s aslaalia. i.N s as laalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.

N saaslaa
d
aa a
d a aad a
d a Padasalai d
aa a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w www w ww w w ww w w ww w w
Unit-1, Metallurgy
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
ala i i i i
1. d a
d
What
saaslais the difference d a
d saaslaalminerals
between
a
and d
ores? a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww Mineral ww ww Ore ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i
aslala occurring substance
Naturally a
ala
aslobtainedi by a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P.Padad adad
.P.P adad can be extracted conveniently
.P.Metal
P adad
.P.P and adad
.P.P
www w mining which w w
contains
ww the metal in free w
state
ww w ww ww www w
ww ww ww economically from ww its Mineral are called Ores. ww
or combined etestate
t is called a Mineral. etet etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d d minerals are not .ores.
a aAll d
a ad d d are minerals. .PP
a aores d d d
a ad
w w w.P.P
w w w P.P
w w w.P.All
P
w ww .a a w w w.P.P
www www www www www
Bauxite and
i . N . etechina
N t clay are minerals
i . N . eoftetAl.
N
Bauxite is an ore
i . N . etetof Al while china clay
N i . N . eistenot.
N t
a i a i a i a i
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww 2. What are the various ww steps involved in w w ww
extraction of pure metals from their ores?
ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaa
Steps of metallurgy:
d
aa a
d d a
d
a aConcentration of the .ore d
aa a
d aad a
d aad a
d
ww .P.P 
ww .P.P wwP.P ww.P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w www w ww w w ww w w ww w w
 Extraction of crude metal
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i  a
aslala
Refining i of crude metal a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P.Padad adad
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w www w www w ww ww www w
ww ww ww ww ww
3. What is the role of Limestone in the extraction of Iron from its oxide Fe2O3 ?
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
Lime l a a i
asalstone is decomposed l a
asaCaO
to a i
l (basic flux) whichsasremoves l a
al a i l
silica impuritys(acidic)a a i
asal of the ore as asaaslaa
d a sa d a sa d a a d a a
. a ad
.wPslag
P a ad
.wP.P .wP.Pa ad a ad
.wP.P adad
.wP.P
www (calcium w
silicate).
ww www ww w www
ww ww ww ww ww
tet CaO (Flux) + SiO2t (Gangue) CaSiO tet3 (Slag)
i N
. i.N e i N
. i.N e e t
i N
. i.N e i .N . etet
N
l a l a l al a l al a l al a i for such asaslaa
saasatype of ores can be
4. Which
a a saasa
concentrated saasa method? Givedatwo
by froth floatation
a saasexamples
a
d
aa
.Pores.
. P d aa
.P.P
d d .P.P
d
aa d aa
.P.P d adada
.P.P
www w www w www w ww ww www w
ww ww ww ww ww
Sulphide eteores
t can be concentrated etebyt froth floatation method etetbecause sulphide ore particles
etet are
i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
d d saaslaala wetted by pinedoil
preferentially
a a
d saa a
slalagangue wetted bydwater
and a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P(PbS),
.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w Example: w ww
w
Galena Zinc blende w ww
w
(ZnS) w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
5. out of Cokeeand
N tet CO, which is better N etreducing
et agent for the ereduction
N tet of ZnO? Why?
N etet
a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N

a sa slala 1273 K, C has more
aAbove a sa
la
aslanegative ΔG° value s
than
a a
la so it will be in lower
aslaZnO, a sa
a of
aslalpart a saaslaa
.P.Padad adad
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w Ellingham w www w
Diagram. Therefore, Cokewcan w w
wwreduce ZnO. ww ww www w
ww w w ww ww
 On the N tet hand, CO has lesser
eother N tet value than ZnO, so
eΔG° N eittewill
t be in upper part .ofNN tet
Ellingham
e
a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i i .
a sa slal a
aDiagram. Therefore, COa sa
l a
al reduce ZnO asaasal
ascannot l a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P
w
www  Hence Coke www
iswbetter reducing agentw w
wwCO for reducing ZnO
than wwww wwww

i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
dadsaaslaa
.Paa
.PR.Sukumar, aa
.P.P aa
.P.Dindigul.
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
PG Asst (Chemistry),
w GHSS, Aravankurichi, w ww
w w www w ww
Page
w 1
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N. Netet i . N . etet
N
alaala i alaala i alaala i alaala i alaa
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s as laalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N s as laalia. i.N saaslaa
aad a
d a aa d a
d a Padasalaid
aa ad a d
aa a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w ww w w ww w w www w
Unit-1, Metallurgy
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
6. d a
d saaslaalaa method for refining
Describe d a
d saaslaanickel.
la
d ad saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Nickel is refined ww by Mond process. Impure ww nickel forms volatile wwcomplex with CO. which wwis
further decomposed
i . N . etet to give pure nickel
N i . N . N
tet at 460 K
emetal i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
aslalaa i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
adad
.P.P Ni (s) + 4.CO ada(g)
P.P d Ni(CO).4P(g)
.Padad Ni (s) + 4.P CO
. ada(g)
P d adad
.P.P
www w ww w w www w www w www w
ww Impure ww ww
volatile Pureww ww
7. Explain i . N
zone. eterefining
N t process lwith i . N . eantetexample.
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
asall a a i asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i aslaa
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad refining (fractional
.PZone
.P .P.P ad
acrystallisation) .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www Principle: Impurities www are more soluble in the ww w
melt than in the solid state
w
wwmetal. www
Process:lalia.N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
i a i a i a i
d a
d saasa d a
d
l
saasa l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d saaslaa
a a The impure metal.Pis
.P.P aa P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww.Ptaken in the form w
w
ofwa.rod.
w w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 The impure metal is heated with the help of mobile induction heater at one end of the
N tet
eimpure N etet N etet N etet
rod i .
ofi . N metal. i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d ad saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.rod
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w  As the heaterwmoves, ww
w the molten zone of w wthe
w w also moves withwit. ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 As a result, tet pure metal crystallises out
tet of melt and the impurities tet pass on into the adjacenttet molten
. N e
N . N e
N . N e
N . N e
N
s s laaliai.
azone. s aslaaliai. s aslaaliai. s aslaaliai. s aslaa
adada a adad a a a
adad a adada a adada a
w .P.P
w  The process is w .P.P
w
repeated several times byw .P.P
w
moving the heater in the w .P.P
w
same direction again and w .P.P
w
again
ww
ww ww ww ww ww ww ww wwww
to achieve etetthe desired purity level. etet etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N

a sa
l a
aItsaisl carried out in an inert a sa
l a
al atmosphere to prevent
asgas a sa
l a
l oxidation of metals.
asathe a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .PExample:
w .P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www wwww wwww wwww w
www
 Germanium, etet Silicon and Galium etet(which are used asi.semiconductor) etet are refined by etethis
t
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a N
i . N a i . N
i . N
d a
d
l l
saasamethoda
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 8. Using the Ellingham w ww
w diagram given below. w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
(i) Aluminium
i . N . etemight
N t be expected toNreduce
i . . etet magnesia. i.N.N
N etet i . N . etet
N
a i ala i aala i i
aala part of
d a
d slala
saaAbove1623K, Al has d a
d saaslanegative
more ΔG° value d ad saaslmagnesia,
than so it will dbea
d sainasllower d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww Ellingham Diagram. wwHence Al will be used w towreduce magnesia. ww ww
(ii) Magnesium
i . N . etecould
N t reduce alumina.
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
lala
aBelow i a a i
aslalnegative ala i
aslaalumina, a i
ala part of
asllower aslaa
a sa s 1623K, Mg has a sa
more ΔG° value a sa
than so it will a sa a sa
adad
.P.P adad
.P.P .P.Padad .P.Padad
be in adad
.P.P
w w
ww Ellingham Diagram. w w
wHence
w Mg will be usedwto www w www w www w
ww ww w reduce Alumina. ww ww
(B) Carbon i . monoxide
N . etet
N is more effective i . N . etereducing
N t agent thani.N . etet below 983K but,
carbon
N i . N . etet this
above
N
asall a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i aslaa
d a sa d a sa
d –Explain. d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.Ptemperature,
.P
the reverse aisatrue
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www  CO is moreweffective ww reducing agentw ww 983 K, because COww
below wmore negative ΔG° w
has ww
value
N tetit will be in lower part
eso eoftetEllingham Diagram.Netet etet
thani.C,
a i . N a i .Ni . N a i . i.N a i .Ni . N
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasa l l a
dadsaaslaa
aa
.PR.Sukumar,
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.Dindigul.
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
PG Asst (Chemistry),
w GHSS, Aravankurichi, w ww
w w ww
w w ww
Page
w 2
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N. Netet i . N . etet
N
alaala i alaala i alaala i alaala i alaa
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s as laalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N s as laalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N saaslaa
d
aa a
d a aa d a
d a Padasalai
aad ad a d
aa a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w www w ww ww www w
Unit-1, Metallurgy
i . N . etet
N i. N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i i i i
d a

d slala 983 K Coke isdmore
saaAbove a
d saaslaaeffective
la
reducing d a saaslaabecause
agent,
d
la
C has mored a saaslaala ΔG° value dadsaaslaa
negative
d
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww than CO, so wwit will be in lower part ofww Ellingham Diagram. ww ww
 e.g.,i.CO N . etereduces
N t Fe2O3 belowi.1073 N . eteK
N t but above it, Coke.Nreduces
i . etet Fe2O3.
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
adaIt
.P.(c)
P d is possible to reduce .P.PadaFed2O3 by coke at a temperature .P.Padad around 1200K adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w ww w w www w www w www w
ww Around 1200K, ww C has more negativewΔG° w value than Fe2O3, sowitwwill be in lower part ofww
Ellinghamaia . N .
Diagrametet Hence Coke willi.N
N be. N
tet to reduce Fe O . Netet
eused 2 3 i. i.N i . N . etet
N
l
asal i l
asala a i l
asal a a l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www 9. Give the uses ofww w
zinc. www www www
 Zn i .N . eteint Galvanising iron,iDie-castings
N .N . etet
N i .N . N
tet
eElectrical i .N . etet
N
a i
used a i in Automobile, a i and Hardware a i industries.
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d ad saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  Brass Alloy w
(Cuww
w and Zn) is used in w
Waterww
w Valves and Communication wwww Equipment. w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
N tet
eused N etet N etePlastics,
t N tet
eTextiles
 ZnO i . i
is. N in Paints, Rubber, i . i . N
Cosmetics, Pharmaceuticals, i . i . N Inks, i
Batteries,. i . N and
a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaa
d d
a a Electrical equipment. aa d d aad d d
aa d aad d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w www w ww ww www w
 ZnS is e tet in luminous paints,NFluorescent
used etet lights and X-ray etescreens.
t etet
a i . N
i . N a i . i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslaa
. adaExplain
.P10.
P d .P.Padad
the electrometallurgy of Aluminium. .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w ww w w www w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
 Cathode: Iron tank lined with Carbon
ila.N .Netet i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
 a l a
Anode:
a i Carbon blocks l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa s
d Electrolyte: 20%.PAlumina d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa a a ad solution (obtained
.P .P.P d bauxite ore)+ Molten
a afrom a adcyrolite +10%
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
Calcium Chloride
ia.N .Netet i .toN . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d
sa
a
d a sal
Here l Calcium Chloride
d a
d
l
helps
saasa l a lower the melting
d ad saasal
point l a of the mixture.
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Pa a The fused mixture a amaintained at a temperature
.P.isP .P.Pa a of above 1270 K. .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww 3+ ww ww
 Ionisaiton of Alumina: Al 2O3 2Al + 3O 2–

i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i 2Al (melt) +s6aselaala i 2 Al (l) saslaala i i
slala saaslaala saaslaa
–
sa Cathode: 3+
d
aa a
d a aa d a
d a d
a –aad a d
aa a
d aad a
d
ww.P.P  Anode: C (s) .O
w+w P.2–
P (melt) CO w+w.P2.Pe ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w www w ww ww www w
–
 C (s) + 2 O 2–
(melt) CO + 4 e
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
2
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
 a i
lalaelectrolysis reactionsaslala
asNet a i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a a a sa a sa a sa
.P.Padad .P.Padad .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w 4Al 3+
(melt)ww w
+ w
6O 2-
(melt) + 3C (s) www w 4Al (l) + 3CO 2 www
(g) w w www w
ww ww ww w ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l a a i
asal the following terms l a a i
al suitable examples.
aswith l a a i
alGangue (ii) Slag asaasal
as(i) l a a i aslaa
11.d a sa
Explain d a sa d a sa d d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www Gangue: www www www www
i . etet
The.Nnonmetallic
N impurities, .rocky
i N . etetmaterials and siliceous
N i .N . N
tet associated withNanetore
ematter i . i.Net are
a i a i a i a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d ad saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
dadsaaslaa
.Paa
.PR.Sukumar, .P.Paa aa
.P.Dindigul.
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
PG Asst (Chemistry),
w GHSS, Aravankurichi, w ww
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dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s aslaalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N saaslaa
d
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Unit-1, Metallurgy
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aslaala i i i i
d
calleda
d saGangue. d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa
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ww Slag: A flux combines ww with infusible gangue wwpresent in the ore to form wwa fusible compound known ww as
Slag. i . N . etet
N Flux i+ . N etet = Slag
N
Gangue
. i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
adaGive
.P12.
. P d the basic requirement .P.Padad for vapour phase .P.Pa dad
refining. adad
.P.P .P.P adad
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ww  The metal w w
should form a volatile compound ww with an available w w
reagent. ww
 The i . N . etet compound shouldi.Nbe
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volatile . N
tet
eeasily decomposable i .
soN . N
tet
ethat i
the metal can belaeasily . N . eterecovered.
N t
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asal a i aslaa
d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d sa d a sa d a sa
.Pa aDescribe
.P13. the role of.P a afollowing
the
.P .P.P
in the process a amentioned. a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad
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www (i) Silica in the extraction www of copper. www www www
i .N . etetan acidic flux to remove
N i .N . eteferrous
N t
i .N . etet as ferrous silicate
N i .N . etet
N
Silica
a i acts a i oxide (basic a i
Gangue) a i (slag).
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa FeO(Gangue) .P.Pa a+ SiO2(Flux ) .P.Pa a FeSiO3(Slag) aa
.P.P .P.P aa
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(ii) Cryolite in the extraction of aluminium.
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i i i i
saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaa
Cyrolite lowers the melting point of alumina and makes it a good conductor of electricity.
d a
d
a a Iodine in the refining d
aof a
d
a Zirconium. aad a
d aad a
d aad a
d
ww.P.(iii)
P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
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Zr is heated in iodine vapours at about 550 K to form volatile ZrI4 which are heated over
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tungsten a la i
aslafilament at 1800K to give a i
la Zr.
aslapure a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P.Padad adad
P.P
.(s) .P.P
dad
aZr adad
.P.P .P.P adad
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(Impure) (volatile) (Pure)
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l a a i
asal cyanide in frothafloatation.
(iv) Sodium l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa d sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.aP.depressant.
P a ad
.P.prevents
P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.toP
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14. Explain
d a
d
l l a
saasa the principle ofdelectrolytic a
d
l
saasa l a refining withaan
d d
la l a
saasexample. d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.Paa
.PElectrolytic .P aa
.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa
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of
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Cathode: Pure etesilver
t etet etet etet
i . N
i . N
laala silver rods saslaala i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
Anode:
d a
d saasImpure d a
d a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.PElectrolyte:
.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa
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w w nitrate solution. w ww
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Electrolysis results
i . N . etet in the transfer of iAg
N . N . eintepure
N t form the anode.N
i . N
tet
toecathode.
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N
a
aslalaAg i a
+alal-a
i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a s
Anode:a a
Ag sa s
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.P.Padad .P.Padad .P.Padad adad
.P.P .P.P adad
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l a
al a
asselectioni l a a i
asal depends on the thermodynamic l
asala a i l a a i
asal with an aslaa
15.d a
Thesa of reducing d a sa
agent d a sa factor: d a sa
Explain d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad
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i .N . etetreducing agent is selected
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a i a i a i a i
d a
d
l
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d
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Unit-1, Metallurgy
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a i i i i
da
d slalaknow that for a spontaneous
saaWe d ad saaslaala reaction, the change d ad saaslaainlafree energy (ΔG)dashould dsaaslaalabe negative. d a
d saaslaa
aa
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.P.P
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a i . i . a i . i . N a i i . N a i . i . N
a saaslala a saaslala a sa aslala a saaslala a saaslaa
ada
.P.P d Hence, the reducing .P.P adaagent
d is selected in such .P.Paadaway
d that it provides .aPlarge
. adadnegative ΔG value.P.P
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ila.N .Netet i . N . etet
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N
 a l a
Example:
a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa s
d Above1623K, Al.P d a sa
d negative ΔG° value d a sa
d magnesia Hence.PAl d a sa
d be used to reduce.PP d a
d sa
a a
.P.P .P
hasa amore .P.Pa athan .Pa awill .a a
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ia.N .Netet i .N . etet
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a i a i a i a i
d
sa
a
d a
Below
l
sa l 1623K, Mg has
d ad
more l
saasa l a
negative ΔG° value
d ad
than
saasal l a
alumina Hence Mg
d a
will
d
l
saasabel a to reduce
d a
d saaslaa
a a Alumina.
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
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16. Give the limitations of Ellingham diagram.
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i i i i
d d saaslaala diagram is constructed
 Ellingham
a d ad saaslaalabased only on thermodynamic
d ad saaslaala considerations.
d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
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P P.P aa
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.P.P
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 It does not tell anything about the rate of the reaction.
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 It a i
aslalanot give any idea about a i
la possibility of othersareactions
aslathe a i
lala that might be taking a i
aslalaplace. aslaa
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a a sa a a s a sa a sa
adad
.P.
P .P.ΔG
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.P.P
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l a a i
asala short note on electrochemical l
asala a i l a
al a i
ametallurgy. l
asala a i aslaa
a s
17.dWrite
a d a sa principles d aofsa s d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w  w w w w w w
electrolysis process is given byw w w
ΔG° = w w w
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 Where ente=t number of electrons etet etet etet
a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N
da
d
l l a
saaFsa= Faraday d ad
l
saasa l a
d ad saasal l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w  E = electrode
0 www w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww ww potential ww ww ww
 If E0 N isN tet
epositive then the ΔG is N etet and the reduction
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is t and hence N ea teredox
t
a i . i . a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N
d a
d
l l
saareaction
sa a
is planned ind a
such
d
l
saasaa
l a
way that the e.m.f d a
of
d
l l a
asanet redox reaction isapositive.
sathe d d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
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i . N . N
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ego i . . N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala 2+ i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
ada
.P.P d e.g, Cu(s) + 2Ag+.P(s)
. adad
P
Cu (aq) + 2Aga(s)
.P.Pad
d
.P.Padad adad
.P.P
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l
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R.Sukumar,PG Asst l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
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.P.P .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
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alaala i alaala i alaala i alaala i alaa
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas