasa the events thatdadled saasto l
a the formation ofasaParis
d d
asa l
Commune. d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.Pgrew
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  The w
Parisiansww
w bitter when w ww
bigger
w numbers of w ww
monarchists
w were w
returnedwww
ww ww ww ww ww
to the National Assembly.
alThen ila.O .Orgcame
rg the betrayali.of O . Ogrg
rthe – i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i republic the a i
appointment of 71-year-old
a i
Padasalai
a a
sasThiers. a a a a
ww
ww  Paris was wwwonce
w again armed. ww ww wwww wwww
 As theg regular army had been disbanded under the terms of agreementgwith
i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . r rg
O
l
asalPrussia,
a a i the Parisian masses
l
asala a i kept their arms. l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www 7. Discuss the w ww
measures adopted by w ww Commune in theww
Paris w
interests of the poorwand ww
the working rgrclass.
g rgrg rgrg rgrg
 l a i
a .
Banning O
i . O night work in
l a ia.Oi . O
bakeries. l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  If the factories
.P.P .P.Paora industries were shut a adown by the owners,
.P.P a ait was opened by .P.P
.P.P aa
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w wwww
ww the workers. ww ww ww ww
 Providing rgrg pensions for widows rgrg and free education rgrgfor every child. i.O.O rgrg
 l a i
a . O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a i
d a
d saasa l
Stopping the collection
d a
d saasa l of debts incurred
d a
d
during
saasa l the siege.
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
8. Attempt an account of Working class struggles during the period of Long
Depression i . O . rgin
O rgBritain and America. i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  The strike in a
P.PaHomestead Steel
.the a
P.Pa
.workshop in Britain went a
.P.Paup in a gun battle. a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w www
w
ww  The Pullman w w strike by the US Railway ww Union was suppressed ww by the ww
administration.
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a i
a . O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
asaasInal Britain, the Match a sa
l
asastick Girls Strikeasended
aasal with their enormous a saasal victory. a s aasla
d
a ad There was also d d strike in the.Pport
aaadock d
a adof London. d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w .P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as
i.O
aad ad a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
w w ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . OrgrgLESSON - 13 i.O.O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
1.dad
How l
saasa did the first Moroccan d a
d
l
saasa crisis happen?dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  Relying on w www
their understanding w ww
w
with England (Entente www w
Cordiale, 1904) the wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Frenchg gdecided to go ahead gwith their plan in Morocco.
i . O . rr
O i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
lala in 1905, a French a a i a i
lala a city in Morocco. a i
d asasEarly
d a d a
d saaslalmission arrived aatsasFez,
d d a d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa French treating a
.P.Pitaas a part of French a a
.P.Pprotectorate. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w www w ww
w wwww wwww
ww  Germany w w protested so French agreed w w to refer the dispute ww to a European w w
conference.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P a ad
.PWarfare
.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w 2. How was Trench
w ww fought? w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
 First rWorld grg War compelled rgrsoldiers
g to burrow into rgrg the soil to obtain shelter
rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
d ad
and
saasa l survival.
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a The Trench system
.P.P .P.Pa a is the two to four atrenches
.P.P a that go parallel a a to each other. .P.P
.P.P aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww wwww
ww  The trenches ww were dug in a zigzag ww manner. ww ww
 So that rgrgno enemy, couldi.O firergrfor
g more than a few rgyards
rg down its length. rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a3.aWhat do you know
.P.P .P.Paofa the fearsome U-boats a a and Q-ships? .P.P
.P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 During the First World War Germany's most fearsome weapon was the
i . O . rgrg or U-Boat. i.O.O
O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
submarine
a
lala i a i a i a i
saaslaalastrategy to starve slala by sinkingdevery saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d a
dsaasThe Germans d a
d
adopted d a
d saaBritain a
d ship it d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww could. ww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww
 The Q-ships were Britain's answer to the Germany.
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
 aBritain
l a
al
ia i . provoked the l
asal a i
attacka i . on Germany through
l
asala ia i . these ships and i i .
asal resorted
l then
a a asla
a ad to retaliation..P.P
.P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w ww w w w w w w w ww
www 4. Highlight the w
wwsequence of events after www America‟s entry w wwthe War.
into www
 America‟s
i .O . rgrg entry with itsi.enormous
O O . rgrg
O resourcesamade i .O . rgrgAllied victory a iforegone
O .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a i l a a i
d ad
a l
saasconclusion. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
w  The first to
www www
surrender was Bulgaria.
www ww
w wwwwww
wwwwww
 The Turks opted for an armistice.
 Germany i .O . rgrg was now left with
O i .O . rgthe
O rg impossible task i .O of
. rgrcarrying
O g on thelastruggle
i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i a i
d ad
a l
saasalone. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w w
w w www w wwww
ww 5. Analyse thewimpact w of Russian Revolution ww on the worldwoutside w Russia. ww
revolution
O fired people‟s i . O . rgrgimagination across
O i . O . Ogrg world.
rthe i . O . rgrg
O
a i
lalamany countries, communist a i a i a i
d asaasIn
d d a
d saaslala parties were
d a
d
la
saaslaformed. d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa Soviet Unionww a
.P.Pa
encouraged the colonies a
.P.Ptoa fight for their freedom a
.P.Pa and gave all out a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w ww
w wwww www
w
ww support towthem. w w w ww ww
 Debates i . O . rgrgover key issues,i.land
O O . rgrgreforms, social welfare,
O i . O . rgrg workers‟ rights,
O i .O . rgrg
gender
O
l a
al a
asequality i l al
asaplacea i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa started d s
taking
a a in a global d a s
context.
a d a s a d a s a
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w w ww w w w w w w w w w
www 6. Examine the www
causes and consequences www of the 1905 www
Revolution in Russia. www
Causes : rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d ad
a l
saasNicholas encouraged d a
d
a l
saasRussian expansion d a
d
l
saasManchuria,
in a provoking
d ad
l
saasaa war with d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w Japan in 1904. w www w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
i.O
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
w w w w
 The i .O . rgrg
resulting
O Russian defeat i .O . Orgrled
g to strikes and.O
i . rgrg
riots.
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad
a l
saasOpposition to thedTsar
a
d
l
saasagrew. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w Consequences w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 Nicholas rgrg was forced to grant rgrga constitution and establish
rgrg a parliament,rgthe
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi .Org
d a
d
a
sasa l
Duma.
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  The left-wing a
.Pparties
.Pa that formed a a a
wwww w ww
w w waw
w
.Psoviet
.Pa of workers‟wdelegates ww
w
.P.Pa in St
w ww
w
.P.Pa
ww Petersburg. w w w w w w w w
7. Highlight i . O . rgrthe
O g successful accomplishments
i . O . rgrg
O of League i . O . rgof
O rgNations. i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a
 sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P
A dispute arose a ad
between
.P.P
Sweden and a ad
Finland
.P.P
over the a ad
sovereignty
.P.P
of the a ad
.P.P
www Aaland www
Islands. www www www
 The League ruled that the islands should go to Finland.
ia.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O O
.Upperrgrg
O .O rgrg
O
 aThe l a i .frontier between l a i
Poland
a i . and Germany in
l a ia i . Silesia, which l a iwas
a i .
d a
d
a l
sassuccessfully d a
d
resolved.
saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  Greece w ww
w
invaded Bulgaria, and w
the wLeague
w w ordered a w ww
w
ceasefire. w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
8. How did
.O Ogrg impact of Great.ODepression
rthe rgrg
O reflect inOpolitics?
. i.O rgrg .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia l a ia i .
d 
a
d saasIn l
a England, the Labour
d a
d
l
saasa Party was defeated d a
d saasin l
a the general elections
d a
d
l
saasa of 1931. d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
P.P
.rejected aa
.Pin
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  In USA, the
w wRepublican
w w Party was
w ww
w by the ww
people
w w successive ww
elections
w w
ww ww ww ww ww
for about twenty years after the Depression.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
saThe a i a i a i a i
slala Fascist Parties saaslala government dinadsItaly aslalaand Germany. asaaslala saasla
Padasalai
seized
a d a
d a a d a
d a a a d d a d a
d
.P.Pa Argentina, Brazil .P.Paand Chile saw awchange .PPa of government. .P.Pa .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwwwww
wwwww. wwwwww
wwwwww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgLESSON - 14 i.O.O
O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O
1 Why l
asal a a
was i Hitler keen on l a a
capturing
asal i Stalingrad? l a
Point
asal a i out how his plan l
asala a i
turned out to asla
a adbe his “Waterloo”.
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www  Hitler thought www Stalingrad would www be a prize catch, aswit wwwas a large industrial www
city.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
dsaasHe l
a was also aiming
d a
d safor l
asa the rich oil fieldsasof
d d aasthel
a Caucasus.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
w  In addition, www wseizing
w w the city thatwww ww
bore
w the name of the
www ww
Soviet
w leader Joseph www ww
w
Stalin would add further glory to the image of Hitler.
O .Orgrg
ia.became i O rgrg
O
.German
. i O
.not. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
alIt a i clear that the
l a a i Army could l a a i hold Stalingrad. l a a i
d a
d sasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  Yet Hitler refused
.P.P a a to allow a strategic
.P.P a withdrawal.
.P.P a aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
2 Allied bombing rgrg of Germany became
rgrg a symbol of terror rgrg bombing campaign. rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
d a
d saaslala
Elucidate.
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  The Allied a
.P.Pa
bombing of Germany a
.P.Pa
almost completely a
.P.Pa
destroyed the German city a
.P.Pa
ww of Dresden. ww ww ww ww
 The raids rgrg became a symbol rgrofg the “terror bombing” rgrg campaign against rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasalGermany.
a sa asal a saasal a saasal a s aasla
d
a ad During this period, d
a ad 600,000 German d
ad
acitizens were killed..P.P d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w w .P.P
w
w
www  Slowly, w w
wwGerman army waswforced
the w
ww back. w
www w
www
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
3 What
d a
d
l
saasa were the ambitions d a
d saasof l
a Japan as an imperial
dad
l
saasa power? d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
a a  The German.approach
.P.P aa ain
a East Asia by Japan. aa aa
w ww
w w wwP.P
w
was emulated
w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
i.O
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w M.VENKATESAN. ww w w M.A.,M.PHIL.,B.ED.,
w w w
 Iti.had O . rgralready
O g taken Taiwan i .O . Orgrgand Korea as colonies, i .O . rgrg and controlledi.Manchuria.
O O . rgrg
O
d a
d
 l
saasIt's
a began to cast its
d a
d sa l
saacovetous eye over dDutch
a
d
l
saasa East Indies, thedadBritish l
saasa colonies in dadsaasla
l
a a Malaya and Singapore.
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww
ww  In this way ww the French colonies wwin Indochina and the wwUS-controlled ww
Philippines.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.P4aBring out the significance a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w of Huk Rebellion.w www w ww
w wwww
ww  The Philippine
w w Communist peasants
w w were called Huk.
ww ww
 Huk . O Ogrg were bombarded
rareas . O rgrbygovernment
O g forces
. O rgrand,
O g as a result, the . O Ogrg
rhuk
l a i
a i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . asla
a sa al
asresorted to guerrillaa sa al
aswarfare. a saasal a saasal a sa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w  At first they w .P.P
w
adopted it as a w
defensive .P.P
w posture. w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www wwww w
www w
www w
www
 The “Huk rebellion” had been crushed by the Philippine government, assisted
by i .Othe
. rgrU.S.
O g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 5 Highlight the w ww
important
w results of the
w wwSecond
w World War. w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 Germany ceased to be a great power.
 lEurope i .O . rgrglost its status and
O i .O . rgrg
O
prestige. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
dsaasThel
a economy wasain
d d
l
saasaashambles. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.Pwere
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  It was w
clear wthat
w w the two dominating w www powers in the w ww
world
w the United wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
States and Soviet Russia.
alThe ila.O .Orgrg significant outcome i . O . rgrgof the War wasi.the
O O . rgrtransformation
O g
i . O . Ogrg
rhad
a i most a i a i that
a i
Padasalai
a a
sastaken a a a a
a d d place in d d
colonies.
a a d d a d d a d d
ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
6 Attempt an account of Boxer Rebellion in China.
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
alThe a
al
i
a i . Boxers came from l
asal a ia i .
peasants, particularly l
asala ia i .
from Shandong i
province.
l
asala a i . asla
a ad The original .aim
.P.P P.P d the Boxers was.P
a aof the
.P
d
a adestruction a ad
of the.PManchu
.P dynasty. .PP
.a a
d
w w w  And alsoww w w w w w w w w w w ww
www w
destruction of the Westernerswww who enjoyed wwawprivileged positionwin ww
China. rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
 l a
The i
a .Oi . O
Boxers burned a i
churches
l a.Oi . O and foreign a ia.Oi
residences.
l . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 7 Discuss the role w w
w w w ww w w w
w w wwww
ww ww of Kuomintang Party ww in China‟s nationalist ww politics. ww
 Sun Yat-sen rgrg founded a political rgrg party in Tokyo, rwhich
grg became the Kuomintang rgrg
l a i
a . O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
Party.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  Sun Yat-sen,.the aa aa a a china. aa
w ww
w
.P.P
w wwP.P inspirer of theworganisation,
w www.P.P wanted a republic
w ww
w
.P.P
ww
.P.P
ww
ww  After the ww death of Sun Yat-sen ww, the Kuomintang did wwnot adopt Communist ww
policies. rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
 ala Kuomintang arepresented
saaslThe saaslala the interests lalathe landlords andsacapitalists.
saasof slala saasla
a d a
d a d d a d a
d a d a
d a a d a
d
ww
ww w
8 Estimate the contribution ww w of Sukarno w w w
w to the independencewof Indonesia.w w w wwww
 Sukarno i . O . rgrg organised the Indonesian
O i . O . rgrg
O Nationalisti.O . rgrg
Party.
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al party in the country
asThis l a a i
asal was supportedasa l a a i
l westernised secular
asathe l a a i
asal middle asla
d asa d a sa d by d a s a d a s a
a ad class.
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www  In 1931 w ww
Sukarno was imprisoned wwwand the party he founded www was dissolved.www
 With i .O . rgJapans
O rg support, he i .O got
. rgrgindonesias independence
O i .O . rgrg by Eviction ithe
O .O . rgDutch.
O rg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
i.O
aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P .P.P
ww ww.P.P
w
w w ww
i .O . rgrg
O
dsaasa
1.daWarsaw l Pact was a response
d a
d
l
saasa of the SovietdUnion a
d
l
saasa to the US controlled d a
d
l
saasaNATO- d a
d saasla
aExplain.
.P.P a .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww  When West ww Germany becamewawmember of NATO,wUSSR w decided to make wwa
counter
i . O . rgrgarrangement. i.O.O
O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
alaMay 1955, a “treaty a i
a mutual friendship, a a i a
aslala i
d adsaaslIn
 d a
d saaslalof d a
d saaslalco-operation and
d a
d samutual d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa assistance” wwas a a
.P.Psigned a
.P.Paand its European a
Pa
.P.allies. a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w by Sovietww Union
ww www
w w ww
w
ww  It was named
w w as The Warsaw Pact, w w
w as the treaty waswsigned in Warsaw, thew w
capital
i . O . rgrgof Poland.
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al treaty called upon
asThe l a a i
asalmember states toasa l a a i
asal to the defence aofsaaany l a a i
al member if asla
d a s
a d a sa d come d s d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w it was w
attacked
w w by an outside w
force.
w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
2. Writei.about O . rgrg the different stages
O i .O . rgrgin the final adoption
O i .O . rgrof
O g UN Charter. .O.O
i rgrg
d adsaasAt
 l
a Dumbrton Oaks,
d a
d
a l
saasrepresentatives a
d
l
saasa the Soviet Union,
ofdChina, d a
d saasthe l
a United
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.United
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w States andwthe www Kingdomwmet ww
w and formulated w ww
proposals
w for a worldww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
organisation.
 The i .O . rgrg
Moscow
O declaration i .O . rgrg
recognised
O the need i O
.for. rgan
O rg international organisation
i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasto l
a replace the League
d a
d
l
saasaof Nations. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
P.P
.the aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
w  Decisions wwwon
www voting system wwin
w wsecurity
w w council andw
ww
ww
a
w few other issues were
www ww
w
raised in Yalta Conference.
 lAfteri . O . rgholding
O rg deliberations i . O . rgand
O rg negotiations at i . O . rgrgSan Francisco Conference,
O
the i . O . rgrg
O
a i
ala Charter of theaUnited a i a i a i
saaslala Nations wasdfinalised. saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d adsaasthe d d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
3. Trace the background of the formation of NATO.
 lDespite
i . O . rgrgthe friendship of
O i . O .
thergrgUnited States, Western
O i . O . rgrg European countries
O i . O . rgrgfelt
O
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa insecure. d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w  w w w w w w w w w w w w
www Communist www victory in Czechoslovakiawww added to theirwww
fears. www
 The Western European countries were now willing to consider a collective
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a i
security
a solution. l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasIn

a l
this context d
thata
d
asa
sathe l
NATO d
organizationa
d
l
saasawas formed. dadsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
4. Give a brief rgrg account of Suez Canal
rgrg Crisis. rgrg rgrg
alIn a O
i .O
ia.July 1956, the Egyptianl a ia.Oi . Opresident Gamal l a i .O
Abdel
a i . O Nasser nationalised
l a ia.Oi . O the Suez
d adsa s a l
d a
d sa asa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P Canal. .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  w wwuntil
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Which ww
was then privately ww owned by the ww
Anglo-French Suez Canal ww
Corporation.
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
 a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
a ala the Israeli, French
saaslSo a
la British forces sinvaded
saaslaand a aaslala the Sinai Peninsula. a saaslala a saasla
d d d d d d d d d d
.P.Pa  UN forces expelled
a a
.P.Pa Israeli, Britishww a
.PPaFrench troops inww
and a
.PPa 1957 .
march a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwww ww
wwww . ww .
ww wwwwww
5. Why SEATO rgrg was not so popular rgrgas NATO? rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i .Oi . O

s lal
asSEATOa is seen as an s lal a
asAsian-Pacific version s l a
al NATO.
asof s l
asal a s asla
d a a
a ad Interestingly .only d a a
a adtwo south-east Asian d a a
a adcountries, the Philippines d a a
a ad and d a
a ad a
w .P.P
w w w P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www Thailand, w w taken up membership.
wwhad w
www w
www w
www
 TheOrest rgrg of the countriesi.O rgrg to be part ofi.it.
refused O rgrg rgrg
l a ia. i.O l a a i . O l a a i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d ad
 l
saasSEATO
a
d a
d saasa
only for consultation. l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
a a  Leaving each.P
.P.P aa
.P a a individually to internal
.P.P a a threats.
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w wwwindividual nation towreact
w w w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
w w
ww PG ASST ( HISTORYw)wGHSS AYAPPAKKAM.wwww w w
i .O . rgrg
O
1.
d adsaasa l
Highlight the measures
d a
d
l
saasa adopted by the d a
d saasa l
Government of India
d a
d
l
saastowards
a rural d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w reconstruction. ww ww w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 Integrated rgrg Rural Develop restructured
rgrg as a programme rgrg to promote self-
rgrg
a i . O
i .
employment O of the rurala i . O
i . O
poor. a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
d a saaslala d a saaslala d a saaslala d a saaslala d a saasla
a
.P.Pa d This was to a
.P.Pa
be d
achieved by giving a
.P.Pa
at leastd 100 days of a
.P.Pa
wage d
employment each a
.P.Pa d
wwww wwww ww
whousehold.
w wwww wwww
ww year to adult ww members of every ww ww ww
 In the rgrabsence
g of agricultural rgrg services for three months
rgrg every year, other rgrg jobs
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O
a sa aalai provided. asaaslaalai
aslwere a saaslaalai a saaslaalai a saasla
d
a ad Accordingly,.roads, d
a ad canals, small irrigation d
a ad works and construction d
a ad work were.P.P d
a ad
w .P.P
w w wP.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w
w
www provided www
inwrural areas. w
www w
www w
www
 No contractors rgrg are to be involved. rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i .Oi . O a i .Oi . O a i .Oi . O
 l
saasa l a
One-third of the workersl
saasa l a would be women. saasal l a saasal l a saasla
d a
d
a a  Men and women d a
d
a awould be paid the.Psame aa d a
d aad a
d aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P wage. ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w  Studies w w w
w been conducted to
have w w
wwimplement the systematic ww
ww implementationww w
ofw
public
i .O . rgrwelfare
O g schemes. Orgrg
i . i.O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a l a a i l a a i
d a
d
 l
saasThis
a has also reduced
d a
d
l
saasathe migration ofdagricultural a
d saasa l workers to
d a
d
l
asa areas.
saurban d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
2. Land reforms failed in their intended objectives. Explain why.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
 Until
a
aslala i 1972, there was aa
aslala i
ceiling on the extent of
a
aslala i
land that a „landholder‟ i
aslala could
a saasla
Padasalai
d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d
a
.P.Pa own. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww  After 1972, wwwthe
w unit was changed wwwtow a „family‟. wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 This rmeant grg that the landowners rgrg could claim that rgeach
r g member of the family
rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal
owned a part of the
a saasal
land .
a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad Which would.Pbe d d
a amuch d
a ad
less than the.P.prescribed limit under d
ad ceiling.
athe d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w .P w w P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www  Decidingww w w extent of land under
the w
wwwland ceiling was awcomplex w
ww exercise, since w
www
land rwas not of uniform quality.
a ia. O
i . Ogrg a ia. O
i . rgrg
O a ia. O
i . rgrg
O a ia. O
i . rgrg
O
a l l
saasDistinctions
a had toasbe l l
asamade between irrigated a
l l
saasa and unirrigated a sadryl l
asa land, and a saasla
d d
a a single crop and d d
adouble
a a d d
a aland. aad d aad d
ww.P.P ww .P.P crop producing ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w  When tenancy www w reform laws were w w
ww announced many landowners wwww claimed towhave w
w w
taken rgback
rg their land for „personal
rgrg cultivation‟O.rgrg rgrg
l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia. i.O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d
 a l
saasThat tenants wereaonly
d d
l
saasa being employed d
as
a
d
l
saaslabour
a to work thealand.
d d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  Tenancy reform
.P.P a awas bound to be ineffectual
.P.P aa
.P.P in the absence .P.Paof
a a comprehensive.P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww and enforceable ww land ceiling programme. ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
3.
.P.Pa Assess the educational a
.P.Pa progress made in aindependent
.P.Pa India. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww  Literacy levels ww have increased in w w
w India from 18.3% inw1951 to 74% in 2011.w w
 Female . O . rgrgliteracy still lagsi.O
O . rgrg the male literacy
behind
O . O . rgrrate
O g at 65% as compared .O . rgrg to
O
l a ia i l a a i l a ia i l a ia i asla
a sa al among men. asaasal
as82% a saasal a saasal a s a
d
a ad There has been d d
aaagreat d d
a anumber d
a ad the primary to .P.P d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w increasewin w wP.P
.the of schools w .Pfrom
w .P w w
w
www w
wwwschool. www w
www w
www
senior high
 Ini.2014 O . rgrg- 15 there were i12.72
O .O . rgrglakh primary and
O i .O . rgrg primary schools,
upper
O i .O . rgr2.45
O g
d a
d
l
saaslakh
a secondary and
d a
d
asa l
sahigher secondary schools,
dad
l
saasa 38,498 colleges d a
d saasthe
in l
a country.
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
w w w
 43i.O . rgrg Universities,i.316
Central
O O . OrgrState
g Universities, i .O . rgrgDeemed Universities
122
O i .O . rgrgand
O
d adsaas181 l
a State Private Universities
d a
d saasa l in the country.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  Children dropping
.P.P .P.Pa a out of school mostly a a belonged to the poorer
.P.P .P.Pa a families in rural aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww and urban ww areas. ww ww ww
backward
O states and i . O . rgrg have the poorest
regions
O i . O . rgrgrecord on schooli.education.
O O . rgrg
O
a i
alaGovernment started a i a i a i
d a
dsaaslSo d a
d saaslalaSarvaShikshaAbhiyan d a
d saaslala (SSA), d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa RashtriyaMadhyamAbhiyan a
.P.Pa a
.P.Paand the SamagraShikshaAbhiyan a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w www w ww
(RMSA)
w w ww
w towwww
ww redress the
ww issue of dropouts. w w w w w w
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
4. Assess l
asala a i
the achievements of
l
asala the
a i first two Five- Year
l
asala a i plans. l
asala a i asla
a ad The First Plan
.P.P .P.Pa ad
(1951–56) focusedwon a ad
.P.P
developing .P.P
agriculture, d
a aespecially a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www increasing w
wwagricultural production. www www www
 TheOallocation rgrg for Agriculture rgrg and Irrigationi.accounted rgrg for 31% of O the rgrtotal
g
l a ia. i.O l a ia.Oi . O l a a O
i . O l a ia. i.O
d a
d
a l
saasoutlay. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  After this, the.P.emphasis
.P.P aa aa
.P.P a aagriculture in total
.P.of aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www P shifted towindustry,
w w w and the share
w ww
w
P
wwww
ww outlay hovered ww between 20 and ww24%. ww ww
 lThe i .O . rgrg
O
Second Plan (1956–61), i .O . rgrgstressed the development
O i .O . rgrg of heavy industry
O i .O . rgrgfor
O
d a
d
a l
saasachieving economic d a
d
asa l
sagrowth. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
P.P
.industry aa
.P.P aa
P.P
.First aa
.P.P
w ww
w  The share w www
of in Plan w ww
outlay
w was only 6% in ww
the
w w Plan, and wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
increased to about 24% after the Second Plan.
 lThe i . O . rgrg two Plans hadi.set
O
first O . rgfairly
O rg modest targets i . O . Ogrg
rof growth at about i . O .
4%. rgrg
O
a
ala i a i a i a i
saaslala la
saaslarate saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d a
dsaasWhich economists d a
ddescribed as the “Hindu
d a
d of growth”. d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa  These growth a
.Pa were achieved,
.Prates a
P.Pa
.so a
.P.Pawere considered a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww wwww that the first two wwwPlans
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
to have g been successful. g
i . O . r
O rg
i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a
d sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a
5.aExamine
.P.P the development
.P.Pa ad of institutions of
.P.P d
a ascientific research.P.anda adtechnology after.P.P
P a ad
www India‟s independence. www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
 l a
The a i Tata Institute of a a i
Fundamental
l Research l a a i
(TIFR) was set up in
l a a
1945i on the
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a initiative of HomiJ.Bhabha,
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w  It was intended w ww w w w
w w w w
w w wwww
ww ww to promote research ww in mathematicsww and pure sciences. ww
 TheONational rgrg Chemical Laboratory, rgrg Pune and O the rgrgNational Physicsi.O.O rgrg
l a ia. i.O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia. i.O l a a i
d a
d
a l
saasLaboratory, New aDelhi
d d
l
saasa were set up in dIndia a
d saasa. l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  The Council .of
.P.P aa a a Research (CSIR).P.isP aa aa
w ww
w w wwwP.PScientific and Industrial w ww
w
.P.P
w ww the umbrella ww
w ww.P.P
ww organisation, ww under which most wwof the scientific research ww institutions function. ww
 The i . O . rgrg also advancesi.O
CSIR
O . rgrg
research
O in applied i . O
fields . rgrglike machinery, idrugs,
O . O . rgrg
O
a
ala i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslplanes etc. d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww  The Atomic ww wEnergy
w Commission wwwiswthe nodal agency w ww
w
for the developmentwof wwww
ww ww ww ww w
nuclear rgrgscience. rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
asa al Indian Council
asThe a sa
l
asaAgricultural
of Research
a s aasal (ICAR) is the coordinating a saasal a s aasla
d
a ad agency for the d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.research
w P w .P.P
in basic agriculture.
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www w
www w w
ww(IITs) w w
wwcentres w
ww
 Indian Institutes of Technology were set up as of excellencewin
different
i .O . rgrg fields of engineering.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
dsaasThel
a first IIT was located
d a
d
l
saasa in Kharagpur, d adsaasa
followed
l
by Delhi, a
Bombay,
d d
l
saasa Kanpur d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w and Madras.w www w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
aad a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
w w w w
i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a1.aAnalyse the contributions
.P.P aa
.P.P of Florentines atoaItalian Renaissance.
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww  Even in w w thirteenth and fourteenth
the ww centuries Florence ww had produced Dante ww
and
i . O . rgrg
Petrarch,
O the two great
i . O . rgrpoets
O g of the Italian
i . O . rgrg
language.
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
ala i a i a i a i
d a
d
saaslDante‟s Divine Comedy
d a
d saaslalais a summation d a
d
of lala
saasmedieval culture. asaaslala
d d d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  Its dominant a
P.Pa is the salvation
.theme a
.Pof a
.Pmankind through a
P.Pa and divine ww
.reason a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w w
ww grace. w w w w w w w w
 Iti.aboundsO . rgrg with many other
O i . O . rgrthemes
O g such as human i . O . rgrglove, love of country,
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a
al a
asinteresti l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa in natural d a s
phenomena.
a d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad Petrarch produced
.P.P a ad works both in .Latin
.P.P a adand Italian.
P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
www  An earlywhumanist, ww he is considered www to be the fatherwof wwItalian Renaissance www
literature.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d l
saasBoccaccio
a , also adad saasa l
Florentine, produceddad saasa l
Decameron, a collection
d a
d
l
saasofa 100 stories. dadsaasla
l
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.of
P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  Niccolò Machiavelli‟s w ww
w The Prince w wbecame
w w famous because w ww
w its relevance as w aw
w
w
ww ww w ww ww
political guide for the rulers. w
 In i O
.his. rgrview,
O g the supreme.O
i . rgrg
obligation
O of the ruler i .O . rgrg to maintain thei.power
was
O O . rgrg and
O
d a
d
a l
saassafety of the country
d a
d
l
saasover
a which he ruled.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
2. Attempt a comprehensive account of the evolution of England, France and Spain
i .
as nation-states.O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
ala i a i a i a i
saaslaemerged saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
a a
Spain
d d as a a
nation-states.
d d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
.P.Pa  Major partsww .PPa a
.P.PCastile .Pacontrol of thewww
.Pthe .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwww of. Spainlike Aragon wwwwwand
w were under wwwwww
www
Moors.
 lTogether
i . O . rgrg King Ferdinand
O i . O . O grg
rand Queen Isabella i . O . rgrg hard to drive
O
worked i . O . rgrg the
O
away
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa Moors and unite d a sa
Spain. d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w  w w w w w w w w w w w w
www The king www
and queen took power wwwin their hands and www
controlled the nobles www
by
eliminating them from the royal councils. This made Spainto emerge as a
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a i
nation-state.
a l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
England
l
saasa emerged as nation-states. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w  There was w ww
w
conflict between two w ww
w
royal houses in Englandw ww
w namely the House w ww
w
of
ww ww ww ww ww
York gand House of Lancaster for the throne.
O .O
ia.this r rg i O
.Tudor
. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i O
.new. rgrg
O
alIn a i civil war, Henry l a a i emerged a
victorious
l a i and he started l a a i line of
d a
d sa s a l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P monarchy in aa
England.
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w  He entered w winto
w w matrimonial w ww
w
alliance with Elizabeth w
ofwYork
w w family. This w ww
w
made
ww ww ww ww ww
England rgrg to emerge as a nation-state.
rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa
France emerged as a
.P.Pa
nation-states. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww  Burgundywand western parts ofwFrance was for longwinEnglish possession.w
w w w w
 At the rgrend
g of the hundred rgyears
rg war, Louis XI Burgundy
rgrg returned, after rgrg he
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
a sa al driven the English
ashad a saasalout of the country. a saasal a saasal a s aasla
d
a ad Finally brought d
ad control and.Burgundy
aunder d
a ad became part d
aofadFrance in about .P.P d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.P w wP.P w .P.P
w w w
w
www 1483. This w w
wwmade France to emerge w
www as a nation-state.www w w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w
3. Explain .O O grg initiatives of Portugal
rthe .O Orgrg and Spain in ithe .O rgdiscovery
O rg of new isea .O rgroutes
O rg to
l al ia i .
asa and point out awhy l a lia i. l al a i . l a a i .
asathe economic asaasla
l
the
d a saEast d saasa it is considereddadassaasan a important event
d a sain
.P.P a d
ahistory of modern aa
.P.P
world.
d .P.Paa aa
.P.P d adad
.P.P
www w www w www w www w wwww
ww  Portugalww led the way first in exploration, ww discovering wwthe Canaries, Madeira ww
and i . O . rgrgAzores.
the
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
ala i a i
aslala Henry, the Navigator a i a i
d a
dsaaslSailors sent out by d a
d sPrince
a d a
d saaslala reached Guinea d a
d
lala of
saasCoast d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa Africa. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww  Later Bartholomew
w w Diaz rounded
ww the Cape of GoodwHope. w ww
O
ila.1492.Orgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
alIn a i Columbus came l
asala ia i
to. a land of America. l
asal a ia i . l
asal a ia i . asla
a sa s a a sa a sa a sa a sa
d
a ad Vasco da Gama d
ad
areached d
ad
aMozambique. d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w the island w .P
wof.P w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www w
w w w
w w w w
w for w
www
 Later, he wreached part of Indiawand opened avenues w direct trade.
ia.O .Orgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
alCabral
a i sailed to India, l a ia i .
following the route of
l a i i
Vasco
a . da Gama, and l a i i
reached
a .
d a
d
a l
sasKozhikode. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww  These new ww maritime discoveries, ww led to the direct trade ww of Europeans to the ww
countries
i .O . rgrg of the East. i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
4.
d a
What
d
l
saasa are the causesdof a
d sa l
saaProtestant Reformation?
d a
d
l
saasa How did Martin d a
d
asa
saLutherl organise d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w the movement in
w w
w w
Germany? wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Causes of Protestant rgrg Reformation rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
ala practice of sale
saaslThe aslala saaslalaand simony came aslala saasla
Padasalai
d a
d d a
d saof indulgence , d a
nepotism,
d d a
d saunder attack. d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww  Inexperienced wwww youths were appointed wwww to lucrative bishoprics. wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 Clergymen rgrg received incomes rgrgfrom several churches rgrg but never appeared rgrgin any
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a sa al them.
asof a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w  The peasantryw .P.saw
w P the Church asw .P.P
an
w oppressive landowner.
w .P.P
w w.P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
Martin Luther
i .O . rgrg organise the Protestant
O i .O . rgrg Reformationi.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  After a visit to
.P.P a a Martin Luther
.P.Rome
P .P.Pabecame
a disgusted with a athe corruption and.P.P
.P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww luxury of wwthe Church. ww ww ww
 He i .O . rgrg ninety-five complaints
wrote
O i .O . rgrg against the Roman
O i .O . rgrg Church knowni.as
O O . Ogrg
r„95
d a
d
a l
saasTheses‟. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w  He argued w ww
w
that Bible alone is wwww
supreme and not the w
Popeww
w and Bishops. wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 He believed rgrg that only two main
rgrg rituals, namely, baptism
rgrg and Holy Communionrgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
a ala accepted by the
saaslare a aslala this way theasaProtestant
saBible.In aslala revolt began.
a saaslala a saasla
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa - 11
LESSON
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w
w w w ww
w of the American War w w w
w of Independence w w ww
1. Discuss the causes, course and results
Causesa:i.O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a i
al UK imposed its
asThe l
aUS a a i
al settlements on the l a
al a i
asNavigation l a
al
asSugar a i asla
d asa d a sa s d a sa Acts ,d a
thesa Tax d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.tea
P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w Stamp Act,
w w w
the Townshend Act, w w
thew tax, and The w w w
Intolerable Acts. w w w
www www www www www
 So representatives of the colonies appealed for the intolerated laws to be
.O
removed.
i . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d a l
saasThey sent a requestd a
d sato l
asathe King of England,
dad
l
saasaGeorge III, withdan a
d
l
saasolive
a branch.
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w But the w ww
demand
w was rejected. w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aal a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d d saasa :
Course
a
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  The British army
.P.P a awas led by William
.P.P aHowe
.P.P a while thewAmerican a a forces were led
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww www wwww
ww by George wwWashington. ww ww ww
 The i . O . rgrg of Saratoga,ithe
Battle
O . O . rgBritish
O rg General Burgoynei . O . rgrg was forced toi.O
O . rgrg
surrender.
O
a
ala i a i
aslala surrendered to a i
aslalaAmerican forcesasaat a i
la Town.
d a
dsaaslFinally, the Britishd a
d saforces d a
d sathe d d
aslaYork
d a
d saasla
a a
.P.PResults a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww : wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 In England
i . O . rgrg Lord Northi.resigned
O O . rgrg as Prime Minister.
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
alA a
al a i
peace treaty was l
asala
signed a i between the Great l
asala a i
Britain and America a i
asal Paris.
l aat asla
a ad George Washington
.P.P a ad became the first
.P.P .P.P ad
apresident of the United.P.P d
a aStates of America. a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
2. Sketch i .O the
. rgrgcourse of Frenchi.O
O . rgrg
Revolution
O from thei.stormingO . rgrg of Bastille toi.O
O the
. rgrg
O
execution
d a
d
l
saasa of Robespierre. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P aa
.P .P aa
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  The National w ww
w Assembly abolished wwww feudalism in the country.
wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 In 1789 the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted.
 lIn i O
.1791,
. rgrg the National Assembly
O i .O . rgrg drafted the constitution
O i .O . rgrg
O by whichlathe i .O . rgrg
O
powers of
a a i l a a i l a a i a i
d a
d saa a l
sthe king were limited. d a
d sa as a l
d a
d saas a l
d a
d saas a l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.forming
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  People w ww
started
w political wwww
clubs to discuss the ww
problems
ww they faced. wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 One such club which attained popularity was the Jacobin Club in Paris.
grg
rSeptember rgrg descended on the grg
rprisons rgrg
 lon a i . O
2
i . O 1792, a i
the . O
i . O
mob a i . O
i . O and summarilya i . O
i . O
ala aslala saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d a
d saasexecuted those d
theya
d sabelieved to be d a
royalists.
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa  In 1792 thewnew a
.PPa a
.P.Pamonarchy and declared a
.P.Pa France a a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwwww. Convention abolished wwwwww
wwwwww
wwwwww
republic.
alKing ila.O .OrgLouis
rg XVI was brought i . O . rgrgbefore the People‟s
O i . O . rgtribunal
O rg and executed
i . O . rgrby
O g
aa i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P guillotine on 21 a ad
.P.PJanuary 1793. a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w  As the government w w w w w w w ww w ww
www www and the base wwwof society were radicalised, www so the Jacobian www
groupgleader Robasesphereg also
i . O . r rg
O i . O . r rg hanged.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
a3.aAmerican Revolution
.P.P a a and French Revolution
.P.P a a inspired the revolution
.P.P aa
.P.P in Haiti. w.P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww ww w
ww Substantiate. ww ww ww ww
 Haiti, i .O . rgrearlier
O g known as iSaint-Domingue
.O . rgrg
O was ithe .O . rgrichest
O rg French colony i .O . rgrgin the
O
d a
d
l
saasCaribbean
a Sea. dasaasa
d
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
a a  The storming.Pof
.P.P aa a a by armed defiance
.P.P a aof the royal
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww.Pthe Bastille wasww
w followed
ww wwww wwww
ww governor. ww ww ww ww
 Vincent i . O . rgrg Ogé, who had ilobbied
O . O . rgrg with the Parisian
O i . O . rgassembly
O rg for colonial i . O . rgreforms.
O rg
d a
d a
sasHe l
a was led to revolt
d a
d
a
saat l
sathe end of 1790.dBut a
d
a l
sasathe rebellion wasdasuppressed d
a
sasa l and he dadsaasla
a
.P.Pa was hanged.ww a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa aa
.P.P
www w w w ww ww
ww www
 In the latew1790s, Toussaint L‟Ouverture,
wwww
gained control
wwww
of several areas. w
www
 Napoleoni . O . rgrg sent a fleet ofi.12,000
O O . rgrg troops to seizei.control
O O . rgrg from Toussaint
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a
al a i
asL‟Ouverture‟s l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d s
forces.
a a d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
P.P
.the a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w  Napoleons w w w
forces were defeated w w
by w Dessalines , even
w ww
though Toussaint w
was
w w
www www www www www
killed.
 lSaint i .O . rgDomingue
O rg became i .Othe
. rgrindependent
O g black i .O . rgrg of Haiti in 1804.
O
state i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w
4. Why idid .O . rgIndustrial
O rg revolution i .O . Orgrg in England first?
start i .O . rgrWhat
O g impact didi.itO.O rgrg on
make
modern
d ad
l
saasa society? d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w Causes of Industrial w ww
w Revolution in w www
England: w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 Provided the capital necessary for investment in industries.
 lPolitical
i . O . rgrg stability also provided
O i . O . rgrg objective conditions
O i . O . rgrg for industrial development.
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
ala availability ofacoal a a i ala i a i
d a
dsaasThe d d saaslaland iron depositsd a
d
aslalarge
sain quantities. d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  The Britishwhad a
.PPa a
.P.Paall across the coast a
Pa enabled easyww
.P.which a
.PPa
ww
ww
ww
wwwww. well established wwwwww
ports wwwwww
wwww .
internal and external trade.
Impact of
. O Ogrg
rIndustrial Revolution . O rgrg:
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . asla
asa al mechanisation
asThe a sa
of
l
asaindustry resulted a
insa al greater production
asmuch a saasal and a sa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w therefore itw .P.P
w
produced greater ww.P.P
wealth. w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www w
www w
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www
 The handicrafts and rendered tens of thousands of artisans and weavers
.O
jobless.
i . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d a l
saasMen's were a
thrownout
d d
l
saasa of employmentdby a
d saathe l
sa cheap labour of d a
dwomen
l
saasa and d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w children. w ww
w wwww w ww
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 An important outcome of the Industrial Revolution was the creation of two
newi .O . rgrg
O
classes: an industrial i .O . rgrg
O
bourgeoisie i .O
and alaproletariat . rgrg .
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P a a - 12
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwwLESSON
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
1. Identify i . O . rgthe
O rg important collectivisti . O . rgrg thinkers of inineteenth
O . O . rgrg
O century and i . O . rghighlight
O rg
saasla
Padasalai
their a a l
sascontributions a
sasa
to Socialism. l a
sasa l a
sasa l
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa  Étienne-Gabriel ww.P.PaMorally, the Utopian ww.P.Pathinker, proposed ww
a
.Pa.Pcommunistic ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w w
w of society. wwww w w
w w wwww
organisation
 The i . O . rgrg “Utopian Socialism”
term
O i . O . rgrg was first used iby
O . O . Ogrg Marx and Friedrich
rKarl i . O . rgrg
O
l a
al a
asEngels. i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w  Utopian w w
Socialists
w recommended w w
the
w establishment ofw w
model
w communities. w ww
www www www www www
 Saint-Simon suggested that scientists take the place of priests in the social
i .O
order. . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d a l
saasFourier believed d a
that
d
l
saasasocial conditionsdawere d
l
saasa the primary cause d a
d saaof l
sahuman d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w misery. w ww
w w www w ww
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 Robert Owen had developed a theory of Utopian Socialism based on social
.O
equality
i . rgrg and cooperation.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d a l
saasProudhon wanted d a
dto a l
saasreplace nation-stated a
d
l
asa federations of autonomous
sawith d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w communes. w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 Louis Blanc argued that socialism cannot be achieved without state power.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
2.d a
d saaslala the political dfallout
Discuss a
d saaslalaof French Revolutions d a
d saaslala of 1848 in other d a
d
aslala
saparts of Europe. d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww  Metternich, wwwthe
w arbiter of Europe ww wand
w enemy of nationality, wwww was forced toww wwww
leave
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Vienna in disguise.
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
alHungary
a ia i . and Bohemia l a i i
both
a . claimed national l a ia i .
independence. l a ia i . asla
a sa s al a saasal a sa asal a s aasal a s a
a ad Milan expelled
.P.P
d d
adAustrians.
athe
.P.P .P.P
d
a ad .P.P
d
a ad d
a ad
.P.P
w w w  Venice became w w w w ww w w w w ww
www www an independent w
wwrepublic. www www
 Charles rgrg Albert, King ofi.Sardinia, rgrg declared war against rgrg Austria. rgrg
a ia.
alAbsolutismO
i . O seemed dead
l a a O
i .
forO a while. But it l a
wasia. O
i . O
not to be. l a ia.Oi . O
d a sasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasla
a a  By the summer,
.P.P d athe
.P.P d
a monarchs had.begun d
a a their attacks on d
a a revolutionaries. .P.P
.P.the aa d
w ww
w w ww
w w wwwP.P w ww
w
P
wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P .P.P
ww ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w w
 They i .O . rgsucceeded
O rg in crushing i .O . Orgrthe
g democratic movements
i .O . rgrg
O in important i .O . rgrg
centres
O
d ad
l
saaslike
a Berlin, Viennaasaand
d d
l
asa Milan.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a3.aHow was the unification
.P.P a a of Italy achieved?
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww  The Napoleonic ww rule, for the first ww time, provided Italy wwwith a sense of unity ww
through
i . O . rgrg uniform administration.
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
ala several secretassocieties a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i
d adsaaslThe
 d d a such as thed a
d slike
a the Corporanari, d a
d sawho were d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww insistingwon w wfree
w w and patriotic wwww
ideas, became more w ww
w
spread. wwww
ww w ww ww ww
 Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi were the three central figures of the
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i
unification of Italy. l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
a ad Parma, Modena
.P.P
d d d Tuscany were.Pmerged
a aand
.P.P
d
a ad with the Kingdom
.P
d
a adof Piedmont- .P.P
.P.P
d
a ad
www Sardiniawthrough ww plebiscites. www www www
 Plebiscites rgrg held in Sicily,i.ONaples rgrg and Papal States rgrled
g to their merger with
rgrg
l a i
a . O
i
Piedmont- . O Sardinia. l a a i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
d a saasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasla
a a  At the end of.P
.P.P d the
.P
d
a awar with Austria,.PItaly d
a a acquired Lombardy
.P
d
a a under the Zurich.P.P
.P.P aa d
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w wwww
ww pact. ww ww ww ww
 During rgrgthe Austro-Prussian rgrWar
g in 1866, Italy had
rgrg allied itself withi.O Prussia
rgrg
l a i
a . O
i . O l a i
a . O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O
d adsaasaand
l was rewarded
d a
d
with
saasa l Venetia.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  In 1871, Italy.Ptook
.P.P a a advantage of the.P.Franco- aa Prussian War atoa annex Rome as .P.P
.P.P aa
w ww
w w ww.P
w w ww P
w w ww
w wwww
ww the French ww forces withdrew. ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
a Bismarck considered a i a i a i
saaslalis saaslala the true architect saaslaoflaa unified Germany? saaslala saasla
Padasalai
4.dad
Why d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa  Bismarck, transformed a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa state with thewobjective a
.PPa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwwwww it intowaw ww
wpowerful
w wwwww. of uniting ww
ww
wthe
w
Germanic g states under its leadership.
alHe ila.O .Or r
adopted
g
a „bloodaand ila.O .Orgrg policy to achieve
iron‟ i . O . rgrg unification. i.O.O
O
the
rgrg
aa i laa i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a s
a s d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P He realised that a ad
.P.P the unification of a ad
Germany
.P.P was not possiblea ad
.P.P without an armed
.P.Pa ad
www conflict w ww Austria and France.
with www www www
 He sparked conflict with Austria
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg and France ithrough
O . O . rgrg diplomatic moves.
O i .O . rgrg
O
alHe a a ialso got the support l a aof i Piedmont-Sardinia l a a i
which wanted to drive
l a a i Austria
d adsasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a out of Venetia.
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww  With theww victory of the Austrian-Prussian ww War, he formed ww the Northern ww
German
i .O . rgrg Federation under
O i .O . Ogrg leadership of Prussia.
rthe i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad
l
saasBismarck
 a his d a
attention
d
l
saasa to create a riftdbetween a
d
l
saasa Prussia and dFrance a
d
l
saasa to unite the dadsaasla
l
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w southern w ww
German
w states. w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 At the end of the Franck-Prussian War, Germany combined the unification of
i .
NorthernO . rgrg and southern iGermany.
O . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww w ww
w www
w
ww ww ww LESSON - 13 ww ww
1. Enumerate i . O . rgrgthe causes and the
O i . O . Ogrg
rconsequences of lthe i . O rgrg World War. i.O.O
O
First
. rgrg
l
asala a i l
asala a i asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.P ad
aCauses : a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www  The great w
wwpowers of Europe had www come to be arrayed wwinwtwo opposing camps. www
 They rgrare
g called the Triple rgAlliance
rg rgrg
(Germany,OAustria-Hungary and grg
rItaly)
l a i
a .Oi . O l a i
a .Oi . O l a ia. i.O l a ia.Oi . O
d adsaasandl
a the Triple Entente
d a
d
l
saasa (Britain, France d a
d
l
saasaRussia).
and
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d
aa ad a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
w w w
 The i .O . rgrg supported France
UK
O i .O . O grga Moroccan dispute
rin i .O . rgrbetween
O g Germany i .O . rgrg
and
O
d ad
a l
saasFrance. d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  Austria–Hungary
.P.P a a suddenly announced
.P.P a athe annexation of.PBosnia
.P.P a a and aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww.P wwww
ww Herzegovina, ww which it's protectorate. ww ww ww
 The i . O . rgrg wars that took ipart
two
O . O . rgrgin the Balkans led
O i . O . rgrgcountries to the iFirst
the
O . O . rgrgWorld
O
a
ala i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslWar. d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  Austria-Hungary a
.P.PaArchduke Franz .P a
.Pa a
.P.Pa by a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww Ferdinand wwww
was assassinated wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Princip , a Serbian country.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Results l
asala a
: i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad The Peace Conference
.P.P a ad opened in Paris.
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www  The peace
w
wwtreaty was signed with wwwGermany in the Hall wwwof Mirrors at Versailles. www
 Separate
i .O . rgrg treaties were drawn
O i .O . rgrg up and signed by
O i .O . rgrgAllies with Austria,
the
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
a l
saasHungary, Bulgariad a
d
l
asa Turkey
saand d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  The League of
.P.P aa
.P.nations
P was formed a aworld peace.
P.P
.for aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i O
.Lenin
. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
2. “Marx l a a isupplied sparks and
l a a i lit the fire”- l a i
Elucidate.
a l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  Marx and Engels
.P.P a aheld the firm view
.P.P a a the existence of.P
.P.that
P a abourgeoisie was as
.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwwwthe wwww
ww necessary. ww ww ww ww
 Influenced
. O rgrg by the ideas iof
O . O Ogrg Marx, Lenin believed
rKarl . O rgrg that the wayi.for
O O rgfreedom
O rg
l a ia i . l a a i . l a ia i . l a a i .
saasla
Padasalai
a l
a through massaaction.
saswas a
sasa l a
sasa l a
sasa l
a d a
d a d d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa  The failurewofw .Pa Tsar's regime,
.Pthe wthe
w
a
.P.Pdefeat by Japan, the ww Pa
.P.Sunday massacre ww .P.Pa
ww
ww w w
w w w w w
w War, led to the revolution wwww wwww
,and the defeat of the First World in Russia.
Menshevik
O government i . O . rgrg
O was established in i . O . rgrg through the irevolution.
Russia
O . O . rgrg
O
l a
al
asLenina i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa schemed to d s
overthrow
a a it. d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad His slogan of.„All
.P.P P.P d
a apower to the Soviets‟ .P.P d
a asoon won overwthe a ad
.P.workers‟
P leaders.www .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w ww
www  The slogan www' Bread, peace andwland ww ' attracted the victims www of the war. www
 Devastated
i .O . rgrg by war timei.shortages,
O O . rgrg
O the peoplei.were O . rgrgattracted by thei.slogan
O O . rgrg of
O
d a
d
a l
saas„Bread, Peace and d a
d saasa
Land.‟ l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w  Lenin persuaded w ww
w the Bolshevik w ww
Central
w Committee towdecide www on an immediate wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
revolution.
ia.O .Orgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
alAccordingly,
a i key government
l a ia i . buildings, l a i
includinga i . the Winter Palace i i
asa and the
l a a .
d a
d sa s a l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d sa
l
d a
d saasla
a a Prime Minister‟s
.P.P a aheadquarters, were
.P.P aseized.
.P.P a aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
3. The Treaty grg of Versailles was harsh
grg and humiliating for
grg Germany. Substantiate grg the
. O r
O . O r
O . O r
O . O r
O
a aaslaaliai.
statement.
s a saaslaaliai. a saaslaaliai. a saaslaaliai. a saasla
ww.P.Pa  Germany handed ww.P.Pa over Alsace andww P.Pa
.Lorraine to France.w.P.Pa
w ww.P.Pa
ww
ww  The coal mines w w
w w in the Saar Valley w w w
w were to be ceded towFrance. w ww wwww
 AllOGerman rgrg colonies became O rgrgmandated territories O rgrgunder the League O ofrgrg
l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l al O
ia. i .
a saas l
Nations.
a a saas a l
a saas a l
a s aas a a s aasla
d
a ad Germany was.P.disarmed d
a ad d
a adto give up practically d
a adall of its d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w P and was w .P.P
forced
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www submarines
w
wwwand battleships. www w w
www w
www
 Germany .O rgrg was forbiddeni.O
O toO rghave
rg any airplanes, .O rgrg military or naval.
either
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a a i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d a
d
saasItsl
a army was to bealimited
d d
l
saasa to 100,000 . dadsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
a a  The union of.Austria
.P.P a a and Germany.Pwas aa aa aa
w ww
w w wwP.P
w w ww.P forbidden . ww
w
.P.P
ww w ww
w
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aal al a i aal a l a i aal al a i ala
i.O
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
w w w
 Germany i .O . rgrg was to acknowledge
O i .O . Orgrg and respect thei.O . rgrg
Independence
O of Austria.i .O . rgrg
O
d ad l
saasGermany
a and itsdallies
a
d
l
saasa were held responsible d a
d
l
saasa for the loss anddaddamage l
saasa suffered dadsaasla
l
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w during theww ww
war. w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
4. Describe a
aslala i the circumstances a
aslala i
that favoured Mussolinia
aslala i and Hitler to establish
a
aslala i fascist
d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d saasla
governments
a
.P.Pa in Italy and
a
.P.Pa Germany respectively.
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Circumstances w w for the establishment w w of a fascist state in Italy: w w w w
O
breakdown of the i . O . rgrg
O
parliamentary government i . O . rgrgwhich had proved
O i . O . rgrg to
O
unable
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa cope with the d a s
disordersa following the d
enda saof the First World d a s
War.a d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www  The inability www of the Democratic w leaders to combine
wwParty www and act decisively www
facilitatedrgrg Mussolini‟s triumph. rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
dsaasThe l
a dispute between
d a
d saasthel
a communist andasatheir
d d
l
asa opponents led to
d a
d
l
asa conditions
sathe d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w for civil war.
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 It O rgrg with the march
ended Oofrgrthe
g Fascists on Rome. rgrg rgrg
l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d a l
saasImpressed by thed a
show
d
l
saasa of force, the King d a
d
asa l
saImmanuel III invited
d a
d
asa l
saMussolini to d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w form a w ww
government.
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Circumstances rgrg for the establishment rgrg of a fascist state in
rgrGermany:
g rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
ala
saaslRepublican saaslalain Germany fell, la
aslathe saaslala to saasla
Padasalai
d a
d d a
government
d d a
d saas Communists d a
refused
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa collaboratewwith a
.PPa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwwww. the Social Democrats. wwwwww
wwwwww
ww wwww
 In the rgrwake
g of this, industrialists, rgrg bankers and the rgrgpeople of the royal rgfamily,
rg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a sa al had the background,
aswho a saasal wanted to subordinate a saasal a a s al
Hitler to theirsacontrol.
a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w  They w
approached.P.P
w President von w .P.P
w
Hindenburg and w w
appointed.P.P Hitler as Prime w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www w
www wwww
Minister.
 lThe i .O . rgrg regime then put
O
Nazi i .O . rgrgend to parliamentary
O
an i .O . rgrgdemocracy in Germany.
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww LESSON - 14 ww ww
1 The lseeds i .O . rgfor
O rg the Second World i .O . rgrWar
O g were sowed in
i .O . O grg treaty of Versailles.
rthe i .O . rgrDiscuss
O g
with
d a
d
a l
saasreasons. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  The terms w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww wwimposed upon Germany ww at the end of First wwWorld War were harsh. ww
 Stripped rgrg off its colonies,i.O the rgrsize
g of the German army
rgrg was drastically reduced.
rgrg
 a i . O
i . O a i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
a ala
saaslGermany was forced
a
lalacede Alsace and Lorraine
saasto a saaslala to France.dadsaaslala a saasla
d d d d d d d d
ww.P.Pa  Germanyagree
a
ww
a
.P.Ptoa the temporary w a
.P.Pa
occupation
w
by French troops
ww
a
.P.Pa of the Saar ww a
.P.Pa
ww
ww valley. w w w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
 Germany rgrg was also compelled rgrgto hand over toi.Poland rgrg large parts ofi.the rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a Oi . O l a a Oi . O
a sa al
asindustrial aasal
area of aSilesia.
s a saasal a s aasal a s aasla
d
a ad Further Germany d
a adwas to pay an impossible d
a ad sum in reparation. d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www  Austria w w
wwnot allowed to unite
was w
www with Germany. www w wwww
 Such rgbad
rg Features lateri.O ledrgrgto the political success rgrgof the Nazi Party rgrg
in
l a ia.Oi . O l a a i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d
a l
saasGermany. d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal a l a i aal al a i ala
i.O
d
aa ad a d
aa a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P .P.P
ww
w
ww w M.VENKATESAN. wwww M.A.,M.PHIL.,B.ED.,
w w w
2 Examine i .O . rg
O rgwhat extent Germany
to i .O . Orgrg and Hitler were i .O . rgrg
responsible
O for thei.outbreak
O . rgrg
O of
d d
l
saasa World War. dadsaasa
Second
a
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  According to.P
.P.P a aTreaty of Versailles,
.P a ain 1935, Hitler held
.P.P .P.Paaageneral aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwwwthe w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww referendum ww in the SAR area and ww annexed it with Germany. ww ww
 Ini.1936 O . rgrgHitler flouted the
O i . O . rgrg of Versaillesi.O
Treaty
O by. rgsending
O rg troops toi.occupy O . rgrg
O
a
ala i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslRhineland. d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  The Nazi state a
Pa established inwAustria
.P.was a
.P.Pa by the pressure a
PaHitler.
.P.of a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww w w w w ww
w wwww
ww  Then the w
w German forces entered
w w Vienna and began to ww establish control over ww
thei . O . rgrg
country.
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a
al a
asBefore i l a a i
asalwas held in the Sudetenland, l
asal a a i l a a i
asal it with his asla
d asa the referendum
d a sa d a sa Hitler a s
occupied
d a d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w army. w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
 In the Munich conference, the Prime ministers of Britain, France, Germany
andi .O . rgrg issued the approval.
O
Italy i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d a l
saasUsing the conflict d a
in
d
a l
saasCzechoslovakia, a
Hitler
d d
l
saasasent German forces d a
d
l
saastoa occupy d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w the conflictwwwzone.
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 Hitler, who was aiming to occupy the whole of Europe, On september 1, 1939,
thei .O . rgrg on Poland was
O
attack i .O . rgrg
O
held. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
dsaasThel
a reason for theasSecond
d d aasa l
World War d a
was
d
l
saasathe rejection of dBritains a
d
l
saasa ultimatum dadsaasla
l
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w to leave w ww
Germany
w in Poland. w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
3 Describe i . O . rgrMao
O g
Tse Tung‟s i . O . Ogrg
rcontribution to the
i . O . rgestablishment
O rg of i . O rgrg
O
Communist
.
a i a i a i a i
saaslala in China. dadsaaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d a
d
government
a a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa .P.Pa
wMarxism
w .P.Pa
win
w ww.P.Pa
ww
ww  In 1918 w awww
Society for the Study www
ofw was formed ww
ww Peking University. ww
ww
 Among the students who attended was a young assistant librarian by the name
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
aslof
aalaMaoi Tse-tung. alaalai aslaalai aslaalai asla
d a sa d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad In China, Kuomintang
.P.P .P.Pa ad government a ad
.P.became
P notorious for .P.Pitsad
a corruption and .PP
.a a
d
www gangsterism. www www www www
 Mao rknew grg that the Kuomintang rgrg grip on the towns rgrgwas too strong. So rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O
concentrated his energiesl a ia. O
i . O
on organizing the l a ia. O
i .
peasantry.O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  He retreated .into
.P.P a athe wild mountains
P.P aon
.P.P a the border between .P.Pa athe provinces of .P.P aa
w ww
w www w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww Kiangsiw and
w Hunan. ww ww ww
 Later, rgrMao
g wanted to move rgrout
g of Hunan for .safer rgrgterritory. rgrg
 l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia O
i . O l a ia O
.as
i . O
d a
d saasa l
Therefore, the Communist
d a
d saasa l army set out
d a
d
on
saasa l
what came to be
d
known
a
d saasa l the Long
d a
d saasla
a a March in 1934.
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww  As a result ww of the Long March, wwMao became the ruler wwof the people in China. ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
4 d a
d saaslalaa comparativedanalysis
Make a
d saaslala of common and d a
d
aslala
savarying features ind a
d
the
ala
saaslliberation d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww struggles of Indonesia wwww and Philippines. wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Common features rgrg : rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
asa al countries were
asBoth a sa
l
asaacolony of European a sa al
ascountries. a saasal a s aasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www  In both w w
ww
countries, the communists w
www gave voice against w
wwtowthe domination ofwww w
colonialism.
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
 l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
During World War
d a
d
II,
saasa l
both countries were
d a
d saasa l
under Japanese occupation.
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
a a  Both countries
.P.P .P.Pagot
a Independence, .after aa aa aa
w ww
w wwww w wwP.P the second War.
w w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w M.VENKATESAN.
w
w w w
ww PG ASST ( HISTORYw)wGHSS AYAPPAKKAM.ww w w w
Varyingi.features
O . rgrg :
O i .O . rgrg
O
d
Thea
d
asa l
saPhilippines went tod a
d
the
l
saasaU.S. control Indonesia d ad
l
saasa is the colonial d a
d saasa
country
l
of the d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w after being a w ww
w
colony of the Spanish w www
state. Dutch state. w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Nationalism developed
rgrg among the rgrg The nationalist rgrg movement became the
rgrg
Filipinos a i . O
i . O
earlier than elsewhere. a i . O
i . O most a i
belated. O
i . O in Indonesia. a i . O
i . O
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa
The barbaric handling a
.P.Pa of the Cavite a
.P.Pa
The first event, which a
.P.Paexpressed a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w ww ww w ww
w w ww
w
ww rebellion in the wwPhilippines helped to ww nationalism inwIndonesia, w begins withw wthe
develop nationalism. rgrg rgrg formation of
rgrgthe Boedi Oetomo . rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a aasal
ThesPhilippines got independence
a saasal in
a aasal got independence
Indonesia
s a saasainl 1949 due a saasla
d
ad with the support
a1946 aofd
adthe United d
atoadpressure from the d
a ad Security d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.U.N
w P w .P.P
w
w
www States. w
www w
www Council. w
www w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l LESSON
d ad
l
saas- a15 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 1. Highlight the w ww
goals
w and objectives w
ofww w
the Non- Aligned w ww
Movement.
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 Respect rgrg of fundamentali.human rgrg rights and of ithe rgobjectives
rg and principles rgrg of
l a ia.Oi . O l a a O
i . O l a a.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasthel
a Charter of theaUnited
d d
l
saasa Nations. dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  Respect for the
.P.P asovereignty
.P.P a a a integrity of all.Pnations.
.P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w
and territorial
w www w ww.P
w w ww
w
ww  Recognition ww of th equality among ww all races and of the wwequality among all ww
nations.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
ala i a
lala i ala i a i
aslala country. asaasla
saaslNon-intervention saaslainternal
Padasalai
d a d orsaasnon-interference
a in
d a the affairs dofasanother
a
a d
.P.Pa  Non-use of w a
collective
d
.P.Pa defence pacts a a d
P.Pbenefit
.to the specific .P. a
Pa d
interests of any of the adad
.P.P
www w ww w ww w w www w ww w w
ww great powers. ww ww ww ww
 Non-usei . O . rgrg of pressures byi.O
O any
. rgrgcountry against other
O i . O . rgrgcountries.
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a
al a i
asSettlement l
asal a a i l a
al a
aspeaceful i l
asala a i asla
d asa of all d a s
international
a disputes d by
a sa means. d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.Pmutual
.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w  Promotion w of
w w interest and
w w cooperation.
w w w w w w w
www  Respectwfor wwjustice and international www obligations. www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d
2. a
d
Discuss
l
saasa the origin ofdArab-Israeli a
d saasa l
conflict d a
d
andsaasshow
a l
how d
subsequent a
d
l
saasdevelopments
a
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w caused a major w ww
w
war between the two w
inww1967.
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 As O the rgrUnited
g Nations voted rgrgto partition Palestine rgrinto
g a Jewish state rgrg
l a ia. i.O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasAndl
a an Arab stateasin
d d a
l
asNovember
a 1947. asaasa
d d
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  So conflict broke
.P.P a aout almost immediately
.P.P a a between Jews and
.P.P .P.Pa aArabs in Palestine..P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww  On the eve ww of the British forces‟ wwwithdrawal , Israelwdeclared w independence. ww
 From . O rgthe
O rg start, when Israel . O rgrwas
O g created, there.Owas rgrglittle involvement
O . O rgrthe
of
O g UN
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d a
d
a
sasin l
a making politicalasadecisions.
d d
asa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa  By 1966 thewU.S. a
.P.Paproviding beganwto a
Pa with advanced
.P.Israel a
Pa
.P.planes and missiles. a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w w w w w ww
w w ww
w
ww  In April 1967 ww there were artillery w w
w exchanges betweenwIsrael and Syria. w w
 The i . O . rgrg Sixth Fleet remained
U.S.
O i . O . rgrg off the Syrian icoast.
O . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a
al
asEgypta i l a a i
asal of Tiran to Israeli l a
al a
asshipping.i l a a
asalIsraeli asla
d asa closed thedStraits
a sa d a sa In earlydJune
a sa d a s a
a ad attacked Egypt.
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
i.O
aad ad a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P
w
ww ww
3. In disputes i .O . rgrg involving the permanent
O i .O . Orgrg members of i .O . rgrg Security Council,
the
O i .O . Ogrg UNO
rthe
was
d ad
l
saaasamute spectator. Elucidate d ad
l
saasa this statement d a
d
l
asa the cold war period
safrom d a
d
l
saasa experiences. dadsaasla
l
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  On 5 w ww
w
November 1956, British w
andwwFrench
w troops w
landedwwwat the Egyptian w
town ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
of Port Said.
ila.O .Orgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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 Padasalai's NEWS - Group

 Padasalai's Channel - Group

 Lesson Plan - Group

 12th Standard - Group

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 6th to 8th Standard - Group

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6. What i O rgrg did the Star iChamber

7. Enumerate i . O . rgrgthe essential principles

5. Enumerate i . O . rgrgthe reasons for inot

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