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2u 2 2u
c ………………………. (1)
t 2 x 2
Where u( x,t ) is the deflection of the string. To find out how the string
moves, we determined a solution u( x,t ) of (1) . Since the string is
fixed at the ends x 0 and x l , we have two boundary conditions:
u(0,t) 0 , for all t ………………………… (2)
t 0 and
The form of the motion of the string will depend on the deflection at
on the velocity at t 0 . Denoting the initial deflection by f ( x) and
the initial velocity by g ( x) , we obtain two initial conditions:
u
t g ( x) ………………………… (5)
t 0
We want to find a solution of (1) satisfying the conditions (2) to (5) .
XT '' c2 X ''T
Separating the variables, we get
X '' 1 T ''
2 ………………………… (7)
X c T
Since x and t are independent variables, so (6) can hold only when
each side equal to some constant, say k .
X '' T ''
Then k and 2 k
X cT
It gives two ODE
d2X d 2T
kX 0 and kc 2T 0 ………………………… (8)
dx 2 dt 2
Now we find solution of equation (8) with boundary conditions.
Case-1: k 0
Let k p2
2 2 2 2
Then (D p ) X 0 . So Auxiliary equation is m p 0 .
(m p)(m p) 0
m p, p
px c e px and similarly
Then X c e T c ecpt c ecpt .
1 2 3 4
Where c , c , c , c are arbitrary constants.
1 2 3 4
Case-2: k 0
Let k p2
m ip, ip
Then X c cos( px) c sin( px) and similarly
1 2
T c cos(cpt ) c sin(cpt )
3 4
Case-2: k 0
d2X
Then 0 . So X c x c
dx 2 1 2
and similarly T c t c .
3 4
Therefore various possible solutions of the Wave equation (1) are
It can be rewritten as
n x n ct n ct
u( x,t ) sin a cos l b sin l …………… (11)
n 1 l n n
n x
u( x,0) an sin f ( x) .…….……………… (12)
n 1 l
Which is a Half range sine series,
2l n x
where a f ( x)sin dx .…….……………… (13)
n l l
0
Satisfying initial condition (4) (given initial velocity)
u n x n ct n ct n c
sin a sin l b cos l l
t n1 l n n
u n c n x
bn sin g ( x) ,
t
t 0 n1 l l
n c 2l n x
b g ( x)sin dx
l n l0 l
2 l n x
b g ( x)sin dx .…….……………… (14)
n n c l
0
Hence the required solution of (1) is
n ct n ct n x
u( x,t ) a cos b
n sin sin ,
n l l l
n1
Where a and b are given in (13) and (14) respectively.
n n
Examples
Where,
2 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 and
𝐿 0 𝐿
2 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑔 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 (𝑛 ∈ 𝑁)
𝑛𝜋𝑐 0 𝐿
𝜕𝑢
Since the initial velocity 𝑥, 0 = 𝑔 𝑥 = 0 we have 𝑏𝑛 = 0.
𝜕𝑡
2 𝜋
= 0
50𝑥 (𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
100 𝜋
= 0
(𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
200
= 1 − (−1)𝑛
𝜋𝑛 3
16[1 (1)n ] n x n ct
[Ans: u ( x, t ) sin cos ]
3 3 l l
n 1 n
2. Heat Equation :
u 2u dT d2X
Then, XT ' and X "T , where T' and X ''
t x 2
dt dx 2
XT ' c 2 X ''T
T' X ''
K, (5)
c 2T X
Where K is constant.
From equation (5) ,
d2X dT
KX 0 and Kc 2T 0 (6)
dx 2 dt
Case-1: K >0
Let K p2
c2 p 2t
Then X c1e px c2e px and T c3e ,where c1 , c2 and c3 are
arbitrary constants.
Case-2: K <0
Let K P2
c2 p 2t
Then X c1 cos px c2 sin px and T c3e , where c1 , c2 and c3 are
arbitrary constants.
Case-3: K =0
Here K=0
Then X c1 x c2 and T c3 , where c1 , c2 and c3 are arbitrary constants.
Thus the various possible solution of the heat equation (1) are ,
c2 p 2t
u (c1e Px c2e Px )c3e
c2 p 2t
u (c1 cos px c2 sin px)c3e
u (c1 x c2 )c3
c2 p 2t
Accordingly u ( x, t ) (c1 cos px c2 sin px)e (7)
c 2 p 2t
u c1e
c 2 p 2t
u c1e
Here clearly c1 0
c2 p 2t
u ( x, t ) c2 sin pxe (8)
c2 p 2t
u (l , t ) c2 sin ple 0
For this is to be true for all time , c2 sin pl 0
Therfore sin pl 0
n
Thus pl n so that p , n 1, 2,...
l
c 2n2 2t
n x l2
Hence, u ( x, t ) c2 sin e
l
c 2n2 2t
n x l2
n x 2n2t
Or u ( x, t ) b sin e b sin e (9)
n 1
n l n 1
n l
Because of the exponential factor all the terms in (10) approach zero
as t approaches infinity. The rate of decay increase with n.
EXAMPLES
1. A rod of 30cm long has its end A and B are kept at 𝟐𝟎℃ and 𝟖𝟎℃
respectively until steady state condition prevail. The temperature at
each end is suddenly reduced to 𝟎℃ and kept so. Find the resulting
temperature 𝒖(𝒙, 𝒕) from the end A.
Now, the sudden change of the temperature at the end B depends only upon 𝑥
and not on 𝑡.
20 = 𝑎 0 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 20
So that,
𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 20
80 = 𝑎 30 + 20 ⇒ 30𝑎 = 60 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2
So that,
𝑢 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 20
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 2(𝑥 + 10)
4 30 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= (𝑥 + 10) sin 𝑑𝑥
30 0 30
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛 𝜋𝑥 30
4 cos sin
30 30
= 𝑥 + 10 − 𝑛𝜋 − (1) − 𝑛 2𝜋 2
30
30 30 2 0
4 30 30
= 40 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋 − 10 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠 0)
30 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
4 30
= 40 (−1)𝑛+1 + 10(1)
30 𝑛𝜋
40
= 4 (−1)𝑛+1 + (1)
𝑛𝜋
3. Laplace Equation :
u 2u 2u
The two dimensional heat equation is c 2 2u c 2 2 2
t x y
2u 2u
u 2 2 0
2
(1)
x y
X "Y XY " 0
X" Y"
(3)
X Y
Since x and y are independent variables ,therefore (3) can hold only
when each side equal to some constant say k.
Then,
X" Y"
k and k
X Y
Solution of equations
Case-1: When K >0
Let k P2
Then X c1e Px c2e px and Y c3 cos Py c4 sin Py , where c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 are
arbitrary constants.
Case-2:When K <0
Let k P2
Thus the various possible solution of the heat equation (1) are ,
Py Py
u (c1 cos Px c2 sin Px)(c3e c4e )
u (c1 x c2 )(c3 y c4 )
Example:
n
For c '2 0 , we have a trivial solution. So sin( pl) 0 . p
l
So equation (9) becomes
n y n y
n x
u( x, y) c '2 sin (c '3 e l c '4 e l ) …………(10)
l
Using (7), we have
n x
u( x,0) c '2 sin (c '3 c '4 ) 0 c '4 c '3
l
Thus the solution is
n y n y
n x
u( x, y) bn sin (e
l e l ) , where bn c '2 c '3
l
Now from (8) we have
n a n a
n x n x
u( x,a) sin bn sin (e
l e l )
l l
Therefore
1
bn n a n a
.
(e l e l )
Hence the required solution is
n y n y n y
sinh n x
e l e l n x l sin
u( x, y) n a n a sin .
l n a l
e e
l l sinh
l
Part-II: APPLICATIONS OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Examples:
(1) An impulsive voltage E (t ) is applied to a circuit consisting
of L, R, C in series with zero initial conditions. If i be the
current at any subsequent time t,find the limit of i as t 0
?
Solution: The equation of circuit governing the current i is,
di 1t
L Ri idt E (t ) ,where i 0 when t 0 .
dt C0
Or
R 1 E
E s2 s i s
L CL L
Or
E R 1
( s 2 2as a 2 b2 )i s, Where 2a and a 2 b2
L L CL
E ( s a) a E sa 1
Or i
2 2
2 2
a
2 2
L ( s a) b L ( s a ) b ( s a ) b
On inversion we get,
E at a
i e cos bt e at sin bt
L b
Solution:
The differential equation for deflection is
d4y
EI W ( x a)
dx 4
Using the conditions y(0) y"(0) 0 and taking y' (0) c1 , y''' (0) c2 ,we have
W as
s 4 y s 2c1 c2 e
EI
c1 c2 W eas
y
s 2 s 4 EI s 4
' x 2 W ( x a)2
y c1 c2 u ( x a)
2 EI 2
W
y'' c2 x ( x a)u ( x a)
EI
Using the condition y(l ) 0, y'' (l ) 0 , we have
l 3 W b3
0 c1l c2
6 EI 6
W
0 c2l b u( x a) 1 forx a &1 a b
EI
W
c2 b
EI
W 1 l 3 W b3 1 W bl 2 W b3
c2 bc1 c2
EI l 6 EI 6 l EI 6 EI 6
Wb 2 Wb Wb
(l b 2 ) (l b)(l b) (l b)
6 EIl 6 EIl 6 EIl
W ab b
y (l b) x x3 ( x a)3 u ( x a)
6 EI l l
When 0 x a, u( x a) 0
W ab b (2)
y (l b) x3
6 EI l l
a x l , u ( x a) l
W ab b
y (l b) x x3 ( x a)3 (3)
6 EI l l
W 2
a b (l b) a
6 EIl
W 2
a b2b
6 EIl
W a 2b 2
6 EI l
d 2x 2 F
2
k x [1 u(t T )]
dt m
2F kT T
Ans: x 2
sin sin k t for t T .
mk 2 2