A Concise Grammar of Middle Egyptian: Boyo G. Ockinga

Boyo G.
Ockinga
A ConciseGrammarof
Middle Egyptian
AN OUTLINE OF MIDDLE EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR
by Hellmut Brunnerreviscdand cxpanded
/. / ^Second.revisededition
VERLAG PHILIPP VON ZABERN . MAINZ AM RHEIN

CoNrnNrs
Prcface XI Introduction XIII
I. Scnrpr ANDTRANSLTTERATToN
ll A) Sc'nrrr I $7 d) Tri-literal
signs
4
S8 ,1
e)Signcornbinations
:l B) TnaNsr-rrERATroN I
Li l) Logograrns I $9 3) Dctcrminativcs
2) Phonogranrs 2 \ l 0 4 t S p c c i afl c a t u r c s
.. 1 a) Logogram as
$I| 5) PhoneticComplcmcnts
c o n r b i n a t i o no f c o n s o n a n t s2
.\ -i b ) [ J n i - l i t c r a ls i g n s 2 S l 2 6 ) C o n v c n l i o r rparl o n u n c i a t i o r r
c ) B i - l i t c r a l s i g n s3
$ l3 7) Translitcration
I I . A c c r o r r N C EA N D S y N r R x
A) NOUNS d ) q u a l i f i c db y a n o u n II
c) Cornparativc I I
\ 1 , 1 l ) G c n d c ra n dN u m b c r
I l5 a ) I i n d i n g s7 $ 25 3) Spccial
fcaturcs:
ir.y,nb,ky il
,' l6 b) Writingstr
.' I 7 c) Special fcalurcs ll C) PnoNouNs
2) Genitivc | ) Pcrsonal
pronouns t2
.' I 8 a) Dircct Ccnitivc 9 $ 26 a) Independent
pronounsI2
,' l9 b ) I n d i r c c tG c n i t i v c 9 $ 27 b) Dcpendcntpronouns
l3
$ 28 c) Suflix-pronouns
14
3) Coordination
and Disjunctionl0 2) Dcmonstrativcs 15
\10 a ) C o o r t l i n a t i o nI 0
$ 29 a) Adjectival
demonstrativcs
l5
..ll b) Disjunction l0
$ 30 b) Norninaldcrnonstrarivcs
l5
$ 3I c) Arriclc 15
B) Ao:ucrrves $ 32 d) Posscssivc
adjectivc
l6
I ) Forms l0 S 33 e) Usagel6
a) fionr vcrbal slerns l0
b) Nrsr5e-forrnsl0 S 34 3) Intcrrogatives t7
2) Usageof Adjectives ll D) PREPosrrroNS
a) as an attribute I I
prcpositions
$ 35 l) Simple l8
b ) a s a n o u nl l
c) as a predicate I I S36 2) Compound prcpositions l9
\ II]
E) PARTICLES $ 62 c) Modifiabilityof theroot 34

l- 1 ) N o n - e n c l i t ipca r t i c l e s 19 l. Strongverbs 34
2. Weakverbs 34
ls 2 ) E n c l i t i cp a r t i c l c s 2l
$ 63 a. ultirnaeinfirmaeverbs 34
$ 64 b. ultirnaegernrnatac
verbs34
F) N U M E R A L S
S 65 o. irregularverbs34
,' -19 1) Cardinalnumbcrs 21
.. J{) l) Ordinalnumbcrs 22 $ 66 2) Verb groups 35
, 'j l 3)Datcs 22 S 67 3) Imperativc 35
4) Finite vcrb forms JO
G) NON-VERBAL
SENTENCES
S 68 Suffix-conjugation 36
r 1f
I ) AdvcrbialSentences 23
l . A c t i v eV o i c cl 6
a t I n d c p c n d c nA
t d v e r b i a lS e n t e n c e s
$ 69 .s4m.fliri..f 36
a. Circurnstantial
.-+l l . S i m p l ea d v . m a i n c l a u s c s2 4
.' ++ L llrtcnded adv. main clauscs24 S 70 b. Aorist sdnr.l'I irr.j' 37
b ) I } n b c d d c dA d v c r b i a l S c n t c n c c s S 7l c. (Prcsent) Pcrt'cct.s/rr.ri.l38
\ 1< l . S i r n p l ec r n b c d d c cal t l v .c l a u s c s 2 6 S 72 d. (llisr. I'crtcctsdn.f l iri..f 4l
L llrtcndcd crnbeddcdadv. clauscs26 S 73 s. The Fonn s4lm.r .l' 1l
. 1- $ 74 f'. Futures/n(.y).l l iri.(,-)| a2
c ) N e g a t i o no f A d v e r b i a l S e n t c n c e s2 7
S 75 sln.l'I iri.(t').141
g. Subjunctivc
.' lf 2) NonrinalScntcnccs 28
2. Passivc
Voicc45
,' +r, a ) w i t h t w o n o u n s2 8 45
a. tx-Passive
S 76
b) ink - Scntcncc 29 b, PerfcctivcPassive
$ 77
L with unstrcsscdsubjcct 29 J / iri(.v'l")J 46
salnt(.n,l,v)
2. with strcssedsubject 29 c. Passivc
sQn.t,.fl iri.yt.j 47
S 78
- 1 .N c g a t i o no f l h c f u l - S c n t c n c c2 9 s/mi..f'I iri.n'..117
d. FuturcPassive
S 79
c 1p u ' - S c n t c n c c 3 0
80 Tcnscs4lJ
3. Contingcnt
l . b i - p a r t i t e p x . S c n t c n c cJ 0 "s Qr
in-l' (Pcrt'cct)4tl
a. sr_/nr.
2. tri-partitepn'-Scntcncc 30
(Aorist) 4ti
b. .rr_lrr.lr'..1
3. Negation ofpw-Sentence 3 I
c. slnt.ki.J(Fnture)49 ,. e9
I l0i)
3) Adj ectivalScntcnccs(nfr sw')3l TABLE 1: Weak vcrb (activc) 50 r 1r)1
4) AdjectivalScntcnccs
with rrn 3l $ 8l 5) Old Pcrfcctivc 5l
5) Expressions
ofposscssion 32 lill . \- -'-. -..
$ 82 6) Infinitivc 53
a) SubjcotandObject54 101 I \.::,: . -
f59 6) Non-possession 32 I (l-+ ,1I'..:- -. - -..
$83 l. Subjcct 54
$84 2 . O b j e c t5 5
H ) T H EV E R B s85 b) Usage of thc infinitive 55 r05
I ) Verb classes 106
$ 8 6 7) Pseudo-verbal
Construction
l0l
!. 60 a) Number of root consonants33 s87 a) Predicatc57
r.ol o)LausailveJJJ l . O l d P e r f e c t i v e5 7 l0E
2 . h r . m o r r + i n f i n i t i v e5 7 109
x
b) Usage 69
S 88 b) Subject58
l. with ln' 58 I I 10 l. Adjectival usage 69
2. with ni=l58 S I I I 2. Nominal usage 69
3. with wnnI wn.in 58 a. in direct genitivc 69
b. as object 69
S 39 8) Complex Verb Forms 58 c. in Non-Vcrbal Sentence69
Ss90 a) with Particleln' 58 d. subject in nfr sw Sentence69
l. PresentPerfect59 e. absoluteusage69
$ 9l
a. iw t sdtt.tt-f'59 f. with a verb as object 69
b. iu' t Passive .r4llr(.u)'/59
c. ;v' t Old Pcrfectivc59 Q I l2 l2) VcrbalAdjcctivcselm.tv'.fy
a) Usage as an attributc 70
S 92 2. Cornplcx AoristI
b) Usagc as a noun 70
iw(.'fisclmT59
S 93 3. Conrplcx AoristlllProgrcssivc { I ll l3) NarrativC c onstruction
iu'.f hr sdm 59 iyi.tPw iri.nJ 10
S 94 4. ConrplcxFutureir'.f r'.r/zr60
{ I 1 4 l 4 ) A u x i l i a r YV c r b2 i i ll
$ 95 b) wrthauxiliaryverb'lt'.rt60
l. ch'.nsLln.n-l6l
S I l5 J) ADVERBS 1l
2.(h..nt Old Perf'cctive 6l
3. cy'rc.ri
I Perf'.Pass.s1ln.u'.f 6l
4.'h(.n I tlist. Pcrf.sqlnr.f6l K) WoRDORnUR
$ 96 c) with auxiliaryu'n-itt6l S I l6 l)Non-VcrbaS

l cntcnccs
( s e c\ S ' { 2 ' 4 l l ' 5 4 5 7 )
S 97 9) F'initcVerb Forms { I l7 2) VcrbalScntcnccs 73
introduccd bY m=k or is1 62
1A
t)n k I Prcscntativc 62 \ ll8 3)Focalisation
l. ar Ä I Pcrl'.s4lm.n.f67
a ) i r - C o n s t r u c t i o n7 4
( r' 2. f \ ll9
2.nk I Pass.s@rt.u
l . F o c t t so n s u b j c c t 7 4
b) lsl 62
l. is1 | Pcrl-.s4ln.n.f62 \ 120 2 . N c g a t i o n l: r i - C o n s t r u c t i o n7 5
2. l.rl l Pass.sqln.u'..1
62
b ) T r i - p a r t i t cp u ' s c n t c n c e7 5
$ I2I
I l0) ParticiPlcs 63 l . F o c u so n s u b j c c t 7 5
s\9ti
2 . F o c u so n o b j c c t 7 5
a) Fonns:gcndcr,nutnber,tcnsc,voicc63
. 99 63
l. Irnperfcctivc $ 1 2 2 c ) I i r n p h a t i cC o n s t r u c t i o n :
r\ 100 2. Pcrf-ectivc64 Focus on adv. exPrcssion 76
$ l0l 3. Prospcctivc 64 16
r\ 123 4) Tcrpicalisation
b) Usagc65 a) without introduction 76
S I02 l. Nominalusagc65 S I 24 l . s u b i c c tt o P i c a l i s e d7 6
s\ 103 usage65
2. Ad.jcctival 2 . o b j e c t t o P i c a l i s c d7 6
{ I 25
s\ 104 3. Ilxtendeduseof
S I 26 3 . a d v . e x p r c s s i o nt o p i c a l i s c d7 6
PassivcParticiPlcs(16
it
b) following'1 ir 77
rs 105 I l ) Rclativc Form 61
I 127 77
l. subjccttoPicaliscd
rs 106 a) Tenscs of the Form
Rclative 67
I I 28 77
2. objccttoPicaliscd
$ 107 RelativcForrn 68
l. sqlm.n'J'
r\ 108 2. Aorists/m.J'Iirr'J Rel.Forrn 68 S I 29 7ll
3. adv.expressiontopicalised
r\ 109 3. Prospcctive RelativeFonn 6ll
X
$ 130 5)ConditionalClatses $ 148 M) QuESrroNS 87

$ 1 3 l a )f o l l o w i n!g- , . a ' z s
l . f u l f i l l a b l ec o n d i t i o n s 7 8 s 149 N) EPEXEGESTS 87
2 . u n f u l f i l l a b l cc o n d i t i o n s 7 8
{ 1 3 2 b ) w i t h o u t i n t r o d u c t i o n7 u S 150 O) ReLerrvs ClausEs 87
S 15l l ) antecedent: detcrmincd 88

L ) N E G A T T oo
NF T H EV E R I I
$ 1 5 2 2 ) a n t c c c d c nut :n d e t c r m i n c d 8 9
$ 133 Negativeparticlcs 19
8 134 Ncgativeverbstn, itni 79 P) APPENDIX
S 135 l) Impcrativc 1A
$ 1 5 3 l ) T i t u l a r yo f t h ek i n g 90 !-::.:
S 136 2) Circumstantial.s@rl' 79
{ 1 5 4 2 ) S y l l a b i c- ( G r o u p- ) W r i t i n g 9 l j..:": - :
I 137 3) Aorist.iq/nrf' 80
$ | l8 4) Pcrlcct.s{nr.tt
I til
S 139 5) l'uturc (Prospcctivc)
.r/nr-f 82 III. SI(iNLIST 92
{ 140 6) Subjunctivc.s4ünl' 82
82 IV. EXb,RCISES lt8
I'AllLE 2: Suffix-conjugalion U3
V. Ru,,\UINC;EX IjRCISES 138
r 142 ti)Ncgation:
ComplcxVcrb Formswith iw U4
VI. VOCABULARY 148
TAT]LB
3:
ComplcxVcrb Formswith lN' 85
INDICES t73
$ 143 9) Ncgation:infinitivc 85
l ) G r a m m a t i c a li n d c x I t-)
I 144 l0) Ncgation:Participlcs,
RelaliveForms,sQm.t1,
2) Vcrb patterns n6
J.v
$ 145 a) Participlcs
86 3) Indcx of hicroglyphic sign list t71
S 146 b) Rclative
Fornr[J(r
$ 147 c).s4!n.ty.Jy
Forrnli6
!; ..- 'i-:r--.-
\1";:-.:-;r
j-..'. - ,.:
INTRODUCTION
The language ofAncient Egypt has a history that can be traced for over three thousand
years. Several stages of the language can be identified: Old, Middle and Late
Egyptian, Demotic and Coptic.
Old Egyptian is the language in which, for example, the Pyramid Texts and the
biographical and royal inscriptions of the Ol<1Kingdom (ca. 2650 2100 BC) were
composed. Middle Egyptian was the written language of Egypt during the Middle
Kingdorn (ca. 2140 1650 BC).
In the following periods,although the spoken languagecontinued to develop, Middle
Egyptian was regarded by the Egyptians themselvesas a "classical" language and
Miclille Egyptian literature was used in the scribal schools throughout the New
Kingdom. Monumcntal inscriptionsand religious texts were still cotnposedin Middle
Bgyptian clown to the Graeco-RomanPeriod (the rnost recent hieroglyphic inscription,
on a temple wall in Philae, dates from AD 394). This use of Middle Egyptian can be
compared with that of Latin in E,uropedtrring the Middlc Ages. As in the case of
Medieval Latin, the later texts composed in Middle Egyptian no longcr representa
pure fomr of the language since they are ofien influenced by the contemporary
vernacular.
Lale Egyptian, the spoken languageof the Ncw Kingdorn, began to be used lrorn the
Arnarna Period onwards fbr both literary and non-literary texts. Dernotic is thc tenn
fbr a very abbreviatedfbrm of the script and languagethat rvas originally introducecl
for administrativepurposesin the 7th century BC and continued in usc down to thc
5th ccntury AD. Coptic, writtcn with thc Greek alphabct and supplementedby scven
charactersderived from the hieroglyphic script, is the latest stagc of the language,
which suwives to the prcsentday in the liturgy of the Coptic Church.
This book is an introduction to thc hieroglyphic script and gralntxar of Middle
Irgyptian. It is offered as a successorto llelhnut Brunner's An Outline ofNIiddle
Eg1;ptiunGrommar and, like its predecessor,it is a teaching gralnlnar and aims to
provide the beginner with the essentialsof the languagc in as cotnpact a tbrtn as
possible.
It is divided into fbur main parts: Script and Grarnmar,Sign List, Gramtnar Exerciscs
and Reading Exercises,Vocabulary. In addition to texts of the Midclle Kingdorn, the
Reading Exercisesincludc examplesof monumental inscriptionsof the l8th Dynasty,
which, as mentionedabove,continuedto be written in Micldle Egyptian.
The arrangement of the material in the first parl largely follows that of Brunner's
grammar: after introducing the principles of the script, the various parts of speech are
dealt with. Non-verbal sentencesbeing an irnportant feature of the Egyptian language,
XIV
it is possible for beginnersto thoroughly familiarise themselveswith nouns,

adject- ö:,:_i"
ives' pronouns and particles and yet still meet examplesof complete sentences
in the :.>,:
:
exercises.The verb and its usage, together with more complex sentencestructures, --"- -:
fonn the last and largestsection of the grarrrnar section of the book. The sequence
of
the exercises,all taken from original texts, correspondsto the orcler in 'Ä
which the -.:
material is presented. Where forms or constructions not yet encountered appear,
a
reference to where they can be found in the grammar is provided.
:_.>-
Personalexperiencein languageclasseshas shown that the stuclentwould benefit ::
from
more detail than that provided by Brunner'sOtrtline,thus the content of this gralnmar _ _t_
-
and the method of presentation has been expanded (all exarnples

include
transliterations and translations; additional examples have bcen provided,
tables
included, and hieroglyphic writings have been adcleclin the vocabulary).
An attel-rpt
has also been made to take accountofresearch done into the languageover the
last 35
years, in particular in our understanding of the verbal systern. which
h1s been
advanced by the work of H.J. Polotsky ancl the reprcsentativesof the
"Standarcl
Theory". However, as a rcsult of the work of M. collier, the "StandardTheory"
has in
recent titncs bcen the object of critical review. This grarnrnar follows
thcse new
developments and, although adopting indiviclual observations of the
"Stanclarcl
Theory"' it docs not crnbrace the total systern. Inl'luencedby rnodern linguistics,
a
plethoraof new grantmaticaltenninology has been introdr.rcccl ibr Iigyptian. Ho1y"u.r,
bearing in mind that this grarnmaris intentledas an introduction, I have tried to
be as T"-
cconornicalas possible in the tenninology used.Those who are particularly interestecl I1:
in Egyptian linguistics should consult the works of W. Ssherrkcl ancl A. :r.

Loprieno
l i s t e di n t h e { b l l o w i n g b r i c f b i b l i o g r a p h y .
Further Literature:
The lbllowing is only a stnall selection of rvorks on the sub-ject.A morc

cornplcte
b i b l i o g r a p h yc a n b c f b u n d i n W . S c h e n k c l( 2 0 0 5 ) .
Ilttrk:; t trt Egy1triun Luttgtrtrgt,

Jatnes P. Allen, Middlt' Eglption. An Inlntduc'tion to tlte Longtnge untl Culttrrt:
6f'
[licrogllphs (Cambridgc, 2000): A dctailcctup to darcinrroclucrion
to rhc Egypliapscript
and Ianguagc.
Elmar Edel, Altrigypti:;c'heGrammatik (Rorne, 1955/1965):A dcrailcdand sysrcmalic
prcscntation
of thc languagcof thc Old Kingdom,vcry hclpfulwith MicldlcEgyptiantcxrsthat
uscold lbrnrs,c.g.thc Coflln Tcxts.
Alarr H. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar (Oxford, ttOSll. Alrhough thc first edition
of this
study appcaredovcr 70 ycars ago, Gardincr'sGrammor rcmains thc most comprchensivc
prescntation
of Middlc Egyptianavailableanclis still an esscntial
refcrcncctool forall dctailcci
XV
work in the language.It shouldbc noted,however,that Gardiner'sinterpretationof the verbal

system no longer reflects our current under-standing.Also, the structure of Gardiner's
Gratnmurfollowshis own particulardidacticmethodand,unlikethis grammar,is not ordered
accordingto partsof speechand syntax.
syster.natically
Wolfgang Schenkel, Tübinger EinJiihnmg in die klassisch-cigltptischeSprache und

post-"StandardTheory" gramn.rar.It
Sc'hri/i (Tübingen, 1994), is thc first compreherrsive
also provides an introductionto the "StandardTheory", as well as a comprehensivc
bibliographyof works dcalingwith thc studyof thc language.Thc latcstcdition,publishcdin
2005,prcscntsa ncw approachto thc syntaxofthe vcrb.
Wolfharl Westendorf, Grommetik der medizinischen Texle (Berlin, 1962), is uscful for
corpusof tcxts
moreadvanccdwork with Middlc Egyptiantcxtssiuccit analyscsa con.rplctc
whicharc ncltdcaltwith in gcucralgrammars.
obscurcconstruclions
anddiscusscs
Antonio Lopriencl, Anc'ient Egt,ltlion. A Lingui.slic' Inlrodur'liorz (Carnbridge, 1996),

prcscntsa conrprchcnsivc,linguisticallyoricntcd introductionto thc Egyptian languagc,
includingthc dcvclopnrcntof thc languagcliom Old Egyptianthrough Middlc and [-atc
Egyptianto Coptic.
Wollgang Schenkel, Ein/iihnrng in dia ctltög.y1ttisc'he (Dannstadt,
Sprar:hwis,sen,sc'haft
1990).As wcll as graulnarin thc narrowcrscnsc,this work alsodcalswith thcnrcssuchas thc
historyof thc studyof thc languagc, anclmctrc.
vocalisation,
rlglltt).
Henry G. Fischcr,Anciant Egyptian Calligruphl'. (New York, In atlclirionto an
cxccllcntintroductionto Egyptiancalligraphy,this work alsoproviclcsnunlcrousobscrvations
on thc palacographyof individualsigns.
Diclionaries
Adoll'Errnan and Hermann Grapow (cds.), I|/örlerbuch dcr ägvpti.tthen Spruc'he, 12
vols. (Lcipzig and llerlin, 1926 1963). Although in part datcd, this work is thc only
cornplctcclictionary of thc [gyptian languagc(cxcluclingDcr.noticanclCoptic)with rcf-crcnccs
lbr tlrcoccurrcncc of worcls("Bclcgstcllcn").
Work on lhc Bcrlin Dictionaryis bcingcotrtinucd
b1' lhc Bcrlin-Brandcnburgisclrcn Akadcmic clcr Wisscnschaficn ancl is acccssiblcotr tlrc
thc fbllowingU RI-: http://aacw.bbaw.
i ntcrncturrclcr dc
I Rayrnoncl O. Faulkner,.,1 Conc'isc Dit'tionarv o/'Middlc Egl,ptian (Oxford, 1962): tr

andalsoincluclcs
compactwork thatdcalsspccificallywith MicldlcE,gyptian rcl'crcnccs.
Rainer Hannig, Die Sproc'heder Phctntonen(Mainz, 1995): a dictionarytlratclcalswith

thc vocabularyof Egyptianfrorn thc Old Kingdomto thc Third IntcrmcdiatcPcriod(ca. 1000
BC). Thc lists of namcsof dcitics,kings and toponymsas wcll as tlrc mapsare particularly
uscful.Referenccs ofwords arenot includcd.
to thc occurrcncc
XVI
Rainer Hannig, Ägyptisches lVörterbuch I, Altes Reich und Erste Zwischenzeit (Mainz,
2003): a detailcdspecialiscd
dictionaryof tcxts of the Old Kingdom and First Intermediate
Period,which includesreferenccs.
Text Editions
Kurt Sethe,Ä'gyptischeLesestücke(Leipzig, 1924),providesa uscfulcollectionof Middle

Egyptianhieroglyphictextsof all gcnres,inoluding"classics"suchas thc storyof Sinuhcand
the talcsfrom PapyrusWcstcar.
Adriann de Buck, Egyptian Reading Book (Leiden, l94tt): an anrhology of Miitdlc

Egyptiantcxtsof thc Middlc andNcw Kingdon.rs
with cxcrciscs.
Louis Zonhoven, Middle Egyptian Zc.rLs,Vol. l: Literary T'extsin thc llierutic' Script
(Leiden, 200 l). A compcndiumof all thc major Middlc Egyptianlitcrarytcxtswrittcn in thc
cursivchicraticscript,prcscrrtcd
in hicroglyphictranscription.
A compcndiunt of rronumcrrtal
tcxtsis planncd.
In thc tcxtbookscricsEin/iihnrngen und Qucllett!e.\'t( :ut' Aqt'1ttoltryic,ChristianLcitz anil

L o u i s cG c s t c r r n a n(nc c l s . )a, c o l l c c l i o no f t c x t c d i t i o r r sw i t h c o m m c n l a r ye, o v c r i n gv a r i t l u s Frys
gcttrcsis plarrnccl. TIrc flrst volurncclcalswith monunrcnlal hicroglyphictcxtsof thc Cracco-
Rorran pcricrd:Christian Leitz, Quellcntc.\ta:ur )'g.v1ttj,s1'ftgp Rt'ligion, Iland I: Dlc
TempeI i nsc'h r ifi cn d er gr i cc'h i st:h - rö m i.sc h en Zerl ( M ünster, 2004).
Itt thc sanrcscricsa uscful tcxtbookon tlrc litcralLrrc of thc Old and Middlc Kingdomshas
appcarcd, wlrichprovidcsan introduction to thc litcraryworksof thc pcriodand bibliographic
rcfcrcnccsto tltc tcxt cditions in which thcy arc availablc:Günter tsurkarcl,Heinz J.
Thisscn, Ein/iihrung in die ultligrtlttisc'hcLitcruttrgeschic'htc l. Altes und Miillcres
Ä t , i r ' h( M ü n s t e r .2 0 0 31 .
-:.': -i_- :
Usclulcditionsof'a trumbcro1'classical tcxls havcappcarccl in lhc scricsKleint'Ä'g.t'1tti,st'he n^._:. ',:
f " _ _ _ ' " _
7'c,rlecclitctlby WollgangHclcktarrtll{lrtwig Altcnntiillcr. :::

5 _:i-j-
' -"J-l -.:- :'
_ -(-\.--_,_
I.*:-;.:::
,-,i -i,:-'. .:L

I. SCRIPT AND TRANSLITERATION
A) SCRIPT $1
Thcrc are basically two forms of script. Texts carvcd on

monumcntsarc writtcn in hicroglyphic form, where the
pictorialcharacterof thc sign is clcarly rccognisable (suchas
thosc uscd in this book). A cursivc form of hicroglyphs
b.
(hicratic),was uscdfor textswritten in ink mainly on papyrus,
c. d.
II It
writing boardsor ostraca(pot shardsor flakcsof limcstonc).
Tcxtsarcmostlywrittcnfrom rightto left (Fig. 1a.& lc.), but
also in thc othcrdircction(Fig. lb. & ld.), and thcy can run
ill
I,ll
cithcr horizontally(Fig. la. & lb.) or vcrtically(Fig. lc. &
ld.). In this book,thcy arc writtcn fiorn lcft to right; thc lastof
thc rcading cxcrciscs,howcvcr, runs frorn right to lcft. In
Fig. I Egyptian tcxts thcrc arc ncithcr spaccsbctwccn words nor
punctuation.Although hicroglyphs arc pictorial rcprcscnt-ations, the Egyptian script is
primarily phonctic and not pictorial, i.c. rnost of thc signs havc phonctic valucs. Thc
scrni-consonantsn, and I arc not writtcn at all in thc carlicst tcxts but appcar rnorc
licqucntly ovcr tirnc, morc oltcn in word stcrnsthan in cndings.
B) TRANSr,rl'F]RATTON $2
Egyptian has 24 consonantalphoncmcs.For thcir translitcrationand thcir approximatc
phoncticvalucs scc $ 5. Thc unilitcral signs dcalt with thcrc form thc Egyptianalphabct
(as rcconstructcdby modcm scholars)and thcir scqucnccis that uscd in dictionaricsand
vocabularics.Vowcls wcrc not written and arc thcrcforc not considcrcd.
I ) LOGOGRAMS (alsocallcd "ldcograrns") $3

Logogramscan dcpict thc objcct they designate:
ttsuntt; ?
rc.w E hw.t "housc"; hr "facc"
or they can havc symbolic mcaning:
i.i
:l'tl .sJ (s.li,oldcr.rl_rl)
(writing cquiprncnt) for "scribe", "to write"
o')rt
rtlr (flamingo) for dsr "to be red", in dtr.t "the rcd land", i.e. "dcscrt"
(threc strokcs) dcsignateplural
2 Script and Transliteration
Somesignscanboth depictthe objectdesignatedandhavesymboliccontent:

() r'.w "sunt'or "day"; l)' iä "heart"or "thought","understandingt',
"wish"
2) PHONOGRAMS
$4 a) LOCOGRAMAS A COMBINATION (followingtherebus-principle)

OFCONSONANTS
rb ("basket") in * nö "lord"
? ftr ("face")
Whcn used in this way, thc sign losesits logographiccharacterand bccomesa pure
phonogram,in theexamplcsabovea bi-literal(cp. $ 6).
$s b) UNI-LITERALS(pointersto convcntionalpronunciation
in brackcts)
x i (as in "hard", Scmitic aleph)

()
b @sin "locft")
{)
I i (as in "in", Semiticyorf lr (asin German"icft")
"' z (voiced s as in "nose")
t '|l,\\ v (asin "baby")
ll
c (glottalstop,Scmiticayir) s
\r w (asin "way"or "pool") J (asin "sftapc")
ri h k, q (Scmitic kaJ)
p
k
f .g
( t
nt
t (as in "ilclr")
n
d
'ir
,- ( d (voiced as in
i TI ')unglc")
i ft (like Semiticcmphatich)
By thc Middle Kingdom,z ands arc no longcrdistinguished phonctically;this applicsin
part to t and1, as well as d and g/,so that, alongsidehistoricallycorrectwritings.onc
finds caseswherethcscsignshavebcen interchanged. In this book and - are trans-
literatedas s. t! y at the end of a word can only bc followed by the additional
but by no otherphoneticsign.The
cndingst (feminine),w (plural)and a dctcrminative,
Phonograms 3
:_:rptian scripthasno distinctsignfor /, for which it uses), n or r (also.9)-r.in the Late

i::rod).
. -rnheruni-literals:
*';\,,\,
,1. m (acfiallyim), i/ r,i,for / or 1(actuallyrl), \, "\ m
atthe
:;'ginningof a word.
C)Br-LTTERALS s6
iw
't\
4
pJ
'ri
hl lt/
lb, mr pr rl hnt .fi

iw ph \ hn Jw
im, g,s ml ? hr Sn
im mi ii hs S.!'
tl
in mn hd td
ir mr br &s
1s mr h' kd
a)
) mh !r L)
A)
wl MS hr i'
km
-' -)r
w' mt hn g,m
wp nw hn )l It
wn nw ftr {t ti
wn nh sJ ;r' , tm
si li.
wr nm \\ a)
I
wd NS .tlt dl
ht nql ii .s/? 8w
bh, hw st r'1
n1) Qr
s7 d) TRI-LITERALS
t\
| 'nu I ttkr 1:l üpr r ftlt
wth
ii
't l
,h, i) nlr i, htp .:'1 sdnt
s8 e) SIGN COMBINATIONS
it)'i i 't
^-.-...
,l t tllt tr il wl4
1 | nn mu,
' ,,:rr'
n ( . lyi "to comc": ( ancl.r, ) in '-l' \ ,{,71"tO gO"
$e 3) DE,TERMINATIVES
detcnninativcs:
Thc following is a sclcctionof thc Inostcommon
rnan cmbracc
;t
worran go
cor.nc,
i)i
tunt back
iji,ii pcoplc
jil cat,clrink,think, spcak lcg,stridc
,j! loacl,carry cross,trcsspass
t'i ii,; -\ cncmy,dcath skin,quadruPcd
o. rction bird,inscct
strcngth.
*l srnall,bad,wcak
praisc,plcad,grcct
child ,l t'luttcr,alight
it'
il ili,:\r' god,king trcc
)t.) ,. SCC
\ plant,flowcr
i' wood,trce
nosc, breath, rcjoicc, angcr
llcsh, lirnb hcavcn,sky, abovc
I night
ncgation,nothing
hl sun,daY,time
tlJ ttKe l_1
Determinatives 5
stone \.ö../ festival
road,travcl,locality I cloth,clothing
land il
rr1, Ilrc
water ':...
calculate,break
mountain,dcscrt,foreignland l
- ,1 book,writc, abstractnouns
city r i plural
\fost words cnd with a dctcrminativc.It has no phoneticvaluc but points to thc
:n!-aning of thc word.It helps,for cxarnplc,to distinguishbetwcenwordswhosestems
:rrrc thc samcconsonants:
wltl "lo bc grccn,frcsh" ir wld "a grccn stonc"
spr "to plcad" A Jpr-"to arrivc (at)"

()
.tlil' "plan" )'r'1 . r l r r" t o f a l l "
l) SPECTALFEATURES s l0
a) Whcn a vcrtical strokc is appcndcdto a sign (dcpcndingon thc word, accornpanicdby
:hc fcmininc cnding / or plural strokcs),thc sign is oftcn to bc rcad as a logograrn,which
.iocsnot rcquirc a dctcnninativc:
ftr "facc" c.lt'"ann" ., nri,.t(rrir.l,.r)"city"
Thc strokc can, howcvcr, also function as a spacc fillcr:
^ti "son"
b) An obliquc strokc somctirncsrcplaccscornplicatcddctcnninativcs:
ror ili il ,,^ri"to givcbifth"
c) Sign combinations,invcrsionolsigns and othcr dcviantwritings:

l. for acsthcticrcasons,c.g. to fonn a ncatcrgrouping:
' " ; i " :h ) , .t o r ' , ' i l , r 1 , ' 1 o . \ 'L . .ji.,for \\"
i'.'r,<lfbr\ii
2. lbr hicrarchicalrcasons(honorilic transposition '
):i i' ntiRc .n, "likc Rc", ltnr-rt1r
, .[ ] .rr
(i sj nsw "son of the king, prince"; I i hw't ntr
"servantofgod; P.i"rt"; l
"mansionof god,temPle"
3. In historicwritings:
"'- ll 'l'r.
! : r l i l . i r . s w i "to drink"(notswri!)
a. Phoneticchangc S: fi,0 . s w r ' >
ll
fsi >r i l P s l "to cook"
' tf
"Prince"
b. Archaicwritings ' ', '. , l-' fo. l/ "father"; - . toair.y Pc.t
$ ll 5) PHONETICCOMPLEMENTS
havctnorcthanonc
a) In orclcrto clarify thc rcadingof multi-litcralsignswhich
nhoncticvalue,uni-litcralsignsarcoftcn addcd:
'i
? in illjl ,rr"to wish" and i ntt' "to suflbr"
't 'i 'l'''l ''
in wlh "to placc,rcmain"antl : sÄi "to pcrish"
rcasons(groupingof signsto fomr a ncat block),uni-litcral

b) For acsthctic-graphic
signsoltcnaccolnpanyrrulti-litcraliignscvcnin cascswhcrcthcrccanbc no conf'usion:
() * ll'..=- ,\, ill
f +l 'n!t
it' t ttlt
ät....,' rtfi' 1ti . hpr
'L
r':analso prcccdc(c'g' ''i\ t in

Phoncticcornplcmcntsusuallyfollow thcir signs,but.thcy
- \\ r bcfbrc tnt and nr)'
front of rw) or prcccdc and follow thc sign (c'g' >'
clctcnninativcs that do not fit thcir
c) Phonctic Dctcnntnativcs: Sotnc worcls havc
in anothcr word whcrc thcy havc
rncaning.Thcy arc writton bccauscthcy tit thc contcxt
in both worcls' Frgm t!1,Mic
fomcd"a closc associationwith phonograrnsthat appcar
witll trl and ri in " li'irikr1"to
Kingdorn onwarclsi r (for : ) is founclas a clctcnninativc
in ' ' 'l' 'sÄr/l"travcl (by
build, to form (pots)" ancl as a phonctic clctcrnrinativc
watcr)".
$ 1 2 6) CONVENTIONAL PRONUNCIATION
vowcls,whcDprottouncing Egyptianwords
Sincethc Egyptianscriptdocsnot inclicatc j' 'or so-callcd
inscrtccl betwccnconsonants it.t whcrc
citscs no
an e is convcntionally
' ift "akh",
semi-consonant (!i ,' or i , l]l.i. ily) brcaksup thc scqucncc.o.fconsonants:
.nlr ',ankh",r?/"mi", wblt"wcbcn",lzlt'"boo".ltf)'"ncfcr",ftpl'"khcpcr"'
Noun J
-)TRANSLITERATION-
ADDITIONAL NOTATION $ 13
of someEgyptianwords,two rnorphological
In the translitcration separators areusedto
clarifutheirstructure:
. scparates a word stemfrom a grammatical ending(c.g.pluralw, femininel) or a
tenseelement(S$ l4fl 22ff,68ff)
= scparatcs suffix-pronounsfrom a word stem,a grammatical endingor a tense
clcment($ö 28,68 f0.
Othernotations:
addedby editorfor grammatical
{ ) brackctswhatis notwrittcnin hicroglyphs; clarification
i i bracketswhatthecditorconsidcrsto bc an crror in the hieroglyphictcxt
< > bracketsemendations by thc cditor
t I brackctsdamagcdtcxt in theoriginal,but addcdby thc cditor
II. ACCIDENCEAND SYNTAX

A) THE NOUN
I)GENDER
A N DN U M I ] E R st4
Thcrc arc two gcndcrs,masculir.rcand fcr-nininc.
.\bstractnounsarc usually fcrnininc,c.S. i ':"- .ht'./ "cvil", l. , ' ,,1r.t "goocl".

\ouns havc singular,plural and dual lbrrns.
a) ENDINGS $ls
\lasculinc: two groups ( I ) without an cnding,(2) with cnding -w (oftcn not writtcn).
F c m i n i n c : w i t h c n d i n s- t
NOUNS
singular nlural dual
,. \ili,
'L .wy \rr,i
lfl. o I )ll srr"brothcr" . w stl.w ii r, jri :i,) Sn.Wy
- _
a,.'-
'.WWJ
llt..lt .ww .wwy .::
"(thc hvo) arrns"
f..t .wt ii;ri

!r )
sLl.wt srr.ry
,.1
-
8 Accidenceand SYntax
$ 16 b) WRITINGS: a
'Fr
1. Thc masculineending-w is usuallynot writtcn:
'pr.w t\,", jl) 3"
"house" - u,,,pt., "(god)Re" (occasionally
- .
It canalsobe indicatedby a pluralwriting:
nfi'.w"pcrfection" mn.w "lnonumcnt" : htp'w "pcace"
j
Thc fernininecnding-/ is sometimes
not written.
rl
3. Thepluralcanbc writtcn in thc followingways:
Thrcelogograms an archaicwriting pr.ww "houses" i
Thrccgroupsof phonogratns rtt.w "namcs"
tit 'j j i'
Thrccdctcnninativcs ,h.rt "sycamorcs"
" '.'il
with thc pluraldctcnninativc or I ,
or (prcclorninantly) hm.wt"womcn".
".g.
4. Thc dualis indicatcdby thc rcduplication of signs:
Two fogograms I l)r.wt'y "(thc)two houscs" I

*ll i) l) t|r.r,y "(thc)two obclisks"
Two cletcrminatiucs
!I,..,\
t.wwY
Or phoncticallywith w anclclualdctcrninativ""" (phoncticvalucy) )r'
"(thc)two an.ns".
singular:
5. Collcctivcnounsarcwrittcnlikc pluralsbutarcgramrnatically
'i
.- i ,')(, 3cy "sand"

'..--.1
nm' "watcr" is usuallyconstrucdasa singular,rarclyasa plural'
somcfcminincnounslt-1,1n additional -n'that
6. Whcnfollowcdby a suffix-pronoun,
;' ' '
prcccdcsthc feminincr cnding: , :,.dp1 "boat"and rlpv''tf' "his boat"
$ 1 7 c) SPECIALFI]ATUII.ES
!_'\,q
'"
l. -FÜ'rr1 (rn.sg.)mcflns"pcrson"; r n r g . t " , ' ( r np. l . ) " p c o p l c " c a n s o t n c l i t n c s
' ' .t
",i"
alsobc fbundas a writing for thc collcctivc rntt.t (f. sg.) "hutnankind" (l is rarcly
writtcn)or for thc singulart'nl1"pcrson".
Genitive 9
:. iü.t "thing" is fcminine, but when used with thc meaning "sornething" or
Ir-pr-r'fv"it is masculinc.
-1. iorc-ign place namesare construedas fcminincs:

';1 tt
,. i""r . . , ". Rlnw
hr.t ,'Upper-Retenu,,(paft of Syria_palestine)
- GENITIVE
e I DIRECTGENITIVE
518
- . :his construction,which expresscspossessionor belonging,two nouns arejuxtaposcd.
. ::r' tlrst is the nomen reL:en,s
(noun of posscssion),thc sccond the nomen reclum (noun
. ihc posscssor):
-.1- sl w.b "son of a / thc pricst"
nh.t pr.w "lady of thc housc"
b ) I N D I R E C TG E N I T I V E
$te
n thc indircct gcnitivc construction,rathcr than bcing dircctly juxtaposccl
, thc nomen
.'gcris and thc nomen reclum arc linkcd by thc nisbe-adjcctivcof thc prcposition r
,t 23) which functionsas thc gcnitivc-adjcctivc:
GENI'I'IVE-ADJECTIVE
masc. I'em.
sg. /?(.v) il.t
pl. il.w, il.(v,ll
i:\r,t: r) n.y Knt.t " t h c l a n g u a g co l ' E g y p t "

li , i;ll hm.v,tn.(v,1tu,r.u, "thc wivcs of-thc princcs"
lf thc nomen reclum is scparatcd from thc nonten regens by anothcr word (c.g. an
adjcctivcor dircct gcnitivc),thcn thc indircctgcnitivc is gcncrallyuscd:
' ' il'. ''"'-. 1,i..!",.
i.l
r'r/\ , i i I s.f Hr.w n.t (nh-w "thc Honrs-Throncof the living"
t ")
' ' | .r.t v'r.t n.t qlcnt "thc grcat thronc of (i.c. rnadc of) gold"
l0 Accidenceand SYntax
3) COORDINATION AND DISJTINCTION

by
thereis no specificword for "and".Coordinationis expressed
a) COORDINATION:
$ 20
l. Juxtaposition(thc rulc):
ti " :"i':,
";l , pr.ww=tn "your offices andyour houscs"
i1v,.r.vt.tn
/rr "upon" or hn' "with", bothuscdfor "and":
2. Prcpositions
- . l ' ; ' ? i 'i l |l l = a . h r h y.r" sroarm

ndr ain"
ifl l\,'*'i !'t'! :; ii;; \i;''i'l !i ms.w=i andmvkin"
childrcn
hrrsn.w-i"my
$ 2l by a following
or is inclicatcd
"or" is cithcrnotcxprcssccl ri-pw
b) DISJUNCTION:
'ii 'i'
,, I '.- !s.wttb 1).ly-c.u' rtb "cvcrycommanclcr or cvcryprincc"
i, i,t, l,,l;i
!.,,,. , )iif if\ li"{ ii. .--1. nt trbnt srtnt turmsr)-pw "ts lord,as
brothcror asfricnd"(rl is hcrcthc "nt of prcclication", $ 43'l a)'
B) THE ADJECTIVB
l) FORMS
Acljcctivcshavcfcrninincanclplurallbrrnslikc nouns($ l4f1).Thcy arc dcrivcdcithcr

an cndingin thc masculinc:
$ 22 a) frornvcrbalstcms,usuallywithout
.
r,i. rtfi'"pcrl-cct,bcautifirl,good" b i r r " b a c l c, v i l "
nHbe:
$ 23 or b) frorn nounsand prcpositionsto which is addcdthc cnding-l',thc so-callcd
1 ,1r.Y "gocl-likc,
clivinc" fr'.y "whichis unclcr"
"
.' , hr.y "whichis abovc,uPPcr" #Nt ,r,.y "whichis in"
l{isäe-ENDINGS
masc. l'cm.
srng. .v
nlur. .yw . vlfr
Adjective 11
\ote thewritingsof the following nisbe-adjectives:

f . im.y "which/whois in" - from thc prepositionln "in" (see$ ? 5.I'
masculine feminine
srng. i,.n ii i:l\ or i\ ir.ur l, liir'
plur. ir.vr# N S
2. lnt.y "which,/who
is in front of' from theprepositionhnt "in front of' (see$ 35):
masculine feminine
SI hnr.yiiiil., ".iii hnt.yt tlliil-.
hrtt.yw1i1li]''*\.; llii ..-
!1ttt.yu,t
3. Sornc writings of thcsc adjcctivcs arc bascdon dual fonns (on thc rcbus-principlc):
I |:i
,l nlr nw.ty "city god" (not "god of thc two citics")
/ir. i i.
"1,1.o lr./) "Horus of thc horizon" (not "Horus of thc two horizons")
f11'.1,v
2) USAGE OF THE ADJECTIVE 24
a) As thc attributc to a noun, it follows thc noun and agrccswith it in gcndcr and nunrbcr:
\ tt hrr.t nfi.t "thc bcautiful flowcr".
' ' q/w./ "cvil" (fcrn./
b) As a noun: r. , )r' abstractnoun)
i,. t.',,
"' /li.v "opponcnt, thc cncrny" (nishe)
c) As a prcdicatc: in thc rli.rw - Scntcncc($ 56).
d) In cpithcts adjcctivcs can bc qualificd by a noun; thcir gcndcr ancl numbcr arc dctcr-
t'
rnincdby thc antcccdcnt:"Amun, ll .l lit' ilirsfir'.n,cxccllcntof counscls",
"(Thc gocldcss)Hathor, ,.,?,,rf,'.tftr'bcautifulof countcnancc".
c) Combincd with thc prcposition r', it functionsas thc cornparativc,thcrc bcing no

spccialfonn of thc adjectivcin cornparisons: l: v'r r it-J' "grcatcrthan his
fathcr".
3) SPECIALFEATURES s2s
il' r,i,r'
')t)
a) il ,. s1 ir.y (prepositionaladvcrb from . r "to") "bclonging to" (invariablc)can
rcplacc the third person suffix-pronoun whcn used to cxprcss possession($ 28 end).
12 Accidenceand Syntax
b) . , nb "every,all" is only usedasan adjective,neverasa noun.In placcof "all" asa

'; ' ' * '.
noun: S '- ,, nb "cvery man", - wc nh "everyone",ll ,' i!.t nh.t
"everything".In formulaiccxprcssionsthe endings (fcm. and pl.) are often not written:
i )r r 'l 1..)
.- ,d"l-jl'' ib.t nb(.t)nfi'.twcb.t"everygood(and)purething".
' ^'t't
c) fo1,"other"prcccdcsthc nounandhasthc following forms:
masculine feminine
slng. kv
'l]
plur. kv.wv
' " il '. '\l),,i,i '1-1jl1

f , Äysp "anorhe
r time"; ..." i *: 11ii ' ky.wynsy.w"othcrkings".
"
Thccxprcssion',,'11 k.t i!.t,lit. "othcrthing(s)", thcpluralfbnn.It
canrcplacc
rcgularly prcccdcsthc noun. It is oftcn uscd as a noun with thc rncaning"othcr (pcoplc),
'. '.
othcrs":,' : li li utro ,"L ii'i r.t l,y.
d) An indircct gcnitivc can rcplacc an adjcctivc as thc attributc of a noun:
$;t' " *"; \l ..r'l rt. I n!1t.w"his anny of victory", i.c. "his victoriousamy".
C) PRONOUNS
l) PERSONALPRONOUNS
$ 26 a) INDEPENDENT
PRONOUNS
sinsular plural
l.c. ink il
lrl l.c.
2.m. ntk '.,

"vou" (oldcrform rw,r', ,ir -'*', *-)"you"
',lr: ' 2.c. tltln ., (,,
2.f. ',,
rttt ,, ,., , "you" (oldcr form .tl )
3.m. '
ntf .,' "hc" (oldcr fonn .rwr I \,' )
'1, ll 3.c. ntstl u rlJ
3.f. nts L. "rn."

t-
Pronouns 13
Usage:
l. In NominalSentences:
a. asthc subjectofan int-Sentcnce($$ 50-52)
b. asthc prcdicateof a 2w-Sentence($ 53)
2. As subjcctof thc infinitivc($ 83 b)

(S$ I l9-120)
3. As thc pronominalsubjcctin thc ir-Construction
b) DEPENDENTPRONOUNS $27
Usagc:
l. As thc objcctof all fonnsof thc vcrb (whichit follows),includingparticiplcs (SS98-
104),thc FuturcVcrbalAdjectivc($ I l2) ancl,in cxccptional cascs,thc infinitivc(S\83d)'
It canalsohavcrcflcxivc rncaningsinccthcrcis no rcflcxivc
distinct pronoun'
: i, | '
2. As thc subjcctin an AdvcrbialScntcncc($ aa c), fbllowingthc particlcsiit:
lii,, ,,. ($ 37) or (lcssfrcqucnt)withoutintroductory particlc.Hcrc,thc indcfinitcpronoun
rn, \r "on"" canalsoscrvcasthc subjcct.

-^-
3. After *. ($ 37) in the negatcdAdvcrbialScntencc($ 47)'
4. As the subjcctin an AdjectivalScntcncc($ 56)'
5. r/ canserveasthc obicctofan infinitivc(8 84).
S 23 c) SUFFIX-PRONOUNS
=l lit alsofem. "I, me,mY" =n ;* t'we, us, our"

t'.
.1. ;", l' *ornun, \' t ing
-
=tn ('-l)
"you, your"
=f :: , (. ,) "you,Your"
-f ' - "hc,ht*' hit 'r, ji* 1*l;
"thcy,them,thcir"
..r'1 ( )"shc.hcr"
' 'Ji
Nole: With dualnouns frY
Usagc:
'' sl4 "his son"
aftcra noun' !"]
possession
[. Exprcsscs
I - sQm=f"hc
in thc suffix-conjugation' \\l
2. As thc subjcctof thc finitc vcrb
hcars"($$ 68ff).
3. Aftcr PrePositions($$ 35-36)
vcrbs - subjcct($ 83);
4. Aftcr infinitives: withintrclnsilive
- only if thc infinitive
with transilive vcrbs objcct (subject
hasboth an objcctanda subjcct,$ 84)'
"him-
own" is only y::d *i:,l,.u suffix: 4/sy'
5. The *ord ,' I (' t) ds "sclf,
' " rn'k ds=ft"your
,"tt',] *il l. nswQs-J "the king himsclf" -^;ti
own name."
lYotez
l.Thcsuffix-pronoun=iissomctimesnotwrittcn,c.g.whcnfollowedbyadepcndent
pronounusedwith reflcxivcmcaning($ 27)' i1
(posscssivc):
2. ir.y i (* ) / , (S 25 a) canrcPlllc sulfixcsof the3rd person
o F
(" " ;1 !f i\ ' '' " ''] s)-Jsmswm hr'y lr'y his
"His majestyhad scntu,. u*y, "'
commander thcreof';'"
eldestsonwas its commandcr(lit': the
Demonslralives l5
] ) DEMONSTRATIVES
a) ADJECTIVALDEMONSTRATIVES $2e
singular olural dual

i.ili,'
m. pw,9,'pwyi)"i'
| ( "thir" ip* "th.r.' ip*y i) )$'"these(two)"
known
f. ipr, il!'l)i"th"r"' ip-y i;li)
m. pn * "this" ipn i],-.1.."these" ipny (i-*
near
f. ln ^^..* "this" iptn il,'.-.:.."thcse" iprryilf'..
m. pf "yon, that" ipf 1l- - "thosc" ip.fv rl'
far
f. tf . "yon that" iprf i,' '" - "thosc" iprfy Li
b) NOMINAL DEMONSTRATIVES s30

' I \
GROUP I (without Il\ GROUP 2 (with ,\\)
known c. nw "' .,\l' m. ni
near c. nn ' f - : t* . near f. tt 'tl;,,

-li.
.
far c. nl c. ni Ii\
- '
m. nt'l l,',
lar f. rfi r;',
*
c. nf'l lir,'
iVote: Thc pronouns with n arc singular and arc oftcn used for thc neutcr:
r. :i-
, ., \ Dry nl "Whatis this?"
c) ARTICLE $ 3l
't1,,
p), ,.N r; and [\ n; ({ 30) losc their dcmonstrativcforcc and functionas dcfinite
articlcs("thc"); in spokenEgyptianprobablyascarlyasthc Middlc Kingdom.
,1
For thc very rarcly expressedindefinitearticle "a" Egyptianusesthc numeral' u w(
ttonett.
ADJECTIVE
d) POSSESSIVE
s 32
masculine femininc common/plural

' . . ,i . , l
l.c. mv nlv.i $r-Y,t' tlv=i
2.m. v o u r nlv'-l< lli tly=k ' 'ir\'l\. nlv=k ii:"li
t)y=t .li.l tt lv=t Lili

2.f. vour ,;v=r ri')i:l
li r ..1 tjt'=t ,,1- n |y=t'' \ir r'i I
3.m. his nlv=t
,',r.ri rr.l lii)'..s .I ,
3.f. hcr n.it'=.t , :,i, tly=S
t;\'.ll nly=tt lit,r;ri

t.pt. our
ply=tn I iY=111 ttlv..ilt )ii:, l
2.p1. vour 'i,i\
I il
D ' , \ ' = s t t, ' " . , 1 t lr.-sl i i . . I t '] 11jv=.vt I
3.p1. thcir
(t\S29 32)
c) USAGEOI"THE DE'MONSTRATIVES
S 33
l. Position
follolv
a. Acljcctivaldcmonstrativcs noLlll:
nrclv'.t "this day ofjudgncnt"

htu,.wJtu','tt.vv'rJC
' mrlw,.t/rl this Inattcr-"
"Thcn shc rcPcatcdfbr hirn
pc'rsscssivc adjcctivc prcccde thc noun:
b. Thc norrinal dcrnonstrativc,thc afticlc and thc
'r:
il | l', 'i rrn ild.u't tr nn llm'wt thcsc ncts to thcsr
"...and givc 1 1 i 't';'''
worrcn..."
' I
Rc-Wcscr saYsto Isis,NcPhthYs andH c k c t :" P k ' a s cg i v c
.t't'.:l l]i I )ji p) it tr p)y-tn l1r.y-knithc grain to Your Portcr."
2. SingularandPlural
a. Thc adjcctivalclcmonstratives occuralmostonly in thc singular'
areonly commonlyfbun<
b. The plural anddual forms of the acljectivalclcmonstratives
plural forms, a nominaldemon
in ora bgyptianand in religioustcxts.In placcof thc
r.y l9) is used'Thc noun is nonnalll
strativefollowcclby the geritivc-adjcctive "of'($
in the plural,sometimcsin thc singular:
I ,.l,"* I \J rfl i.i nn n.y sr'.w "thescofftcials"
Inlerrogatives l7
,, b*"1'j']S nwn.ynlr.w gods,,

"these
.-*::'i h r4tl -N ß n.y furd.w "thesechildren"
'' - *
. ä Xl '' ß n.ymwn.yp) si "thcsewatersof thislake"
3. Absolute usageof thenominaldemonstratives (i.e.asa noun):
'.;"'l\i,..^.1 t ; '
l.h ;T-l-l lym-!1thr-w.wsw3i(.w)($rDhrnn,,Now,aftcrdays
hadpassed
afterthis(event)..."
-. -- pf and.' 6are usedto refcr to somcthingwith

4. Thc adjcctivaldemonstratives
()
cithcrrespcctordisdain:)'''".. - h,pf "that(vilc)cncmy";
}J:ti]*- fill :) ünw,
pf lpsy"thatnoblcResidcncc".
3) INTERROGATIVES (for theirusagcscc$ 148) $ 34

it il \1.
.-. Of i- I /) in, in-iw introducesa qucstion,rcmainsuntranslatcd
iö ^ l.fs/ "what?"
m "who,what?"
l.tr m "why?"
"\
.. -\\
rm "why, to whatpurposci)"
.' I.
t' hr sy ilst "why?"
tfN mim "how?" 'ii\ /i '
rr | ,lü 1\ .ll
1 ' 1 . 17 1 1. ' i : i l ptr/Jtti " w h o , w h a t ? "1 < L ) i . . pu,tt')
l\\
si "who, what, which?"
r:l' ) ih "what?"
v, r'' tn "whcrc, whcnce, whcrc to?"
D) PREPOSITIONS and their nisbe forms
Prcpositionspreccdc not only nouns or suffix-pronounsbut also clauscs (likc

conjunctions)
sincevcrb-formscanbc nominalised,
i.c. uscdasnouns.
s 3s 1) SIMPLEPREPOSITIONS
'N .i,
ii imynu "betwcen"
rl
;t i'l\
.'j\
nl (with suffix-Pronoun fi\ )
with"
';in,out of, through(instrumental)'
"lrl ofpredication"
introduccsa predicate(Q$43'la):
movcmentreplacing/rr
bcforeinfinitivcs:with vcrbsof
( $ $8 5 , 8 6 , 9 3 )
as"(S 70'2c)
*ltft Aorirt sQm-J:"as,astruly
"whcn" ($ 72'2)
with (Historic)Pcrfcctsdm4:
ti'li irr'Y ($ 23)
nishe'. il
"likc,according to"
i,l as"($ 70'2c)
with Aoristsin'l:"as whcn'according
withslr1nt.t-J': "likc" ($ 73)
of' (inclicatcs dativc/ indircctobicct)
"to, for,bccausc
tcmPoral: "within"
with infinitivc:"bccausc o1''
72'2):"bccausc"
with (Historic)Pcrfcctsdm46
g racsa t "
^ - - - - : . . . i il' ; . . ' t 1 c l f i p 3 y"'b c c a u s c h i s r n i g h t w
rti.tht''. rr.Y($ 23)

(with suffix-Pronoun ) (a titnc)
"towards'against, awayfrom"; tcmporal:"at"
with a noun:"conccrning"
it'
with an adjcctivc-vcrb: cotnparativc"thc gocllct rnc do
' ashc is
jj,i,- ,. l,'fi' nri 'l=f r itr nh according
24 c)
grcatcrthancvcry god" (sccalso$
purposc'tuturc(rl 85'2)
with infinitivc:"in ordcrto"'
with AoristsqlntJ: "according as'until" (s\70'2c)
"until"($ 73'2)
withsqlnt.t'J':
nisöe:ii .'' ir'Y ($ 23)
i introducing audtctnporalclauscs:
conditional
( $ s1 2 7 - 1 3 1 ) .
Prepositions 19
{, \*r hl "behind,around"
l* hn( "togethcr with"; "and"($ 20)

with infinitive:continuespreviousvcrb-form(cf. I 87 2a)
? ttt'
hr (with suflix-pronounulro . o. .? ;
"upon,in, bccause, regarding,for"
with infinitive:"while,on" ($ 85)
($ 70.2c)
with AoristsQm-J:"bccausc"
?. ''
nisbe: lu'.y(g 23)
br "undcr,-with"(alsowith scnscof "carryingsomcthing")
ni,sbe: '' lr'.y ($ 23)
!r, c.g.a king),to (a pcrson)"

"ncar,with,undcr(tcmporal,
:'' . ttfl "oppositc,in fiont of, in accordancc with"
thc tirncof ' ($ 85.2)
with infinitivc:"at
with Aoristsglm-J': "whcn(tcmporal),accordingas"($ 70.2c)
''' : "cncrny")(rs23)
nirbn,\)" /rfr.y(withdct.!:l or\
riiii hnt local: "in front of, from, alnong"

tcntporal: "beforc"
nisbe: hnt.y "forcmost" ($ 23)
tp "))!rool',,'
first,chicf''(g 23)
is r"rpon,
,n.r"who/which
dr bccausc"
"sincc,
"sincc,bccauscol'(5\ 72.2;
with (Historic) Pcrfcctsqln=J'.
with scln.t-J: "sincc,bclorc, until" ($ 73.2)
2) COMPOUNDPREPOSITIONS s36
'lr
r:ir\-- ,- nt-c.ri, "in thc handof, togcthcrwith, frorn,with (in
thc possession
ot), through"
m-hlh "in front o1,in thc prescnceof'

-NN m-m "among"
\\ G,.1.11t-y.et m I r I br-hl./ "in front of'
N;,.. m-bt "behind,after"

72'2)" "after"
with (Historic)Perfectsdm4 G
with infinitive:"after"
\i\ m-sl "behind,after"

l)\ r
"'',,
r-gs "bcside"
of in front of'
bft-hr "in thc prcscnce
( -)r r f;!
E) PARTICLES
clausc
alwaystakc first positionin a
$ 37 l) NON-ENCLITICPARTICLES
thatrnakca statcmcntof fact: in

ll \n.
fi );' lw a) ,,it is thc case";introduccsclauscs ($ 44);
qO-q+l'in AdvcrbialScntcnccs
ComplcxVcrb FonnstSS
ncutral"prop"-wordfor a
b) scmanticallyandsyntactically (8 46 b) and
'";;il;ä AdverbialScntcnccs
nronominalsub.;cct
($$ 8G88);
i"ii." tt"ta. vcrbalConstruction
c) "circumstantial convcrtcr"($ 46 b)'
sccalso$ 140a'
1l'. ill introduccs a wish($ 75'l): "oh" (usuallynot
translatcd);
llll' " i^rli''sft)"whilc'as'in thc tncantiuc";

ii1L" is! (also.r1,lst;oldcrtoto
clauses (8 46 a' 97 b):
introduccs mainandsubordinatc
,ii ti samcmcaningasis1
scc'1'rt)
€..u,"
w,n.t conjunction"bccausc"(1 n v'tt't'
< particlc(?) m(i) "bchold"1 suffix-pronoun

l:i. ! -
,\.rt. - tfi'K
'' "'- nt'tn /m=tn;
furtherforms:(r.1ir,if, ; ^--11r,=t,1pl.)"l:i..
- Lookl" (S$44 c' 88'2'97 a)
mcaning:Prcsentativc"Behold!
oflu'($ 47);
-o'n, *-,, nn ncgativeparticlc:ncgativecquivalcnt
Particles 2l
iw + suffix-pronoun,but nn + dependentpronoun($ 27).
n.tt an objectclausefollowingsomeverbs(e.e.rb "to know"):

1n1o$es
() | ... , rh n.tt "know that ...";alsoconiuncti (< n nn).
lunction"bccause"
Oftencombinedwith prepositions to forma conlunction:
T ; Qrntt "since", .,* ., - hr n.tt,-* - n-n.f "because".

t1,' ,f\ ! t\ ,.H I t\
'
V \; 0 ftt var. 1 \ ;'.) hwy,t hw'.with Subjunctive sQm=f($ 75.1)introducing
wishes"Wouldthat ..." (or lcft untranslatcd).
' ' . : \j '.'\
)\ ^tt; (also sdm4 ($ 74.5):
; "so"."thcn";with Future(Prospectivel
with SubjunctivesQm-J($ 75.1).
2) ENCLITIC PARTICLESalways"lean"(Grk. enklitikos)upona precedingword. $38

1 is "truly"
r-'. *
--* ,', wnnt "indccd,rcally"
-"1,n,* " m
\".( ol
"pray,do"
l' Orf suffix-pronounoriginallyvariablc
indicatesemphasis;
n ):\ hm indecd"
"assuredly,
t\y )
1)r' swt "but.howcvcr"
'
grl "now"
'-'l
dl t truly"
"in<tccd,
F) NUMERALS
1) CARDINAL NUMBERS s3e

a) WRITINGS:
f
I oncs(in datesoften ) I tcn thousands
n tens(in datesoftcn ( ) \ hundrcdthousands
\1t /
R hundreds millions
T
Ä thousands
b) READING:
100 J./ (fem.) \

1 w'.w ' 1' 6 sis.w iI 'f
7 s.la.w 1,000br
2 sn.wY {l ,"' tl
B lmn.w 10,000 dh'
3 !mt.w' ,",., ..i
'\,'ir
.. '\l ,
ps(!.w 100,000hfn i
4 fd.w 9
\iir I
'r 1,000,000hlt jili
5 di.w l0 ntQ'w
10,000,000Jtr r)
c) USAGE
rThenumbcrfollowsitsnoun(cp."$20"),whichisusuallyinthcsingular,lcss
thc numbcrsI and2)'
licqucntlyin in" plu'al (ncvcrpluralwith
(s 24).All othcrnumcralsarcnouns'
r Thc numbersI and2 arctrcatcdasacljcctivcs
cndingin -/'
o Thc numbers3 - l0 alsohavcfbminincforms
is irrtroduccdby thc,,n7 of
o h,, andl1|t c-analso prccedethc noun, which
($ l 9)'
prcdication"(S 43'I a) or thc gcnitivc-adjcctivc
$ 40 2) ORDINAL NIJMBERS
o ,,first,,:i..,
tp.y (nisheof thc prcpositionrp "upon",$ 35)'
'"'
to "ninth": with cndingnw' '
o "scconcl" ' : fd'w-rllr'"fourth"'
o,,Tcnth,'andhighcrordinalnulnbcrs:withparticip|cmh''Ihatwhichfills'',
" 'r" :
mh.10 "thatwhichfills tcn" "tcnth"'
$ 4 1 3) DATES
'\ rcading:lß't-sp)'
"ycar"'l r n P . t ,in datcs ,t ,rp.t sp (alternativc
' duy")' in datesslt .
"day" t..thrW.W (rc.win thc combination'" rc'w nh "cvcry
Scasons:
:rYcY.
( )r ., lb.t "inundation"
l'
. , '(") Pr.t "harvest"
, ,31"; Sm.w "dryncss,summer'
Non-verhal Sentences23
Months:
tp.y "first (month)"

lbd 2 "secondmonth"
lbd 3 "thirdmonth"
lbd 4 "fourth rnonth"
t 'ii:',i.',"
Examplc:] ,,"" rnp.t-spJ9 lhd4 )ft.tsw 19
"Year39, fourthrnonthof thc inundation.
dav 19"
G) NON-VBRBAL SENTENCES
Thc predicate of a non-vcrbal scntcncc can bc forrncd by l) an advcrbial phrasc

[Advcrbial Scntcncc],2) a nominal phrasc[Norninal Scntcncc],or 3) an acljcctivalphrasc
IAd.lcctival Scntcncc].
Thc subject is always norninal, i.c. a noun, an indcpcndcntpronoun or a norninalisccl
vcrb form.
Non-vcrbalscntcnccsindicatca statc.Thcir tcnsc is non-spccificbut dctcnnincdby thcir

contcxt as prcscnt,past or futurc.
r) ADVERBTAL
SENTENCES $ 42
WORD ORDER:subjcct prcdicatc
Thc prcdicatc is formcd by an advcrb or its syntactic cquivalcnt, i.c.

o prcposition* nominal cxprcssion(noun,suffix-pronounor infinitive) or
. Old Pcrfcctivc($ 8l)
Advcrbial Scntcnccsarc cithcr independent (main clauses) or emhedded (translatcd as

subordinatcclauscs).
A furthcr distinction is madc bctwccn simple and extendedAdvcrbial Scntcnces.
ADVERBI,ALSENTENCES
A) INDEPENDENT
$ 43 1. Simpleadverbialmain clauses
a. Basicform: noun(+ adjective)+ preposition+ noun

gq'd^ll pfur'tnb't mi sn'wt's "Evcry
At the end of a medicalprescription:= ; :
(other)remedyis likc its second(i'e' inferior)'"
'i\\ "
[ii'\-N.t'. !; I sw m hr.r m nh chc.w"He who was crnptvof
possessions of treasures'"
is (now)a lord (i.e.posscssor)
Most suchsentences aresentence namcs:

',
t"", Nb.t=i-m-nbw "My mistrcss(is) theGoldenOne(i.c.Hathor)."
,'y,t N
(Theprepositionm in the lasttwo examplesis the so-called"z of predication"')
{* \af : 'ui Imn(.w)-m-hi./"Amun is at thc forefront'"
ifr$ l: sn=i-hn\=i)"Mv brothcris with me'"
indepcndentpersonal
b. Thc focus is on thc subject,which takesthc form of a markcd
pronoun($ 26); infrcqucnt.
X\\l-.h'f m hc'wt"Imyselfwasinjoy'"
i ink ds(=i)
Note:
"'^'d
with -^- in placeof * ($ 37' 47):
Ncgationof suchscntenccs
, 'n'rr''it$l:..' mh.t=i"Myheart,itwasnotinmybody'"
\\',",fr l.rl.ty-inntf
$ 44 2. Extendedadverbialmain clauses
a. Introducedbyqb iw ($ 37):
( \\ n a $ " I q'.,- \q Ü iw wdp.wnh hr ir.r-J "Evcrybutlerwasat his duty'"
by a suffix-pronoun($ 28):
A pronominalsubjectis expressed
Adverbial Sentences25
c$lt-'il^ S - =
":1.,.t- iw=i br hs.wtn.t fir nsw"I am./wasunderthe favourof
theking (lit. of by the king)."
Ornissionof the subjectis possible:
" I iw mi sltrn1r "(lt)wasliketheplanof god."

"t!{l.t'
b. Introducedby the verb wnn "to exist",which specificsthe tenseby convertingthc

non-verbalsentenceinto a verbalscntence.
wnn * subjcct+ adverbialpredicateexpresses

futurc:
^$i'!f 'rjl" -
*llt'' i' wnn htk m-s) nb-J "The scrvantwill be bchind his
mastcr."
($ 28):
by a suffix-pronoun
A pronominalsubjectis cxprcssed
( *ti'
* - l\ )Jls:r of Rc."
$, *nn+ ^ bbdn(.y)R'(.w)"FIcwill be in thedisfavour
"
c. Introduccdby m=k($ 37):

ti'.l )i(,-.,rh
l,\\* /1ll :l i4 m4n lps.wthr trt.w ,,Lo,noble(ladics)are (now) on
rafts."
""'
I\*::'\':l N"lr^;';', n t = t ni w . t y( i ) b . u ' t im n b c h c . w
"Lo,he who
hadnothingis (now)a posscssorof trcasures."
pcrsonalpronoun($ 27):
by a dcpendent
A pronominalsubjcctis cxprcssed
^
\\: i \i'Ft, ," m=kwi r gs=k"Lo, I arnat yoursicle."
'"'-
\\ : .i.\| : ; t\ m=krw cj "t-o,you are(now) here."
b) EMBEDDED ADVERBIAL SENTENCES
An Adverbial Sentencecan be embcddcd within or attachcd to a main clause. Here it

cxpresses a circumstancc that can bc understood as a temporal, causal or modal sub-
ordinate clause.
adverbialclauses
1. Simpleembedded
$ 45
themsclvesasdancers'
"The godssetout,havingdisguiscd
I'i..1riil them carryingthe
f i\\l'"\tl--,il* !r lini Khnumwith
flnm'w ltn'=sn
(modal)
baggagc".
as
j:l'l;;'tn
,,I spcntthreeclaysalone,'i/ 1i1' r'ji :t ib=i m stt'tt\r=imy hcart (alonc)
mY comPanion"'(modal)
advcrbialclauscs
2. Extcndcdcmbecldcd
$ 46
ii ' " '' Dyn'
/ ,r i'
'' / srll^ ($ :r) (also ll l"\ ' aftcr
a. IntroduccdbY
12alsoi.lirl,
*,'lt:1
t'tm=J
i \,..'.,rLl-*- - /! i,rrir'r''5'. , ,ii,, il,ii. i"i l,r,t=rrot} n'.f !nt'yv''fQ)st
i. ,
,,Thcy(RcandAmun)smircfbrhirn(KingThutrnosisll)hiscncmics,IlisMojestybeing
tt-r" oiu"tuial adjunctof an Ernphatic
in hispalace.,,(rnodall .srintrocluc". "'p6urir.o
Construction - scc$ 70'l)
- ^f i' ll' ' \' ir ' l' ' i.' i.,
'1 --.....*;;l :' ;,' - it= ipw ,tr f
' i . ,lili'(Amun)
.
i i . i : f J'],." ,,(,,,.' is my
ltr isk wi m im'y sl=f' "Hc
inksl.t' *,4.r4" n(=i) wrtLn(=i) -ns't'f for mc thatI shouldbc uponhis
thronc
III's) fathcr,f fti"on' H" tüt;;
(Thutmosis advcrbialadjunct
"* int.oau".. thc crnphasiscd
whiteI wassti, rtt"ü,Ä'.ili;rör"i
Construction -sce\ / l'l I
ofan E,rnphatic
;' "' isthnr'Jltr ltls'tRnttt' whilc His Majcstywasin thc
,,ycarg, i]11, , ii.' :t; ,"
hill countryof Rctenu'"(tcmporal)
ntt
l]ll -- 'lt' i'sl tl pn br s't-hr=f
unclcr King tnrcf
"l spcnt many ycars
chargc'"(tcmporal)
*rrir'.7*rl"n tnl, ionawasundcrhis
($ 27):
by a depcndcntpersonalpronoun
A pronominalsublectis exprcsscd
" 11" I i)tl';;ii'' sIn'(i) mhlk4 " (and)I
Thc prcviousexamplecontinues: "'
washis servant."(modal)
I' t" I * i'sls$Dm st'tnswwhile shewas
-ittt"",!,1 il '
"l spcntmanyyearsundermy
(temporal)
of King'sDaughter'"
d;ilil;tttion
pronominalsubject'i'c' suffix-pronoun):
b. Introducedby lw (only with
AdverbialSentences27
- - 'i, l*: i! i*4^nsw(nowthat)heisking."

" M e n a n d w o m e n r c j o i c, ,et , '
(causal)
ti: '.i.'i!"'
"l becamcan officerin placeof my father,i ti \. i*=ilz Jri (when)I was
(still) a youth."(tcrnporal)\
,Yote:
In the courseof timc, iw dcvelopsinto a so-called"circumstantialconverter"and thcn
also introduccsadverbialsubordinate clauscswith noun subjccts.This only occurs
rcgularlyin Latc Egyptian,but is alreadyattestedin the llth Dynasry:"lt (thc gazclle)
gavcbirthuponit(i.c.onthcrock;.l,i,]
($tr6)
nsw,
hr ln;: whilc this army of thc king watchcd."
C)NEGATIONof ADVERBIALSENTENCES $47
by ** nn ("it is notthc cascthat",$ 37):

l. Introduccd
-',- '
' . ii jt .' ' i: ;ii nn slll(w,)4br tp(.r-w)-tl"Thc mcrnoryof hirn is not (will not
bc)with thoscwho arcuponcarth."
-'..*'-lli1
J , r ) ' '. ? ; t i ' ' i t l r l lr n 4 m - n r . n f r . n , , , H i s n a r n c i s n o tn(owti/lsl h a l l
notbc)amongstthc living."
A pronorninal subjcct,cxprcsscd by a dcpcndcntpcrsonalpronoun($ 27), followsthc

ncgation:
^- tll, t 'i)'ll ',t wasnot in thcirmidst.,'
\| !i ; nrtu,inr ht.(.:)-ih=str
( "'rtr ;
i\ ru ^r(y)m ib=i "lt (thcflight)wasnot in my hcart(rnind)."
- " - *l
-i, -^- i; -i.,,,
by -* i.^." nn wn or
2. Irrtroduccd n wn.t
t ", ' '
* i I )t i;l , nn wrt hn.tm h.t4' "Thcrewasno grcedin his body."
^"- 'ii l/ill l:..,
::' ,\)'ift n tt,n.tiwmsin ,,Therewasno lic rhcrcin.,,
b) NDEP
adverbialclauseis alsonegatedby)^ nnt
3. An embedded
] b -h J' i- Thereare
droppeddown' I sw m s'r'J
"That meansthat his hearthasdescended, "
it (theheart)not beingin its place." 1. Theit;i
Whereti,
indepc-n
$ 48 2) NOMINAL SENTENCES ny''srr-Se
Nominal Sentences are sentenceswhosesubjectand predicateareboth formedof nomi- 1st pers

nal cxpressions. Hcre, only sentences are dealtwith which do not have a nominalised
dealtwith underthe 3rdp.-rs:
verb form, i.e. a participle,as one of their clements.The latterare
in-Construction ($ I l9-120).
Therearethrcegroupsof NominalSentences:
a) thoscwhcrebothelcmcntsof the sentencc arc formedby nouns($ 49);

pronoun($$ 50-52); 7 Th.. "-.
b) thosewhcrethe first elcmcntis an indcpendent
c) thoscformedwith 2w ($$ 53 55)' Thc sub
pcrson:
$ 49 wlTH TWo NOUNS

a) NOMINALSENTENCES
Scntcnccnamcs:
-\ole; Ir
ii.1llÄ, I 'Äl sn.r4spd.l"His sisteris Sothis." StrcSSL-J
;
*
jltr - \) Pthlsw=n "Ptahis our commander." Thc- c'lrrJ
Inalienablemattcrs:
Som,--Irn
{* {| * i"jb.. Tmn.yrn{ "Ameni is his name'"
Thc sn:^
Jl - .'N f\. llll it+.lrbw(?)"HisfatherisAabu'"
In the so-calledBalancedSentence:
3. \c'!:ir
-nr'N " $i, -^t N " q;/l Sm.wt=iSm.wt7npy "My ways are thc ways of
T h t - ' ir : . . -
Anubis"
'.1
N:1
., l\: "Your protectionis the protection
l il .- ;" :il. *t.t-t mkl RC(.w)
of Re."
Nominal Sentences29
PRONOUN+NOUN/ADJECTIVE:THE /NA-SENTENCE
b) INDEPENDENT
with unstressedandstressedsubject.
Therearetwo $oups of inft-Sentences:
subject
with an unstressed
1. The in,t-Scntence $ 50
Wherethe subjcctis not stressed,but merely identified,it only appearsin the form of an
indcpendentpronounfor the lst or 2nd person.In the caseofthe 3rd person,eithcrthe
t''sw-Scntence($ 56) or thepw-Sentence ($ 53-55) is used:
ink(Dtm(.w)"I am Atum."
, \ '"1
3rd pcrs.: ,' r NN -* pw NN pn "ThisNN is Atum-"
('Dtm(.w)
' \
'
. ,,' \i ',
l \ / i
ink nb ilm.t "l am a lord (possessor)

of charm."
"I am quiet."
subjcct
with a strcssed
2. Thc inft-Scntcnce $ 5l
Thc subjcctappearsin thc form of an indcpcndcntpronounin thc lst, 2nd and 3rd
pcrson:
/\ *
I 1\ ,{!
1 )i . .i1i swt nb=n "1/eis our lord."

"He is thc sonof Osiris."
Note: ln thc cascof thc lst and 2nd pcrson,onc cannotalwaysdistinguishbctweena
strcssedandan unstrcsscd subjcct.Somctimcsthc contcxtmakcsthis possiblc:
The cloquentpcasantsaysto thc chicf stcwardRcnsi:"Do not spcakfalsehood,
^ll
tlr..ti'
I \':.' ntk iwswyou arethcbalancc."
subjcctis followcdby theencliticparticlcI ir 15:s;'

thc strcsscd
Somctimes
Thc snakcdcclincsthe shipwrcckcdsailor'soffcrsof gifts: "You arenot rich in myrrh,
.t'.,)jt'']ll t ' l;'i ;$t ::: i.,i,rink is hkl Pwnr but.lam thc rulcr of Punt."
3. Ncgationof thc irt-Scntencc $ 52

ls ncgatcdby -^- ... I
Theinft-Scntcnce n ...ir:
- ^ - . o . , I l l\ \ , ! n i n k i sm ( w ) r " t a m n o t a d e a d o n e . "
\irt
-- '., l ..))l i
" ' 1 il !
'l)'., .ii /
.
n ink is kli si "l am notarrogant(lit-:highof back)."
30 Accidenceqnd Svntzx
c) THEpw-SENTENCE
Therearetwo typesof pw-Sentences:

bi-partiteandtri-partitcpw-Sentences.
WORDORDER(in bothcascs):predicate- subjcct.
$ 53 l. Thc bi-partitepw-Sentencc
The subjcctis a demonstrativcpronoun($$ 29-30),asa rulepw, which is invariablc,and
is furtherqualificdby thepredicatc.
Thc prcdicatcis fonnedcithcrby a noun(a) or an independent
pronoun(b):
I.'' ;-ji' " ff it=k pw "lVhc is your fathcr."(a)
. ,. " it. pfur.t

pv, "lt is a rcmcdy."(a)
\ ii"lirr --- J i dp.t m(u,)t nn "This is thc tastc of dcath." (a)

',,',.,
-'t,'t\t ntf'pw,m ntl(.t "lt is rcally hirn." (b)
il * it' ii inkpv, "lt is mc." (b)
Whcn thc prcdicatc is fonncd by an indircct gcnitivc construction,pw oftcn splits thc
tl:
gcnitive constructionancl imrnccliatclyfollows thc nonten regens'. l;jit \),t'"" )jl
ih.t-i pv, n.w p,'.w it=i "lt is my propcrty of thc housc (cstatc)of rny fathcr." (Hcrc 1fr.ris
construcdas a lnasc.plura[- scc I 17.2).
$ 54 pw-Scntcncc:
2. Thc tri-partitc noun pl1,- noun
This scntcncc is an cxtcnsionof thc bi-partitcpx,-Scntcncc.Originally,thc sccondnoun
stoodin apposition to thc subjcctpN,:
'li t':il
i , ll " ,1,pw ns=k "lt is thc plummct(of thc balancc),
namclyyourtonguc."
But pw,mcrclyscrvcsasthc copulabchvccnthc prcdicatcandthc subjcct:"Your tonguc
is thc plurnmct".
':
iif \i' dnri pv'inrn.t"Thcwcst(i.c.
thcrcahnofthcdcad)isaclwclling."
li ,ir il,;jj: li l''rir'" bu,.t=ipw t1m.tntr "Thc cxccutionblock of god is my

abomination."
'l*i"",, - ''
l'i' .t i');' s1v,!tJ'pv,hntsi.t"sitting is his trcarmcnt."
Adjektivalsatz:4fr sn, 3l
werdennegiertdurch -- .... ll
3. Negation:Beidepw-Sätze n ... is S 55
* ti.
ii'',tl,t' ."-iji-"-fl 1;' :'?,.{1, pw n.wpr.v,it=in ib.tispw,pr.w
i!.t.t=i
ItJ.t\'-'.v'"Es ist mein Besitzvom HausemeinesVaters,es ist nicht Besitz(vom) Hause
desFürsten."
- - t' ',i ' i'^" -- .r'ii
i' iil.; I I li. - n u,r is pv,v,r im (v,n-ib,,DerGroßeda.der
habgierigist,ist kein (wahrhaft)Großer."
l) ADJEKTIVALSATZ (nfr n, - Satz)

S 56
Prädikat- Subjekt
\\ ol{ TSTELLUNG:
Adjektiv(8 22) bzw. partizip(gg 93-t04)

Prädikat:invariables
Subjekt:Substantiv(l) oder abhängigespersonalpronomen
(g 27, rneist2. oder 3.
Person,
nur seltenl. Person)(2).
' '/\ \ *. nJi'hrr.t trt "DieseBIumeistschön."fl)

' -*'
.i,. l{
.' .1) Ä --
jrl-' nfr tu,hnc=i "Du hastesgut bei mir." (2)
olt wird an das PartizipoderAcljektivdie Endun,S", du. "admirativeuy',, angehängt:
-
) i i'r \,' nfr.v,ysv, "Wie schönist es!" (2)
'it I tijt) j tr,'t'
:i mQ.u,y su,ib=i "wie starkist cs cloch,mein Flerz!,,(2)
nn,Ste,lle
desPartizipskannauchein Fragepronomen
(Q34) treten:
,,i1l- 1 ,r' ptr (i)r-J(lt9),rn,"Wcr ist cr denn?"(2)
-'
4 ) A D J E K T I V A L S A T Z' n i t I nn,- ( v g l . a u c hQ5 9 ) :
4 $ 57
Ilier stcht .4 Lut("esgibt/gabnicht")an StelledesAdjektivsbzw. partizips.
woR'rslELr.tJN(;: Prädikat- Subjekt
Die Zeitstufeist abhängigvom Kontext.
__i,V{
l,\ )t: 2r)

nn m)r.tyv,(t "Gerechtegibt es nicht."
--'1
.-'-"'')i{ '
, , nn dr.u' mnmn.tnb.t "Ein Endevon Vieh aller
Art gab
-^- ", ",.n,.,,
.* rii-i, r:r \i\" * -
-*- .\ " ,).r'::. trtl.tttr ph.ny,fr "Sein Endegibt es nicht."
andSYntax
32 Accidence
s ss 5) EXPRESSIONS OFPOSSESSION
to".Possession
doesnothavea verbfor "to haveöelong
Egyptian by
is expressed
n'y ($ 23):
a) theinvariablenisbe-adjective
*T+ n.y'nbwl/.yt
({ t0c)rrliL belongsto wadjet (uto)'"
A pronominalsubjectis expressed by a dependentpronoun($ 27):

- \ n.ywi Hr.w "l bclongto Horus'"
$ N
-
tl Horus."(NB the writing with , phonetic
i ))\,\ n.y sw Hr.w "Hebclongs to
bchveenthc nisbe-adjcctive
is influencedby the cioscrelationship
rz.s, andthepronoun')
b) thc prcpositionn ($ 35) (dative):

-l- .J 'll "To him belongsmorewinc thanwatcr."
lj' "l ,,, n-Jirp r mw
t\i':'^f;; iwn=k(nh "Tovoubclongslif'c'"

il{'\ I i^'y'
c ) t h e p r c p o s i t i o n ns+u f f i x - p r o n o u n + i ' ' o ' I'''\
,l ll if,,li,ln'!'n " ' n=kim.yhr: "To you bclongssilvcr'"
d) thcnishen.y + indcpcndcnt pronoun(S 27):

(n.y+ ink > nnk,thcinitialn'y is not writtcnwith thc othcrpronouns')
"*,0 at
' ,,'i . : llllK p-f "To me bclongsthc skY."
.' ', f t : ntk cnlt "To you bclongslifc'"

l: ,,yoursarcctcrnifyandcvcrlastingness."
I t,ri .'l, I ntk nhh d.t
ol'' + dircctgcnitivc($ l8):
c) nb "lord/ posscssor
') FtL.\->:-.
a,'15. ,l !--t. .-L ^,-,,, rtt ^,r + r housc'
' .,,-ri"
I ink nb pr.w "l arnthc h ^ llord/owncr off a
^.,]lnrrrnnr n hnrrqr: "
.\ rr':b .: .
$ s9 6) NON - POSSESSION
is cxprcssed
Non-posscssion ($ 57)
by AdjcctivalScntcnccs
l*^ ,n+ "dativc"($ 58b): :*. ' il, . nn n=kst "It clocsnot belongto you'"
]n thl- a:-.3
or--it--:,^rnr,r,n+ noun + gcnitivc: --u:"tt-*-)tt nn wtl ib n'y si "Man has no clid.'dr:-::
undcrstanding (lit.: thcredoesnot existthc hcart/ of a man)'"
undcrstanding
Verb 33
H) THE VERB
TERMINOLOGY: radical.root. stem

.\s in the caseof the Scmitic languages,thc meaningof a word is depcndentupon an
abstractgrammaticalentity known as thc "root" which compriscsa numbcrof radicals
(root consonants). The stcm is fonncd from the root, which can be modified,e.g.by
rcduplicationof a radical,by addition of thc causativcprefix s, and (unwrittcn)
rowcls.Grammatical cndings(fem.r and pluralw) andothcrelements(seee.g.8$ 68,
76,80) arcappendcd to thc stem.
I ) VERB CLASSES
Thc formalclassification
of a vcrb is depcndent
on thrcccritcria:
a) TtiE NUMBEROFROOTCONSONANTS $ 60
Vcrbs arc classificdaccordingto thc numbcrof radicalsin thcir root. Thcy form the
fbllowingclasscs(in orderof frequcncy):
3 radicals '"t i'\i sdm "to hcar"
2 raclicals I I dd "to spcak"

\i"1 'r
4 radicals -.,.- wstn "to stridc"
Thcrcis onevcrb with I raclical'I 1il i "to say"
an<lscveralwith 5 radicals, l;l i\ \o nhrh^ "to roar".

".g.
b) CAUSATTVE
.t $61
A verbis givencausativc
lncaningthroughthc additionof thc prefixs:
+l stmn "causeto rcmain" (< nr "remain")
Ii*
I () s*(nh "causeto live, vivify" (<,nb "to livc")
In the casc ofverbs that have w as their first consonant,this consonantis usually
clidcd in lhc causativc:
'it-,
- ' I
I s + tb "puri&" (<w(h "to be pure")
ROOT
S 62 c) MODIFIABILITY OF THE
havetwo' threeor four radicals'
1. Strongverbsare invariable;they
2.Weakverbsarevariableandonedistinguishesthreegroupsasfollows:
(ult' inf')
$ 63 a. Ultimae infirmae verbs
w)'
The finalradicalis wcak(i' )' or
mri "to lovc"
tcrtiaeinfirmac(lllae inf'):
ni Ä' msi "to give birth"
\\:.y' r,fw "to rcjoicc"
rhij l'ij| msdi "to hatc"
lil
quartaeinfirmae(lVae inf'): - . ,.....,
\.\ )i' li m)wy "to be new"
'|{ole..Somevcrbswithiasthcirfinalradicalarcstrong,andthcreforcthcirrootrc-
1f
'it'Itni "to scck"'* ll ll /ni "to age"'
lJ;'-.-,
ll'l'
tnainsunchanged'e'g'
(ult' gem')
$ 64 b. Ultimaegeminataeverbs
is thc samcasthc pcnultirnateradical:
Thcscarc verbswhosclastradical
(llac gcm';:.
'-./ ''Jl jiiil: kbb "tobccool"
geminatae
sccundac
,
i ' 'A Plrr "to run"
ac (IIIac gcm.):
$ 65 c. Irregular verbs:
Thcscvcrbsbclongtooncofthcabovcclasscsofwcakverbsbut,inccrtainfonls,
thcir group:
they differ from thc otherverbsin
l\\\ iwi "to come" (lllac inf')
A ini "to bring" (lllac inf')
#; wnn "to bc" (Ilae gem')
,"1-\x't\ mli "to see" (IIac gcrn')
all rdi "to give" (lllae inf')

Verb - Imperative 35
Ir VERB GROUPS
S 66
Verbsareclassifiedinto the following groupson the basisof their syntacticproperties:
Transitive (trans.)verbs,thoscthat can takea directobject;
Intransitive (intrans.)verbs are thosethat do not take a direct object.The verbs of
movement("to come", "to go", etc.) and verbsexpressinga quality or adjective-verbs
, e.g."to be sweet","to be cool",etc.)belongto thisgroup.
\-oice- Active and Passive:All verbscan form the passive,apartfrom the adjective-
\ L.rbs(seeg$ 76 79).
-1)IMPERATIVE
$ 67
a) FORMS
Only forms for the 2nd pcrson singular and the plural are attested,no gender is
drscemible.
sg. t\'.sdm "hcar!" pl. \ 'sqlm(.)r); I , sclm.w

"hcar!"
I rr eguIar i mpcrativeforms:
, i '- '("lao :' '- 1 ,,givc!,'
r(i: , '\,'- ) imi
('\ il
iwi: ,\\rl ,n mi ,,cotnc!,,
Othcrspccialforms:
\lr
l) m "takc"followcdby thc rcflcxivcdativca- (seebclow) is regularlywritten
with thc bi-litcralsign,-. ..i1, ^ n=k ,,taketo yoursclfl"
b) REINFORCING
THEIMPERATIVE
l. With a dcpcndcnr pronoun(g 27):
N'(\
'',rr,l)\ -A .::
t wdl.w tn ,,gol,'
2. By mcansof thc so-callcdreflcxivc dativc (dircctsthc action to the interestof the
implicdsubject):
tlp\
- l)^\,t'l-r .,,' .'tt,
,\ t"n* ,
A sll n=khrw.wn.y krs "Remember
thc day of burial!"
> invariable(i)r=y : ,, q. , 1A:S;,
3. ir + suffix-pronoun
<:: :' ij
'\\1"
. \'..1
-,-1"^sdm.wr{1n "Hearyc!"
4) FINITE VERB FORMS
s 6s THE SUFFIXCONruGATION
Elementssuch
The subjectfollows the stemor, in somecascs'a grammaticalending'
asn($7|),tw($i6)orin,fir,ftJ($80)appearbetwcenthestemandthesubject.A
28' For
pronominal,uUj""t'is cxpiesscdby one of thc suffix-pronounsof $
conventions
transliteration see$ 13'
I. ACTIVEVOICE
$ 69 a. CIRCUMSTANTIAL(PRESENT)süm'JI iri'J
Form of the weak stem:
' ll ,ll':):^. t t r,
IIac gcm.: kbh "to bs cool"
.\i\,t
"to scc" ',, . i\'\ n;l
nt)tl
|::,,
IIIac inf.: iri "to do" tn
iw,i "to col-nc" ;'i )'i' iwi (regular), but also I | ! iYi
r(!i "to givc" (!r
Usage:
sQm=fis a vcrbalvcrb fonn'
Thc Circurnstantial
l. Normally,the barc CircumstantialsQmJ'is only found in non-initialpositionin a
clauscs(but secalso $$ 123,126):
scntcncc,natnclyin advcrbialsuborclinatc
Modalclausc:
--ii-y.'' r)pri./Wpi-wl.v,twdl4
iw iri.n=ir$or
($s52)n4 it4 "l conductedthc proccssionof (thc god) Wepwawetas hc gocsforth in
r
ordcrto protecthis father."
Tcmporalclause:
':..1
\\rA.'..ij,:,,'t',0,..,,,irir{ttts)p,.r.*rrfrwn=trtpt)"May}out$7s)spcnda
happyday while You areon carth."
fSäeätsottrcsecondexampleof PcrfectivesQm'n'J,$ 71'l)'
is always
2. When used in a main clausein initial position,the Circumstantialsdmi
prccededby a particlc, e.g-iw ($ 92 ComplexAorist I) or m=k($ 97 Prescntative)'
Verb- Sffix Conjugation 37
b. AORIST sjm-f I irr-J

s70
Form of the weak stem (charactcristic
feature:gcminationof the lastradical):
IIacgem.: kbh "tobecool" ' ll jllliä^ mo

mli "tosec" f\ [\\ ,;;, ,j.l ^l
,,,11
' . o- . , ! " , .
IIIaeinf.: iri ',to
do,, ,r,
iwi "to comc" -n )i.,,a,,t\.,\l' ,r,"
rdi "togive" ; i, li 11nn
Usage:
Thc Aorist sdm| I irr-J is a nominal vcrb form. It cxpresscssomcthing that is
gcncrallyvalid,or a recurringcvcnt.Thc tcnscrcquircdin a translation is dctcrmincd
by thc contcxt.It is foundin initialpositionin a mainclauscandscrvcsasa noun.
l. In initial positionin main clauses

a. In the ErnphaticConstruction.
Hcrc thc focusof intcrcstis not on thc vcrbalaction
of themainclausebut rathcron a followingadverbialcxprcssion ($ I 18,122;alsofirst
!'xarnplcin { 46).
-l'] ., )
A lii I i \'r$ l','il prr=i hsi.kwm ,h ,,r(regurarly)wcnt forth, havingbccn
praiscdin thc Palace."-(Thc cmphasiscd advcrbialcxprcssiontakcsthc fonn of thc
nrodalclausc hsi.kw($81) rr t&).To indicatcthc crriphasis,this constructioncan bc
translatcd as a clcft scntcncc($ I I S): "ThatI uscdto go forthwas havingbccnpraiscd
in thc palacc."
., l_ i i* l
. r,,('..'r'1 i\/\/r .''rii

. N ,.. l:' (ld tw,h,,s.tn l1)s.tl1r sh n.1,ib=k n=k
"That onc forcign land gavc you to (anothcr)forcign land was unclcrthc counsclof
!'our own hcart."(Thc modal clauschr sh n.y ih=k n=k is thc crnphasisccl advcrbial
cxprcssion.) Notc: - , ro. , , una' for' " asoftcnthc cascin hicratictcxts.
b. In theso-callcd Balanccd ($$49, 7 | .ld, 132):

Scntcncc
*',,. ',,a,,,,) *::-i-.prr=1nrp.tmnr.wt
,1i,'''',"1 , ' i t .) ,
,f' ,,*il
prr=i hr tp.t lnh.w=tn "(lf) you asccndto thc sky as vulturcs,I ascenduponthe top of
yourwings."
,, l ,i.. , a N| -* *-
1l
. l N r\
'it"$il
:r.. i ,/) A i -. ,') ii\\ ) ni sw ntr.w dd=sn n=f i)w "(l\ the gods sce him,
thcy givc him praise."
2. In the positionof a noun Ibres.'

lNomina,
a. As the objectof anotherverb, i.e. in objectclauses,particularlyafterrh "to know", : Verbal.
mll "to see",wd"to command"andmri "to desire/ wish": -I ^^
Utten n.'r
I ^^
\ r-
i\,\.'"'."1\|*li.. -] ,!.'t..:''i--l ni iw gr.twj.n hm=fprr(=i)r !/s.t tn tps(.t) UltCfl
"Now, his Majestycommandedthat I go forth to this nobleforeignland." Usage:

($ 56)
b. As subjcctof an AdjectivalSentcncc l Nomin
' a. In thc
I\ ffii[l i] rs, ,r?rr=s"Hcr givingbirth is difficult." sectlonc
c. Followingccrtainprcpositions, e.g.m "aS,in as much aS".mi "aSwhen, likc", r , ):
"as", "untiltt,ftr "bccausc", f?y'"when":
"As for evcry wab-priest, cvcry pricst,evcry phylarchand cvcry femalephylarchwho ,t .'
ir'i.\'' ' '",
willbeinthiscity, -l i i I l- 'i l p i - w ' ) . w t n t r =ht tnl r
n r n t r r = t tw havccor
thc ond <
tt'l) in as muchas you lovc Wcpwawct,your dcarlybclovcdgod,(somay you
nrrw.tß
.rdrr7'[\\
speakan offering praycrfor Inc)."
',,'.,'l t''' 271)
,,lt was like a drcam,,,,,.1 1 rr'i, i , ,.t )lll
',,, i;,1..'1;;, "l nri mll,rlr(|
nl nl=s
iclh.ym lbw ltkea marsh-dwcllcr sccinghirnsclfin E,lcphantinc."
hcrsclt
I iri.n-J
PERFIICTsQm.n'J
c. (PRESENT) b. Ina
$ 7l
you shc
Corrcsponding Prcscttts4lm=fthcrcarc two
to thc Aorist s/rr=f 1 in'=f'andthc Circumstantial
that
s4m.n=yformsoncnorninalandonevcrbal(alsocallccl"Circurrrstantial-.rr.1nt.n=t") c. Afte
alwaysbe clcarlyclistinguishcd (sccPrcfacc).
nrorphologically
"onnoi Thc di
Form of thc wcak stem: tt ltt-c.t,
'. l : t l"'--
.-i. - k h b . n t, k h . n 2 "You'
llac gcm.: Äbb "to bc cool" ":''
w'lln "to cxist" -t'-.' placcof *n'trri.rl)
v'n'f't 1ir',
d. In
::i: _'!
ltri.rt=
wcnt
nt'rl "to scc" t,,
i:,
iil 2. Ve
Illac inf.: iri "to do"
,l
"- a.Us
iwi "to come" i , -ti
Vert
"t 't---
b.Pr
r4i "to give" .l *:_-
l
Ina
ii'it -' para
Verb- Suffix Conjugation 39
\olq:
\ominal verb form.
I Verbal
verb form; m)) irregular.
Oftennominalverb form; regularlyafter negative* n (seeI 71.3).
-
often verbalverb form (see g 71.2) andin performativestatements
(see$ 71.4).
L-sage:
1, \ominal verb form
a. In the Emphatic construction (cp. $ 70.1)the sQm.n--f
standsat thc beginningof a
:L'ctionof text or in an indcpendcntscntencc(seealso sccondcxamplcin I 46):
. ::: l:l ,fl ,!a.r=,m mtc.t "tn trnthhavcI spokcn."
-iji T;lrtillir".".ll. ; "[.r r' m !1ntlr tlmJ QiJ sip=iit.v,n1r.w,,1

iyi.n=i
:tl\'c colncfrom thc prcsencc of His Majcsty,hc ordainingthatI inspcctthc fathersof
:ltc-gods."(Emphasison thc advcrbialsubordinate clausc;/i=l'Circumstantial Prcscnt
.Jrt=l'[$69.l] followcdbysip=iSubjunctivc.relny'[$75]).
'!"t.,'. ,i ',." . ,
i' ,l -.... '\\*^^.
i't t'tt=sn(.) Stpt"ln her nomeShetepet(-ll/acti Nutmn) hasyour mothcrNut sprcad
r!-rsclfovcr you." (Notcgcminatinglonn of llae gcrn.vcrbp^lJ.)
'i
b. In an object clause1uncorr.r-on;, ":, ',rt. " ,,. , "' -"", i1 gnti=k(5ttD ys.tt=f
"lf
r ou shouldfind thatit (thcstornach)
hasknottcd..-".
c. Altcr prepositions (c.g.n-1.1t "aftcr",r "until",rri "likc",ffi "according to"):
t'{.}.^-- (,,r ul
Thc daughtcrof thc nomarchrulccl ,.tii'],,..ri;t,-' ,. hpr.tt s)=s nt
,tl-tt-c.w
"until hcr sonhadb"9:,11:aq (lit.: onc strongof arm)."
ldult
"You will act in thc altcrlifc.','.1 -*1,
rni iri.n=ktp t! llkc you did on carth."
'
d. In the BatancedSentcnce:,-"] .-- l it.'' ti,. , ,i,,t,.... ,'l)li
.-,---. .il "^-,-
ii
ltri.n=snr p.t m hik.wpri.n=i hr !nh(.wy)=.rrl "(10 theywcnt up to thc sky as talcons,I
n c n tu p o n t h c i r w i n g s(.c" p . S $4 9 , 1 0 . 1 bI 1
, 8 ,1 3 2 )
2. Vcrbal verb form (in vcrbalmainclauscsandsubordinatc

clauses):
a. Usually,thcslm.n=J'only takcsinitialpositionin a mainclauscaspart of a Complcx
Verb Form ($g9la and95.1,butsccalsorS$123,126).
b. Paratacticallyin a main clause:
In a main clause,which is part of a longcr sectionof text, thc vcrbalsQm.n=fcan
paratactically
follow a vcrb form at thc hcadof a sectionof text:
40 Accidenceand SYntar
i.FollowingtheComplexVerbFormChC.ns/m.n=f($95.1):
SinuherecountswhathedidafterhisvictoryoverthcheroofRetenu:
'il'-'N,1l,r$
f
-*ÄW:.1;'
lr-- * *-'-X,ilo.- 'h'.n ini'n=iif;'t=f htk'n=i
plundcredhis herd'"
^,r-n.r,=t "Then I fetchedhis properfyand
($ 9la):
ii. Followingthe ComplexVerb Form iw sQm'n=f
: Lrl}ji"li\: -;it'*. : on thc
qb:l'*ilihir- \'l''-l,i[i1]*q1{
"I directedthe work
hlkr n nb=f
iw !rp.n=i kl.t m nsm.tmsi'n=i in'w"s iri'n=i thc Haker-fcstivalfor its
Neshmet_barque (of ösiris); I made its ropes,I performed
lord (Osiris)."
stJm=f(g 92 CornplcxAoristI):
iii. Followingthc ComplcxVerb Fonn iw(=fl
'!t- '
.,$**rl'Ii^;jiT i\ i;\'i"r'i't:"
ii\\;ji'xi**ij li),,,\dh$i.
.iji'ir=i "I givcwatcrto
1\![t d i = i $ s z t m w n i h r c l i . nt =
nmi hrv:l.tnhm'n'icwli
rcscucdthc robbcd'"
thc thirsty,I setthc lostuponthc road'I
c. In verbal subordinateclauses:
is only uscclwith trunsitive vcrbs' In thc
In subordinatcclauscsthc vcrbal sjm.n=f
($ 81)îsutiliscd:
caseof intrunsitivevcrbsthc Olcl Pcrfcctivc t'
f it'\'ll"l-- Yii'i'1-^'' lf ;it:L'
Followingthc king'slcttcrSinuhc"ontlnu"r,.I
.;.,illti')s{;ii',r r;]I',q::\-Y,,i',', ;ii spr.nw,Qpnr=ichc.kwmhr('v)-ib
lcttcr rcachcd mc a.sl was standing in lhe
whw.t=i gfli.n,yy=J-n=i di.n(=,itwi tlr b.t=i."This (as a mark of
t having placed-mysclJ' on nty belty
mitlst of, my tribe; it*u, i"u,l to mc
in Ernphaticconstructions(thc
rcspcctibr thc king).,,Two norninalsclm.n=.t''finlr'0.t"] thc
by crnphasiscdvcrbal subordinatc clauscs'
sccond n '1-passivc, S 76) arc followcd vcrbal 5611'n=f' Thc
is intransitivc, thc sccond a
first an old Pcrfcctivc, sincc thc vcrb
bctwccn Sinuhc's posnlrcs:stontling in thc rnidst of his tribc'
crnphasisis on thc c.rntrart
to hirn'
prurrrornwhcn the king's lcttcr is rcad
o i''
i]"' l';ji:'--'ü-*]'i) lii " ivi'n'
ThccaravanlcaclcrSabni 'ov'' l-'
-t' r hsit(=i)hr-s "Now' thisIri camc' having rctchcd
r,'ri+':,iii,i\;ii; i,;i ; ni=i)''4 subordinate clausc)
for (rnc)a dccrcea p'ui'"'("-'"; t"tuu" of ir'"(i:ni'n=fina temporal
' 'i;' jllil'1 l l'
;":ti; 'l'l
Kins Sesostris Itt writes to Ikhemofret: *-i1 "'"1-i\
this(cntrusted lkher-
;;.;";;i;i:ö;; *t..,r=ixu m ikr slr "My Majestyhasdonc
saw)you as onc cxccllcntof counsel'"
nofrctwith u turtl,'uit., i ,..ognir.a 1rit.'
(ml.n=iin a temporal subordinate clause)
Verb - Sffix Conjugation 4l
3. Followingthe negationn^-i n sQm.n=f ("He doesnot/cannot hear").

This is the negativeequivalentof both the CircumstantialPresentsdm4 and the
ComplexAorist I iw(-fl sdrz=/($$136a, 142b; seeTable3 - p. 85).
4. In performative statements:In captionsaccompanyingthe rcpresentations
of the
king with the gods on temple walls, the vcrbal sQm.n=fappearswhcre onc of the
persons(king or god) speaksin the lst person:
In a sccne wherc Amun hands King Sesostristhe sign of lifc: "words spokcn by
:'' ,' I.11.
Amun-Re,King of the Gods: :-"j- +:' di.r=(i) n=k ,nb wJs nb r
lr.t=k ntr nfr I have(hercwith)givcn you all lifc and dominionto your nose,pcrfect
god."
d. (HISTORIC)PERFECTsQm-J/ iri-J E j2
Form of the wcak stem:
llae gcm.: khh "tobccoot" ' lliii;,

.tL
,, lt llltlä Ur,ru,
.!\
mll "to scc" ,,,'l N .l; (frcqucnt);
,,' .;
IIIac inf.: iri to
"to do" iri
iw,i "to cornc" ,rlri\ iwl, ,l i | ^ iri
rdi "to givc" - . rdi
Usage:
Thc (Historic)PcrfcctsQm=J' is an Old Egyptianfonn which is occasionally uscdin
Middlc Egyptianasa pasttcnscfonr in rnainclauscs:
'
In a biographical tcxt of thc Midillc Kingdom: ,i iji ri- ,il):j'. .-.- "' 'i';tnt
rctiw,i
fim=J'rsI n.y tnt! "His Majcstyappointcdrncscribcof thecadastcr."
Thc PcrfcctsgJm=fis rnainlyuscdin spccificconstructions:
l. Aftcr theNcgativc-o'-n,in thc ncgativccquivalcntof thc Pcrfcctsqlm.n=l:
n s(m=J'"hc did not hcar"($ 138).
2. Aftcr ccrtainprcpositions,
c.g.qlr"siltcc",nbht "aftcr",r? "when"andn "bccausc:
fi..'"i.
,\: .,t* "* Qrgrg.twßr,,tl p,t,,sincethislandwasfoundccl.',
Thc priestwill bring offcringsj\i',;.. A ./\ ^-11tpri-f "aftcr hc has gone forth
(andhasperformcdthe ritualsin thc tcrnples)."
i-:i: -' - ti'''
"I was a priest with my turh". ir\ ' m wn=f tp rj when hc was upon earth.,'
S 73 e. The Form s{m.t-f L sagt
Form of the weak stem: T:: F

,..,a1 f'^'''
ttto 5;i! / \
IIae gcm.: wnn bgtt
*
Wn.t
fr,'iJ.
',o'. mln.t
t. \o
mli "to seett ),;\ , .
rt)- -
a.I:':'
IIIac inf.: it'i "to do" iri.t
...
i.. ,f
iwi "to comc" ri A, ) I A iyi .t
'" '
rdi "to give" ,,.'"rQi.l, i)'' ,!i.,
Usage:
Thc sQm.t=fis used in only a limited numbcr of constructions:
-o - n, to cxprcssan action that has not yet occurrcd: b. I:
l. Following the ncgative >tu
n slm.t=l' "hc has not yct hcard / bclbrc hc hcard"'
Tlc '
{ } . ; . . .- ^ - l l ] b c f b r ct h c
, ! 1 p r . r t = .k. . n f i p r . t r r r r ' . r l , " Y o uc a t n ci n t o b c i n g . . - T rr,f
godscamcinto bcing.''
r "until"and/r' "sincc,until":
2. Aftcr thcprcpositions ',,
'.^"' 'il r' r r' .(
l
il'''',''' I" r v'bn.t Iw hr
"Atorchislitfbryouinthcnight, "- r'\ p i'
lnh.t=k until thc sun shincson your brcast."
- '- l. \''
ii '''l'' 'l:'r- tlrftpr't
"lwasinthislanclunclcrhis(thcking's)commancl' a. I:r
nrnitp r.wy4(9 until clcathcarncto passuponhis anns(i.c. hc dicd)'"
t t -lJ
$ 74 sQm(.ylw)41iri('ylw)--l
l. FUTURE(PROSPECTTvE)
ri ill
Form of thc wcak stem:
khh ro ri:
v,nil "to bc" lt, 11ll
b.F
ml', "to scc" rtrli Th.'
lllac inf.: iri "to do" iri, iri.y thc ,
"to colnc" -ii l) il'ti Th

iwi
,,, -. c. ir
rdi "to givc" - i , rdt
.. 1 "r
'ii' -"i"' Fcrll
"travcl downstrcant"
tJrti ltdi.w'
Note:
rThc
cndings arc oftcn not writtcn. Whcn thc subjcct is a noun, thc cnding w i s d. I
somctimcs found in place of y. In thc course of timc thc distinction bcfiveen thc
Future and Subjunctive s4m=f (5 75) was lost.
Verb- Sffix Conjugation 43
Usage:
The Future(Prospective)sQm-fis usedboth as a nominal and a verbal form. A mor-
phologicaldistinctionbetwecnthe two hasnot beenidentified.
1. Nominal verb form

a.In thc EmphaticConstruction
(seealso$$ 70.1a,7l.l):
'.'-\i
ll-"i\qq*'-'i i l ! ' " " ' s c m J . k i r =mf i s s t " v [ / h a t , t h c n , w i l l y o u
eat(lit.: swallow)?"
'- ' i\
}.fjl NN i\ ill " - Y "l , . s(m.wNN nt h(n\k.rtt.t bct.t dtr.r,,Beer
oJ'redbarley willNN drink (lit. swallow)."
b. In an objcctclausc,scrvingas thc objcctof ccrtainvcrbs,c.g.r'lz"to know",nrli "to
scc",ltrd"to command",mri "to dcsirc/wish", .sfii"remcmber":
T h c k i n g s a y s o tf h e g o c l,:, t * - ' . t ' , . t l l i - - - ' ' r ! . n = l ' ! t , p = i1 1 = f ' s" tH c k n o w s t h a t
I will governit (theland)for him."
^--l.,.tir,-... 702c)
\t;\1 1iil;- ... I i l;,:.1iil:--ril,i m n .t.=tr(\ ... sttd.w=trt
mlc=tnn hm.wt=tn"in as rnuchasyou wish . . . thatyou will tcll your wivcsaboutyour
cxpcdition..."
2. Verbal verb form
a. [n mainclauscs
Maat(usticc)will takc its placc,clisorclcr havingbccncastout; i ,i\,/,. :, j;ilr,{
'i', '..'
''it-i'.-.--...,
;11 .,'r'I --,..,tr,.y gnttt.t(y)--fy($r12)
N,rur./(y)-jyht lnts n.tw"hc who
(it)
will scc andwho will bc in thc cntourage of thc king will rcjoicc."
" '--.-., i',t
,i lrj)ii'-(,.- sQcl=i h!.w=kn iti.y "rwilt rccountyour (clivinc)powcr
to thc sovcrcign."
particlef ; ($ 37):
b. Followingthc non-cnclitic
Thc king would likc to sailovcr a canalbut is unablcto do so bccause thercis no watcr in
75'zt
thc canal.Thc rnagicianDjcdi thcn says: ijN .. . )jl i,i ^.:.-k) rqli=iltpr mw ß
"ThcnI will lct watcrcorncinto bcing."
c. In final or consccutivc
clauscs, purposcor conscqucncc:
cxprcssing
'" '
Followingan impcrative: '."'l i;i i;:.,, ,, iri nrll-k"Act, andyou willscc."
d.ln thc ir-Construction (8{ l19-120).
44 Accidenceand SYntcLY
+ This
e. In the old EgyptiannegativeFuturen sQm(.w).fI iri'y=f I iri.w noun subject'
(ö c), which mainly
appears in
is thc equivaf.nilf tne MiAdte Egyptiannn sQm=f 142
archaisingtexts,e.g.the Coffin Texts.
f. Followingtheparliclcl' ($ l3l'l)'
"' in fulfillableconditions
I
$ 75 g. SUBJUNC'trYEsQm'fI iri(.y)=f
IIae gem.: kbh "to bc cool" i) ,ili-: kh

wnn "to bc" ! :, *
wn
, !, . i \
,, \..
'i,'l!
mjj "to scc"

'rA
'- . lilij m l n , , ; : . .ä \ n i
Illac inf.; iri "to do"

ti: 'i
I iri .y, t' iri
iwi "to corttc" -n )i iwt

?,*
itti "to bring" . ,' int
"to givc" I I di
rdi
I oftcnnot writtcn.In thc courscof timc,thc distinctionbctwccnthc
Note: Enclings
74) andthc Subjunctivcs/nr=/waslost'
FuturcsQm=.|'($
Usage:
l. In wishes,with or withoutan introductoryparticlc:

a. withouta particlc:
." ,l'].--;. ',' . ,.1!. , , :* ji,1"*r'1;ii' ' iri.y n=k Hr.y-!i=f nh Nn-nswih=k
"May Hcrishcf,thc Lor<lof Hcraclcopolis, fulfil 1bryou your wish!"
b. with a particlc:
tin ',
1i,., ,,,-)' , ii ... kl iri=tw ltli ir.,! "May onc act accordingly!"
'.1. (r {'7b)
,! :l ".,:,,!;.,, , :-..',' i',1.'1.l ifi n)n=k 71=ft iri.rw,i!1.tnb.rmi n.tj-rr
hp "May you scc (to iQ that cvcrythingis donc likc that which is accordingto thc
law."(iri.fw i!1.tnb.tis thc lw-Passivc'$ 76).
verb'
2. In an objcctclausc,ic. asa nominalvcrb form scrvingas thc objcctof anothcr
causcthat, to lct"; alsodd "say" and lrmt
in particulärrc_liandits impcrativcinti "to
"intend,plan":
Verb- PassiveForms 45
._ \ 'i .1* .,- ". { )

f\ I - Il I -- -n
it I l,*-. { d i = k i w t ( h c . wp=wi y n s h i . t r
int)! "May you let this my lifetimereachthe achievingof veneration."
'..-
. l i i i I . - r , l i |f , :-l i m i h s i . y 4 h b i ."yL4e t h i m s i n g a n d d a n c e . "
-^"-. ''\ 1,ll'. t
.'., lii 4rt.n4l ti hn?-i,Hc saidhewouldfightwithme.,,(sec
rlso $ 124example2)
3. In final or consccutive
clauses, purposcor conscqucncc:
expressing
') $'
/'tth ,;i,, ii'l I I ;,, 1'i):;' i!1 iwt tt=i rmt.w tltr.w mt=snwi "May
rncnandgodscomcto rnc so thatthcy tnaysccmcl"
'-.
--" 1:11' {l !l 'tll
, " tll,]l iyi.n=inttn=iwsir cnh=iy-srL' "t havccomc,rhat
I rnaysccOsirisandlivc at his sidc."
-1.In thc ncgativccquivalcntof thc CornplcxFuturciwJ r sc-ln($ 9a): nn s4m4' "hc

rvill nothcar"(lit.:"thathc will hcardocsnot cxist",scc$ 142c).
5. In thc ncgativevcrb fonn n-spscln-J"it did not occur,thathc hcard"($ la2 a).
6. Followingthc particlcif ({ l3l.l ).

il in fulfillablcconclitions
2. PASSIVEVOICE
a. fw-PASSIVE(with the passiveelemcnt ; , tw) $ 76
is usuallyformcdthroughaffixing thc passivc

Thc passiveof thc suffix-conjugation
clcmcnt,r$,', rr, (rclatcdto thc indcfinitcpronoun/lv "one",{ 27) to thc stemor to a
"
modifyingelcmcnt, suchas,for examplc,thetenseclcrncntn:
-r, -',
(or ) sdm.na,=k "you arc hcard"
' ''
, iii\,,)'i sQm.nrw,=k "you werc hcard", etc
Usage:The usagcof thc rw-Passive to thatof thc activeforms,e.g.:

corrcsponds
($ 70.1):
AoristsQm.tw-Jin thc EmphaticConstruction
'' !'f ü\| ji '. ''
",,î':,'\.' n mi Rc.wwbn4 "He (thc king) is secnlikc
clgg.rw-J
Rc whenhe rises."
PresentPerfectsSm.ntw'Jin the EmphaticConstruction($ 7l'l):

'd"'N" S
i: m -', [] ) iri.nr(w)-Jr hwi.t s1.tyw"Thathe (theking) was made
"'-',.,- ofor''u)
i s i n o r d e r t o s m i t e t h e A s i a t i c s . " ( r * i n f i n i t i v3e5$, 8$5 . 2 ; Y d f o t T i , -
SpecialPassiveForms:
S 77 PASSIVE
b. PERFECTIVE I iri(.wlv)'f
sQm(.wly)-J
\lr
Thc }|-cnding occasionallyappearswith both weak and strongverbs;with weak vcrbs
onealsofindsthc endingi!. However,asa rule,no endingis written.
,,todo,,: ,t). iri ,,r. ,,,.iJil iri.y
lllac inf.: iri , )i. iri.w,
tit
rdi "to givc": a t rQi, : , rq!i.w,; ill rdi'y
Usage:
The perfcctive Passivcsdm(.wly)4 appearsprcdominantlyin advcrbial subordinate
clauseswith a nominalsubjcct;with a pronominalsubjectthe Old Pcrfcctivc($ Bl) is
uscd. Howcver,it also occursin main clauscsaftcr particlcsand in thc Emphatic
Construction.
In mainclauscs:
T;r:jf\i - lirt::' " )lr iii *- i"ll. , ", l'l;'ri :1. -m=k
wd(w)
sw(b=k(\743)pi r)-pr.w n.y )hL.v,rdi(.w)n=k hmw.wr n.t-''w=f "Bchold,it hasbcen
commandccl thatyou rcstorc(lit.: purify) this templeof Abydos.Craftsmcnhavebcen
(lit.: given)to you to organiseit."
assigncd
Thc following scntencccontainsthrcc examplcsof this form: thc first occursin an

EmphaticConstruction two in subordinate
in a mainclausc,thc follo'rving clauscs:
-[1.Lri'i,illl:'-
; ;ilij,\[',Vl iitllrl ii**ii-,)r|,.,,,',,'ir*\\Llilil
]lil"-l^*il-*i'1
cl n=snwch.lt smn! p)'wt=snm s!
,di.y rrt.*i(=i) m hw.t-nyrm lms(.w) n(.y) nlr smn
"(My) statueswcre placcd in thc templein thc following of the grcat god, offerings
havingbeenestablishcdfor them,their offeringbreadhavingbcenfixcd in writing."
fhqq$t'\\1 i, * (3 ( | * l\: ,'r'),,ri.y=i "r

I n(.t)s) RC.w'tmn.w-m'ht't
m lti.t-sp
was born in ycar I of the Sonof Re, Amcnemhet."(Emphaticconstruction)
Verb - PassiveForms 47
In subordinateclauses:
".] * (; \\ *'='-
*,,*\ *- $ $' .: N Y.i-.1
-- l'i,l\ H
ti)
l.)^l1)
i;\ b $ S.<$ " ' ri-1'-" il.liä I *- -" imi!1sf.rw
n=frni)w.trJ'n.thw.t-
nlr m sl n sl iwc n iwc pt!t(.w; t$st)7,t tl nhm.w'k.w=f df wcb.w=f"Let that temple
office be takenfrom him from sonto son andheir to heir, they (the heirs)bcing castto
thc ground (i.c. deprivedof their offices),his incomeand thc title deed of his meat-
offeringhavingbeenconfiscated."
.\ote: l. The Old Perfective($ 8l) is usedwhercthe subjectis pronominal.
2. lfthe logical subjcctis expresscd, it is introduccdby il- "by" (cp. ö 79, last
cxample).
c. PASSIVEsim.r=f I iri.yt=J' $ 78
Form of the weak stcm:
Illac inf.: iri "to do"

,.,ll,. iri.yt
msi "to bcar" ifiilil ",il ';
,rsi.yr(alsof,nl
Usage:
This fonn is thc passivccquivalentof thc fonn sQm.t=J'(S 73). Thc following scntcncc
containsan cxample of each:
ii - -^-li , , I
-^-fill]11..!1,1 rmte)rtftpr.tntr.w,,you
n msi.yt
!1pr.n=k
cameinto bcingbeforchumankindwasborn,beforcthc godscamcinto bcing."
simm=fl iri.w-J
d. FUTUREPASSIVE S 79
This is an Old Egyptianform. It is largclyrcplacedby formsof thc rw-Passivc ($ 76).
In Middle Egyptianit is found almost cxclusivclyin archaicor archaisingrcligious
tcxs, in particularthc Coffin Tcxts. It is charactcriscdby thc geminationof the last
radicalof thc strongvcrbs(exceptfor causatives); the fonniri.w=J'isfoundwith both
wcak andcausativcvcrbs.
'^'
i \)'"'/l ,]il:ir.w**"fii*''l pnhrmsf;n.r"o(you)silent
ll r,.., ippNN
oncs! This NN will bc examinedupon the birthing stool."
:s Ai o )
j ,.r\ - !'. .1,' rdi(.w) 11=J'ck.w=s
"Its (thc office's) income will be given to him."
Th
-"- rl:
Negationwith
Th
*^_.:, *ii,il-^_l\ T\ ]\, uifii* i\l''_i},'' n bf,=iin swn
: :Xi,rf fL-3
Jmm=iin lkr.w "I will not be graspedby Shu,I will not be graspedby the earth-gods."
s/m'!r{, sdm'kt4
TENSESsy'm.inJ,
S S0 3. THECONTINGENT
Form:
n () ': i'\
Thc clemcnt\* i4, 7rr',s1 Ä kl appearsbctwccnstcmand subject.
Usage:
is conditionalon
Thc activitycxpresscd
Thcscverbformsonly appcarin mainclauscs.
a prcviousaction.
a. CONTINGENTPERFECTsdm.in4"Now/thcnhc hcard"'"
Oftcn foundin narrativctcxts:
The cloqucntpcasantwasbcatcnandbcganto cry loudly:

'ir lr l,l tltt.inNntr.y-nftt
pnm k)ifirw-k
,l ii1*-.$i:4)!i'*. \lr.,,tt:r.'il,'l'll.'ri'ir'
said:'Do not raiscyour voicc,peasant!"'
sfi./y"ThcnthisNcrnty-nakht
saysto thc pcasant:"Watchout, pcasant,lcst you trcadon rny clothingl

Ncrnty-nakht
iii;iilii ,, liil' " etd.in r{te)
hsi.r=r'(5
ptt it'i.y=i 16"n
, 1ii*--ilili.l;ii*.,, s!1.ry l)t:
said:'[ will do whatyou will praisc!"'
thispcasant I rl :
thc
King Khufu corntnands that thc lcctor pricst Djcdi bc broughtto him and thcn hc thc
i i - . ' . | , : - , i i i i f l y l s t l . i t l t w ' n = f ' D"cTt h
i cn
h i r n s c l f g o c s i n t o r h c a u d i c n c c c h a mob e r :
Djcdi wasushcrcdin to hirn ..." (rr'r-Passivc) Th
"Thcnhc hcars"'"
b. CONTINCENTAORIST scJm.!1r-J
Thc pcrson for whom a particularritual is performed:"hc is powcrful amongstthe
"ls
..!l-',jjli]ti\* wnn.!1r-Jmi,ytcim=snthenheislikconcofthcm."
go,lr,,..=.().--'
sel
by )
sQm.lrJ oftcnfbllowsa conditionalclauscintroduced ir' ($ I 3 I ):
1] 'l)',,]db' äf 1iii ,'L ;,. swi-Jmw stp.br=l'"If he drinkswater,thenhe

chokes."
Verb- ConlinpentTenses 49
The construction!1r-JsQmy'hasthe samemeaning:

The deceasedhas successfullypassedonc of the gatesof thc netherworld:"Thcn he
rcachesanothergate. He finds the two sistersstandingthere.
().il*._ jit t,lil -,
I _-\,.
ll*: ,. . l * : . , , , lt_ . , , , , * , \ * ^ - - l l *
dd.hr=snn=f mi sn=n tw hr=sn !c=stt Ir.t hnc sp.ty n.t ltm rn.w=sn
Thcn they say to him, 'comc, that wc may kiss you!' Then thcy cut off thc nose and
lips of him who docs not know their names."
c . C O N T I N G E N TF U T U R E s Q m . k ) = l ' " T h ch
n e w i l l / s h o u l dh c a r . . . "
(cxprcsscsconscquencc):
In a tornb inscription thc visitors to thc tornb arc callcd on to ntakc an offcring to thc
tornb owncr frorn what thcy mav havc with thcrn:
'ii,
"lt' you havc nothing with you, I l-!ilr ---- . ..." dd.kl=tn nt rl=ttt thcn you
s h o u l sd a y . . . "
Thc dcccased
says:"lfyou do not Ict mc cscapc froln nry cncrnics.
. . / \ .; [ , , r i i l { - , . ,, : ; i i ,. .l it= -l,i-,-
-.
i;t ^. ;),lriiili.,,ii *.i
ii.\. ir..:l)
) v _ l\\\
pri .B HCpyr p.t cnh=f'mnt)..t

hli.k) (i)r=f'RC.w
r ntw'n!=f m rm.w
thcn Hapy will go forth to thc sky, that hc may livc off Maat,
thcn Rc will dcsccndto thc watcr, that hc may livc ofTfish."
Thc construcliors l1l=JscJm=fIk) s{m=f havc thc samc rncaning:

' 'i"',lrt '
"May you clo as l say. i;l:t,,' : ]' kl htp Mlc.t r s.t=s Thcn
Maatwill rcstin hcrplacc."
'['l]!--* - i /,
-"-'
"ls it a Nubian? i,^.i. ,, kl iri-n mk.t=rt Thcn wc will protcct our-
'
sclvcs."(' \\:jil ro,' " lil., $ 3 7 ) .
- (rtcrtvr volcE)
oF THEWEAKVERBS
ovoRvtEw oF FORMS SrBir'rs
of the verb lbrms (active voice)

TnBLB I - Weak vcrb: stems
Notes
I Nonrinalvcrb 1iln.u(s\7l ' l )'
2 Vcrbalvcrb lomr ($ 7l '2)'
t So,',.tc -N'cndingwith a tlounsubjcct'
Illac inf-.vcrbshavea a rr ($5s7l 3; 138)'
t ' I j; rcgja'ly lirllowsncgation
t oftc't notniualu.,u ru''t.,-''Ä'i (s 7l'4)
pcrformativcstatcmcuts
t(u r.äl .ni tbrm oi','eiiin
, oft",.,vcrbarvcrb r,,,r,"'"i-'',cii
Old Perfective 51
5) oLD PERTECTIVE(alsocalled"Stative","Qualitative"or "pseudo-participlc") $81

Forms and rvritingsof the endings:
Forms Writinss
sg. l.c. .Äw(olderform .fti)
2.c. .tt
3.m. .ll'
(oftcn not writtcn;
3.f. .ri
pl. 1.c. .Wt!"17 '
, ir (both rarclv attcstcd)
2.c. .tu'ny
3.m./c. .w (sornctirncs.y)
du. 2.c. .fii'ny
3.m. .11y
3.f. .ty i
lYote: Thc cndings ir', i' and (for rl) arc writtcn bcforc thc dctcnninativc,thc othcrs
aftcr. Thc cnding cannot bc scparatcdfrorn thc vcrb stcrn by any othcr clcrncnt.Thcrc
is also a rarcly-uscdcncling i 1ri; for thc 3rclpcrsonpl. fcm.
llac gcrn.: "to bc cool" kb.ri

IIIacinl-.: "to dcsccnd" h ti.kw,
lrrcgular: "to do" iri.ku,
"to comg" iu,i.ti
iyi ku'
"to give" rqli.kw
di.kw
Usage:
a statc)'
perfecttense,partlyasa Stative(expressing
l. Theold Perfectiveis partlyusedasa
2. TransitiveVcrbs:
vcrbsusuallyhaspassiuemcaning:
o In Middle Egyptianthc old Perfcctiveof transitivc
Intheinstructionstothevizicramcsscngcrisclirectedtointroducchismessage
rLl ''^*'iii:::-iii hlh.kv'm ttpw, n('t) sr ntn "I have
as follows: rl' "\ \\'r,',rr
bcensentwith a message of thc officialso-and-so'"
oActiveusagcwithtransitivcvcrbsisrarc,onlyl.fi''tolcarn/know''isrcgularly
t' 't-n1O1; "l
"ti ']'!"'l '- ." l'". r!1'ku'ilt=sn i.rr('w')t\qe)
uscdin this way: r: carth'"
onc who docsit on
kncw thatit (usticc) is bcncficialfor thc
Usagc:
3. IndePcndcnt
I n a t n a i n c l a u s c t h c o l c l P c r f - c c t i v c i s u s c c l i n d c p c nusagc
c l c n in
t l ywhich
' i ' c . w thc
i t h oOld
utaprcccding
Old llgyptian
particlc,only in thc l'st pcrson'This.isân
Pcrl-cct:
i'crfcctivefunctionsasan acliveHistoric
(s7s2) n('v') l.tu'n'w
,,il-,,,\., i\.,,i;1,,;1i,-- i :.,'r...,:''l')ill' rc.li.kiin'r g!)nr.w
.1,. ,il,
conlc"'"
nfi.w "Icauscclthata troopof youngmcn
'l
rulcr confcrrcd with rnc' t q/r/A'iI saicl"'"
Sinuhc rccounts: "This
it only appcars in a conplcx vcrb Fonn(g$ 91c,95'2)'
othcrwisc,in maincrauscs
clauscs:
4. In subordinatc
clattscs'
Thc Old Pcrfoctivcis rnainlyuscdin subordinatc '
l'' '"'' ''; ';ii iri'rvi hnt''w3 wci'kw"I
Thc shipwrc.f.".r,uifo""to'"'''..-;i
spcntthrecclays,I bcingalonc'"(Stativc)
will bc mlclc 13r thc d'av
Sinuhcis tolcl:"A funcraryproccssion Y?' -".1 "'.0":t"],' l:
' 'il l ' ' th t ' k 4 t ' t \ t )
i n n c rc o f f i no l ' g e t c (l .i t s )h c a do f l a p i s l a z u l i . thc bicr." (Stativc)
m mstp.tthcsky/ncavcn uuou"y,,u,yo,, hauingbccnplaccdon
do thc likc
Incni adclrcsscs thc readcrsof his biograpliy:"May yo.u9bt:y" 1ly*9,lolitics, '"t'l'"
.*'i'i w)h cn!t=1n tp ti
ill-i' ' )j''l i'"ll
thcrcof;(it) will bc bencficialfor you, ;. '" (Stative)
you beingprosperous"
wQllwnyyourlit-ewill endureon carth'
Inlrnutve )5
-1i - .,\ -- ll l
\ -Yf I F ,', I .. gmi.n=isw r!(.w) s/ "I found him, he alreadyknowing it."
Stative)
5. As an advcrbialpredicatein the Pscudo-verbal
Construction($$ 8G88).
6. In wishes:
.n the2nd and3rd pcrsonthe Old Perfcctivccanbe usedto cxprcssa wish:
'it
' , - i''.;-
ill
)'tI iyi.ti n =l "You are come to me", i.e. "Welcome!"
-ii ) f
ln the sct phrasc .11,'nb( w) wdl( w) snh(.w) "May hc livc, prosperandbc healthy!"
l,i ltll cn!1.ti

F.',,.r.:f w8t.ri
snb.ti
")INFINITIVE $82
Forms:
\\'ithout ending:
't')\
3-radical: sdm .;' "to hcar"
IIac gem.: khb ,f jl I liiä ,,tobc cool,,
2-radicalr: nn "to rcmain"
tl'I
4-radical: w,sttl "-* ^ "to stricle"
causative
3-radical: {nb l.!t.r, "to vivify"
I
Exccption: vcrb ljrr i,)\ /j .fill "to go" hasthc /-ending:.fn./
Thc2-radical
r-ending:
causativc2-radical smn.l ' "to makc [irm"
t-endingor (infrequenQwithout ending:

lIIae inf.: hli.t )r', -ar "to fall" (l-endingprcdorninant)
bdi ,i) -,'L (also/rty tr,[.)\"to
"to traveldownstrcam"
seek"and tri --îl,lil ",o becomeold")
lVae inf.: m)wy ): [\Lt "to bc ncw"
hmsi.t ii vt "to sit"
Irregular:
"to do"
"to givc"
"to comc"
"to bring,fctch"
T h c i n f ' r n i t i v c i s a n o m i n a l f o r m o f t h c v c r b a n d a s s u c h i t S h a r c s t nto
a n cxprcss
yofthccharac-
can bc l"ll:.*"9 !1,.,1.^t:lttx-pronoun
tcristics of nouns' c'g' it
posscssion($28.1),itianfonnpartofadircctgcnitivcconstruction(sl8)andcan
i..u" u. thc objcctofccrtainvcrbs'
OFTHE,INFINITIVI]
AND OBJECT
A) SUBJECT
$ 83 l. Subjcct
'';
a. introduccdbY '- ... irl "bY":
,:,r1l,i;,,'.i;"it*--ir',,tr.v/i.rs)!r.w,inttr.r--ttlh(.t)"Rccitingoftransfigurationsby
thc lcctorPricst'"
b.lfthcsubjcctispronominal'aninclcpcndcntpcrsonalpronounisuscd(S26):
' t'rm-kl4'""' togcthcrwith thcir
i - . -,,it-, ,.,.r :lrll- ... l.ttfpri't iltsttnt-sl
goingforth bchindhis ka-pricst'"
,.rli1i' "throughhis saying
jt,l l ii , -t,.. ij u,iii;i! nr tltl st nrf r-y,s.it'.y-.r.{nr
('rrclcpcnclcnt pronounobjcct)
it in thc p'"'"*t of thc official"
cithcr as a suffix-
casc of inlransilivevcrbs, thc subjcctsomctilncsappcars
c. ln thc
'
.-. \r' I , ,-A'i',') , m pri.t=.f
pronoun:
tp.t "at his first going fbrth"
' -"' ^"^" " '-' ' ' rl' ' m pt'i't'T'fl "llt thc going
constructton:
or as a nounin a clircctgcnitivc
forth of thc sem-Pricst'"
d.Witlrtrqnsitivevcrbs,thcclircctgcnitivcconstructionisonlypossiblcifboth
subjcctandobjcctarccxPrcsscd:
Subjcctandobjcctbothnouns:
the two lands'"
,t,.,-\' rdi.t Mn!'w /3'wy "Month'sgiving
Inltnrlwe )5
.. subjectand object arc both pronouns,the subjectappearsas a suffix-pronoun,the

rtcct asa dependent personalpronoun:
'- ti
i ,\i .- rQi.t4 sv,r it-.yp(.t hlt.y-(.w,,,Hisappointinghirn as princc
,::dCount."
l, Objcct
$ 84
-:lc
infinitivcis a nominalfonn of thc vcrb, thcreforcthe objcctof thc verbalcontcnt
:'a transitivcvcrb is attachcdto thc infinitivcas a gcnitivc;if thc objcct is pro-
r,rninal, it usuallyappcarsas a suffix-pronoun:
;.r r )i;'l |');D iyi.n=ihr tnrs=f
. carncfollowinghirn."
:.'.tcption:thc dependcnt
pcrsonalpronoun ,' .r/ (S 27) standsfor thc ncutral',it" or
' ..' 3rd pcrsonplural.
--'ssficqucntly,if thc sub.jcct

fbllowsthc infinitivcasa noun,an indcpcndcnt personal
i'r'trlloul-l
or a suffix-pronoun,thc objcct can takc thc fonn of a noun or clcpcndcnt
:--'rsonalpronoun(sccabovc$ 83 d).
',( )RDotlDER:suffix-pronoun,dcpcnclcnt
pronoun,inclcpcndcnt pronoun,noun({ I l7)
, USACEOFTFIEINFINITIVE
$ g5
l..\s thc ob-jcct r/i ,,tocausc,,,
of ccrtainvcrbs,sucha" llrl "to colrlnand,,, ntl),,,to
--'.-".ru'l "to wish",.fi "dctcrrninc,
cornr.nand".
- llii- .ili,' ($72)
^l-. w,Qhnt-J schcw,clptt "His Majcsty cornrnandcd thc
-:r'ctionof thisinscription."
l. Followingprcpositions,
c.g.:
llr + inf.:Cornplcx AoristII accompanying
circurnstancc,"whilc",{ 93
nt -l inf.: Progrcssivc with vcrbsof movcmcntin placc
of hr + infinitivc
r f inf.: purposc,futurc
-l-inl.: "at thc tirnco1,whcn"
ü.li
nr-ht + inf.: "aftcr"
,^-
-1.Following-.-". nn "without"(ö{ 136c,l43b)
J. In rccordsof cxpcditionsandmilitarycampaigns
in "tclcgraphstylc"to sct thc scencof
.rncvent(sccalsocxamplc2 in ö 138):
\ 'il-.
esty: I\ i;:*- i * " l."1^\\':
,5,i:,1t.jtl^ i ! . ' r I ) , q . . : . [ ' o , . ? ] < t t i ' ^ - ^t lili i i
',*I\-
il,ir,.''il.,,*t.#- tr\ r'L:.'-,-*-.,+-: hti.tn=fin c.wt!/s.wtiwi't
i n g h s . t b k j . t h r ! m . t h r = s r r m t ' w h f t h r ' s i w i r . t y = s h r m j h r s ] s ] . n nhim
C n of
= sgame
h ] = s rofS p r - S r
dcscending to
y'wpn Sps r inr pn iwf Ä 5.1'Sn'ipn'n('y) nb-'nbpn The
gazcilc,walking (with) its facc towardsthe
the hill country,thc coming of a pregnant it until
peoplein front of it, li. toot infstraight ahcadwithout its looking behind
"VEsrock, at this stone,it being in its (original)position,
its arrival at this spteniid
(determined)forthislidofthissarcophagus.''(Thetextthencontinueswiththc
narrativcforms$ I l3 und S 95'3)'
j;li,,.i ] -\'.1,,4',, iS"" !*,,'I''J.' 1,,,':."'z''ii''

ti'" ':i'if'l
tr""'rt:;'"1i. +i ().\:")"'. 'ii"
it in,. - .,.','',.'
ii'u,',.'.'i)\,t';,- ,liljil-
i]. m-l3tnnv,Q)r Rl2wr ici.rih=.füt hß.u'rsprohnll
r N h r n g , m i . t h m = . f ' c n h ( ' w ) v ' d l ( ' w ) s n b ( ' w ) l r ' w p f l s J s k w w ' n ' i n 1 1to
21=flr-l'i'1(\e'{\'ftj'r
.J.t im-stt,,Aftcrthis-(ihcNubiun.un'paign): Dcpartingto Rctcnuin ordcr vent his
wrath throug1rout t6" io.cign lands;uiriuat'of his Majcstyat Naharin;His Majcsty's
-prosperous
finding - lnay hc livc, bc and hcalthy- that cncmy;his opcningbattlc'
ThcnHisMajcstymadcagrcatslaughteramongstthcln.''(Thcaccountcontinucsin
narrativcstYlc).
5. As a caPtion
AccompanYing a scencin a totnb:
irjf:,;q stlmlt
t,,'N.::; i -*lti
l;l ,',,,,,ü i,i.rii.-^--l..,.,,r,--- ih.nrih(.u'\
nfrmin.wn(.w)sb.wttl-mh'w'inv'nu''t(y)'lmn'ws'fNlrr"Distractingthchcart(i'c'
takingrccrcation),IookingatthcbcautyofthcproductsofthcficldsofLowcrEgypt
by th! hourwatchcrof Amun,thc scribcNakht'"
ln thc titlc of a book'
' ' ,t
;; i;:\ .' \ forthby day" (titlc of thc Book of thc Dcad).
pri.t nt hrw(.w),,Going
s86 7) THE PSEUDO-VERBALCONSTRUCTION
P s e u d o - v e r b a l C o n s t r u c t i o n i s t h c t c r m u s c d f o r t h o s c s c nprcpositions
t c n c c s w h ftr'
ichhavcas
followingthc
predicatceithcr(1) an old Perfectivcor (2) an infinitivc
sentcncesarc Advcrbial Scntcnccsof
nl or r. From a syntacticpoint of vie*, ihes"
type2 ($ 44).
($ 89f0' and somereplaccccrtarn
They belongto thc group of Complcx Vcrb Forms
otherverb fonns, c.g.
Pseudo-verbalConstruction 5l
l. iw{ LtrlmsQm(: complex Aorist II / progressive, 93) - mainly progressive

$ - in
mcaning;canbe uscdin placeof the ComplexAorist I iw() sQm_-ff qZ)
S
2. iw'J r sdm (: complex Future,s 94) - the commonlyusedfuture; can replace
the
Future(Prospective)selm46 j4.
a) PREDICATE
$87
l. Old Perfectivc:
a. with transitiveverbswith passivcmeaning(cxccption:r.! "to know", g l.2)
$
b. with vcrbsof movcmcnt- focuson rcsultingsituation
- describcs
c. with adjcctive-vcrbs a statcor condition(Stativc)
2- hr +infinitivc:complcxAorist|I / progrcssive Qg6 (m + inf.g 93,r+ inf. g 94)

a. with transitivcvcrbswith activcrncaning
b. with vcrbsof movcmcnt- inficqucnt,usualrycxprcssccl by m + inf. ($ 93)
c. with adjcctivc-vcrbs
d. with intransitivcvcrbswhichcxprcssan action("to spcak"etc.)
Examplcs:
l.a. ; i'-' ' ,iir

";') hlt.t rdi.t(i)hr tl "Thcbow-warphasbccnpraccdon rarrd.',
'
b. i,ll -i\ "mtcpri(.w) "Thc arrnyhasgoncforth (andis now in thc flcld).,,
t)'
c. ,''rio\i" ! ih-J )wi(.v,) ,,Hishcartis widc (i.c.joyful).,,
2.a- tr\i;t ]] i" ,,,'l ii [i iw nt.rc

pn rrrmi] "Thisannywatchccr.',
(progrcssivc)
'!.t ' 1,,,ir ,,f
" I i ,.i 1 iif; ... i _ -l i l " ,.r ::ijitl t,,.wnm t...hr t,sr i{ $3s)
hnk.t "he atc brcad... anddrankbccr."(ComplcxAorist II)
b. 'i\ltit'oll,,i,, ^ jl\ lL'
t, it 'i
i r y = ih r s ! 1 s n
! t - s t = sh r r d . w y , , lr a n a f t c r
hcr (themarc)on foot."(progrcssivc)
c. iil )\'.,; '11 ,' 'j;.'til'l] ihw
hr mrwi "Fceblcncss is rcncwed,,, (progrcssivc)
d. j\: ; :i' )ji T'. ' jjl. " m=kwihr sprn=k"Loolqlappcalroyou!',(progressive)
t, ,; 'oi,
Note: Thc infinitive q1dis often not writtcn afterhr: ia it h, nt t ,
'Hc
nh=npw "Evcryonc(says), is our lord."'
s ss b) suBJECr
l f t h e P s c u d o . v c r b a l C o n s t r u c t i o n f o t m s a n i n d c p e n d everb;
n t m athese
i n c l acan
u s also
e , t hbc
cnthepro-
sublect must be supported uv p"rii.r".or an auxiliary
nominal "
is a noun (cp' $$ 43' 44)' e'g':
fi.r.nt whcn the subject
1. Thc Particlciw:
' '
i,'i:' iji il.,' il , iu'=l ltp 'kw "r am laden'"
ti,,.|.,, m l.ttp"This goclsct out in pcacc'"
, \. i,rl* \,' , i:)r ,:i - iv'nlr prt wc-!l('w)
(Insubordinatcclauscsthcparticlciwisonlyuseclwithapronominalsubjcct;s46b).
pronounr 27):
2. Thc particlcrr'Ä (with a depcndcnt
'i;.' 'ti),ii 1' ' I appcalto you!"
, i";::'. , m=k vrihr spr n=Ä "Bchold'
.ilr,, ;.rro, il tl .on bc uscdhkc m-k (5 37)'
3. Thc ruxiliuryvcrbN'rtrt or tltt irt:

Construction - cxprcsscsfuturc:
^. v'nn/ | Pscudo-vcrbal
')i:,';i - (i'c' appcar
'-1,' .,
. hnc=k"l will bc judgcdwith you
i ,' ,, u'rtn-iv'c.!'.kv'
:-: ;{
bcforc thc court)."
- tnarksclctncntsin a scqucnccofcvcnts:
ls.v,n.in=l'* Pscudo-vcrbalConstruction
- tt" - '
"Thcn thcY thrcw
I v ' n . i n = s tht r r q l i ' ts t h r h . w , t - s n
i : - - "j - . i l lt',,'ll
thcmsclvcsuPon thcir bcllics'"
hcartof His
ii'li::-. v'rt'ittih n'y trn=f Ab(u') "Thcn thc
i--i:-r'i'-.-,,iljli ' -'t.
joyful)'"
Majcstybccamccool (i'c' was
VERBFORMS
$ s9 8)COMPLEX
or auxiliaryvcrbs.ThcY lonl
by particlcs
ComplcxVerbFonnsarcthoscintroduccd
mainclauscsthatstanclatthcbcginningofascntcncc.
li
$ 90 a) INTRODUCED BY THEPARTICLE lu'
a statemcnt ("lt is thc cascthat "'")'lt:::1*
in,introduccsclauscswhich contain which introduccsa ncw sectionof
ch(.n,
"'
of an ln.ont.u.t
account, i-o
the bcginning
($ 95)'
nurruti"u.wit[in a longcraccount
Complex VerbForms 59
1.PRESENTPERFECT S 91
a. iw -f sdm.n4 "he (has)hcard"- fonned predominantlywith transitiveverbs,nevcr
rvithverbsof movement(in placcof which in,+ Old Pcrfcctivc- scc$ 9l c).
In an "idealautobiography":
,..l.jl'Xiillti li. l[- \): li ),1'i,r)i.n(=i)rnhkrhhs.wtt|Bwly,,thavcgivcn
brcadto the hungryandclothingto thenakcd."
In a sequcnccof activiticsof an official at thc annualfcstivalof Osiris in Abydos
'l '
(prcsumably
i "r
jil i;i1i,'' -
hc regularlytook part): | -.1a1;" " ,iililL
t ,i-' -**liril) iv,
, tq':..',,, w,l.v,ttllr r nt.ltc.t4.bnt.(:,)tpkr iw ntJ.rt=i
etsr.n=i
Wnn-nfrhrw.wpf n(.y) chl cl "I clcarcdthc way of thc god to his tornbwhich is in
tiont of Pckcr.I protectcdWcnncfcr(on) thatday of thc grcatbattlc."
Thc scrvantIrisu writcsto his rnastcrSi-ka-iunu:"Thc ovcrsccrhnpy saidto rnc:
-. ii
' )11' iw,rQi.n=in-J hsh-J 'l havcgivcn hirn thrcc workcrs'."
b. iw + Passivcs/m(.v,)'J "hc hasbccnlrcard"

'r';' -"-'
), , ) \ll'
i ')'. ,, \' ,,;'' iw,r4i .w,n=k!lw, "Air has bccn givcn to you."
c. i u' + Old Pcrfcctir"' iy,-J iyi.w,"hc catnc/hascornu"_-prcdominantlywith

intransitivcvcrbs and vcrbs of nrovcmcnt(scc $ 9la).
At thc start of a biography:

"Thc trcasurcrand solc companion,caravanlcadcr and troop cornmandcrIntcf says:
-l- *-
. ( ) ', ,\ iiij, i
, ,, lliri. ,.i:- u NN iv,!rdi.k(w,)!ttti.k(w,) hn( NN 'l travcllcd downstrcarn
and upstrcarnwith NN ...' "
l. COMPLEX AORIST l: iw(-,|)s4m4 "hc can hcar/hears" $ 92

This fonn is uscd for gcncrally acccptcdstatcmcnts,c.g. in a provcrbial saying:
jli * ir: -- ,r L):
,'' *;ii' f-) ,\*\\. I )i' iwr)n(.y)sinhm-J'sw"Thcrnouth(i.c.thewords)of
a Inanrcscuchim."
iw4'hrlm sQnt"he hcars/ishcaring"

3. COMPLEXAORISTII or PROGRESSIVE: S 93
Frorn a formal vicwpoint, thcsc constructionsbclong to the so-callcdPscudo-vcrbal
Constructions ($$ 8G-88).Thcy are usedfor incornplctcactionsor to dcscribea statc
or condition.
Note the following distinctions:

a. with transitiveverbs: iw-J hr sQm "he hears/ is hearing"
/ is coming"
b. with intransitiveverbsof movenlent:iw'J m iwi .t "he comes
c. with intransitiveadjcctive-vcrbs: iu'Jhmsi.w (old Perfcctive$ 8l) "hc sits"
Examples:
a. iw=f * hr + infinitive
i ; i ; . i j i ' ? * . . \ , :l ; i i i i j i . . i i $ . i i n - * ' 1 , , . ! i iw,=ihrrQi.tpty=imtyn(.v)stnst=i

';l giuc my (officeof) controllcrof a (priestly)phylc to my son'"
b. iv,-J+ ln + infinitive (alwaysProgrcssive)

ti it
",,,.1îl,r.:i.t:i ,',, .,): Äiii-,, gmi.n-i ftfi.w,pwiw=f m iyi.t"l discovercd
wasa snakecotning."
,,Hcfoundhim going out of thc door of his housc."(Hcrc thc forrn is embcddcdin a
thc complcx Aorist II,
vcrbalslauscwhoscouicct"y,, "hilll", scrvcsas the subjcctof
i.e. standsin Placcof iw=.f'.)
c. iu' l'l OldPcrfcctivc
il'. .\., , iv'=ku'r'./(i)"You arcgrcat."
';'t I 'i'
'li l i)"r ' r . , 'i iw=s t3l!1.tiftr ,d.v'y-s "She (the rnare)was swift on her
f?
:r. -/J\ il
lcgs."
S 94 4. COMPLEXFUTUREiw4'r sr|m "hc will hcar"

con-
alsobclongsto thc Pscudo-vcrbal
From a fonnal point of vicw, this construction
($ 86, sccalso$ 85'2)'
structions
L1fi.,i , iw dp.tr iyi.tm hnv,"A shipwill comcfrom thc

,.-,,f lill,r, \Xll,i;,.1
rcsidcncc."
VERB Fa,h,.n
By THEAUXTLTARY
b) TNTRODUCED
$ 95
c/rc.nforms "narrativcforms" which mark the beginningof a
With certainvcrb forms,
new scctionof narrativcwithin a longcrpassage ($ 90)'
|.(hC.tt+PERI..ECTslnt.n.J($71)-predominantlywithtransitivcvcrbs
Complex VerbForms 6l
ThenIsis said to thesegods,'Why then havewe come,if not to do marvelsfor these

;hildren,that we may give an accountto their father,who sentus?'
- ')
.]ilil)!*-''lc ..'']\ti,lil chc.n h..w,3 n.y nb ,nb(w)
msi.n.sn
. qll(.u) snb(.w) Then they formed three crowns (lit.: diadems of a lord), may he livc,
:r-ospcrand be healthy!"
l. 'h'.n + OLD PERFECTIVE(S 8l) mostly with intransitivc verbs and verbs of
:--iovcmcnt
. hc ovcrseerHcnu saysthc king scnt him to Punt:
' "..1 til' \,.. ' I ./,..n

..4. i;,1.. pt.i]w m Gbtyw,,Thcn I sct out from Coptos.,'
3. cl.rc.rr+ PERFECTIVEPASSIVEsrln(.wly)4 ß 77)

''\'hilc
thc mctnbcrs of an expcdition watch, a gazcllc givcs birth on a block of stonc
.rhich thc cxpcdition is to quarry.
t,,i' '{f,''
*i- , ]l,rll '4'., !c.w rtltb.t=s "Thcn its throat was cut (and it was
.lcrificcd)."
1. 'l.tc.rt+ (HISTORIC)PERFECTsclm=f(g 72)

' -,hr.,,
- i''))' )t J;', r r J i =w
f i m r t = f " T h c n i t ( t h c s n a k c )p u t r n c i n i t s
nrottth."
; t INTRODUCEDBY THE AUXILIARY n'l.il (attcstcdonly infrcqucntly)

$e6
'trr.in@ + (HISTORIC?)PERFECT sc_lmJ'has both contingcnt charactcr (g B0) and
propcrticsof thc Aorist (S 70) and is found in narrativc tcxts; thc idcntiry of thc sdm4'
torrn is unccrtain.
Thc children of thc vizier rcad his tcaching and found that it was good.
' j:--,]-i,l-l,.'ll*'tr i; l"*1;',
l1-\ii w t t . i n ( h c = . s nh n t s i = s hn J i ( . v , ) , , T h c nt h c y a c t c c l
l l i t . : s t o o da n d s a t )a c c o r d i n g l y . "
Thc king was told of Sinuhc'ssituation:

t 'tr ' '.
'-'.ii. h l1-."!1 oür),1" w,n.in ftr )w.t-c.w,,Thcn
hnt4'htb4'tt=i
HisMajcsfysentto mcwithgifts."
62 Accidence qnd SvntcLr
$ 97 9) FINITE VERB FORMS INTRODUCED BY ln.ft AND lsr
( S \3 7 )
a) m=K:THE PRESENTATIVE
m=k attractsthe attcntion of the pcrson addresscdand can introduce every vcrb form:
l. nr=A+ PERFECT.sdm.n4(\ 71)

tt
il;i. ; ),.1 .-,,i' m=kph.rt-rt f n.w "Bchold, we havc rcachcdthe residencc!"
m=k can also prccedethc ncgativeparticlc "'"- n (s\$37,133):

',',
r:s);r';.1
jir,il ,-^-i, .,',1 ^---... il . , , = t n u , c l = t tttN
, mn.t ir.y "Bchold,onc has
not comrnandcdto do thc likc thercof."
2. nt=k+ PERFECTIVEPASSIVEsslnr(.w,l1t)=.f ($ 77)

'illr" '
,iil ' ; )jl nt=k ntsi(.u,)n=k llrd.v,-l "Bchold, thrcc chilclrcnhavc bccn
born to you."
b) THE PARTICLEl.r! (S 37) introduccsa clausc that providcs backgroundinforrnatiorr

about thc action cxprcsscdin thc rnain clausc:
l . i s 1 + P E R F E C Ts e l n . n = .(/$' 7 1 )
My Majcsty cornrnandsthc construction of thc tcrnplc Pjah, w h i c h is in thc

,of .
'l 'l
Tcmcnos of rny lathcr Amun. . ., that hc ntay appcar in it . . .
.
';,, .,.
i,.r .;
i,,.,,]p':l) ),.I ii.lii'
I
--.. -.',, li ,,,1r, i r;l\ :,
':il ' '
'i,..:., ' '.j
:" , .-..,. i ist ,qnri.rt ltnt=i ltw.t-n[r tn nt kcl nr r]h.t n,!t).n,
sb).v'y-5 n lrt n')i(.u') r u')slmli u'4! hnvi prl ls hr lm'.t-n1rttt nt nt":y-'.t"Now, llly
Majcsty having fbunclthis tcrnplc built of bricks, thc colulnnsand doors of wood lallcn
into ruin, my Majcsty clccrccsthat thc cord bc strctchcdovcr this tcrnplc Ancw."
2 . i s 1+ P B I I F E C T I V E
P A S S I V Es e l n r ( . u , l y ) . 1 .7' G
7)
without inlorrttingthc
Thc king has rctumcd in hastcto thc rcsiclcnccwith his cntoLrragc
*, I ,.i,
anny. I l,'. iii ,! i s t h l h . v , r n t s . r r ? . t ) , r " ' M c a n w h i lt ch,c r o y a l
childrcn had bccn scnt to, (onc of thcm was callcd out to as I stood ncarby ...)."
c ) T E X T P A S S A G I iIl l u s t r a t i n g$ $ 8 9 - 9 7
''r.,,.
t I
! li,''.-.; -' , .,,
''i' , ' ;ri
]- ,li I'iir.. ill ,
,' r--i. ';l:. . |^\
::\ r'i ltr.\ -- iw rQi.n H r.w-nd-hr-is-J\t')
Participles 63
rn hr=i r llnw r ini.t Hr.w Nln l.tncmw.t+ ls.t m)c.t hrw rQi.n-J(t7t2c)r,i m hr.y im(w)
e7b'$7r'2c)(w,)i r07)c|c.p=!
is.t is! grt r!.n--f ß m sr mnl n.y hu:.t-ntr--frs-tp hr sv,!ft).rt=fß
e52) ($7l 2c)pr,'.r, '
ldi .kw,($ /??ntl(w nfr tcti.n=i N ln ltr .v'l'Gi) ltnc nm,.t4
"(Thc god) Harcndotus ordered me to the residcncc, in ordcr to fctch Horus of Nekhcn
and his mothcr Isis, justificd. Hc appointcd mc (as) commander of a ship and crcw, hav-
ing rccognised mc as an cfficicnt official of his temple, watchful ovcr that which he
commanded. Thereupon I travcllcd north with a good wind, having taken up Horus of
Nekhcn and his mothcr in (my) anns (i.c. having takcn chargcof thcm)."
I O )P A R T I C I P L E S $e8
a) ITORMS:
Likc adjcctivcs,participlcshavc gender and numbcr with corrcspondingcndings.
Thcrc arc thrcc "tcnscs":

a . l m p c r f c c t i v c : f o r a c t i o n st h a t a r c i n p r o g r c s s ,w h i c h a r c r c p c a t c do r w h i c h
occur rcgularly (corrcspondsto thc Aorist).
b. Pcrfcctivc:foractionswhcrcthcdurationofthcactionisnotofirnportancc,
u s u a l l yi n t h c p a s tb u t a l s o i n t h c p r c s c n t( c . g . i n c p i t h c t s ) .
c . P r o s p c c t i v c : f o r p o s s i b l co r c x p c c t c da c t i o n s ;i n p a s s i v cl i k c L a t i n g c r u n d i v c .
Thcrc arc both activc and passivcvoicc.
l. InrpcrfcctivcParticiplc see
Active Passivc
3-raclica
I s(nr(.u,) sQnt.tt,
2-raclical 4d(..u') qld.v,

I l l a ci n f h | )(.u;1 nll'r.v'
llac gcur. Äöh(.

u') ntji.w,
It't irr(.u,) I rr.w,
rdi cld(u') dd.v,

i w , i ;i y i iyi( n ' )
Thc singularcnding-w is scldomwrittcrrin thc activc,in thc passivcoccasionally. A

full activc plural cncling-yr.r,is sornctirncs
written: 'r i::.rili]
,i who
' "q1r,.y",,"thosc
lrcar";othctwir", ,\i'l,ii mrr.(y)w"thoscwho lovc" or only : ': u,ntt.(yw,)"thosc who
64 Accidenceand SYntar
of the passive
exist". In the passiveplural only one lv is written, i'e' the writing
-r , o' Prr.t.
singularandpluralis idcntical.Feminineformsonly havethe ending:
Note'. geminationof the IIae gem.and Illae inf vcrbs'
$ 100 2. PcrfcctiveParticiPlc
Active Passive
\:,\ sdm sdm.w
3-radical
a0 i'r:. I cJd.w,;qldd.y
2-radical
lllae inf. j nln irijü iii mri.y',mri.w
IIac gcm. \.\ mi

trt lrt.))
trl
rdi rdi r1i.y,r{i.1'r
tw,i t y t
f '
:i ,rl , -x tlt'l ryr
show a furthcr lorm

In thc passivc, in aclclitionto thc fornqltl.w, thc bi-radical vcrbs
IIIac inf. vcrbs usually
with gcrnination:gtdd.yI t-lctd.v,.lnthc masculinc singular, thc
-w is solnctitncswrittcn in thc activc, scldorn
havc thc cncling ll; f. fn" plural cncling
in thc passivc.
$ l0l 3. ProspcclivcP:rrliciPlc
participlcis almostcomplctclyrcplaccdby
In Middlc Egyptian,thc activeprospcctivc
($ I l2).
thcsdm.ty--fi-Fonn
Participles 65
b) USACEOF THE PARTICIPLE
1. Nominalusage:
$ 102
a. As a noun:';t i;;'j)t ,nr.r "onewho hears/ahearcr";oftcn with a dcterminativc:

tt\
,l \ ll I'i hmsi.w "seatcdoncs"(perfectiveactiveplural "thoscwho haveseatctl
"
themsclves").
Note: Pluralstrokesarc written with fcmininc collcctives(g 16.51:i) hpr.t

"thatwhich hashappcned".
b. As a prcdicatcin a NorninalScntcnccwith an unstrcsscd

subjcct($ 50):
.'', ' , ;' 8l)
)i.Yr ink rüi pri si 2 tttp(.wy)(N "l aln onc who causcdtwo rncnto go
forth satisficd." (pcrfcctivcactivc)
.t',.irlu. ii "i;ii' ," '

"i.. -- i l k r l c Jp r i . ys i 2 h t p ( . w 1n, t) p r i . v , n . y
-r)f' "l arl onc who causcsthat two rncndcpartsatisficdwith what wcnt forth from his
rnouth. " (irnpcrfcctivc
activc)
2. Ädjectival usage: g 103

a. As an attributc,it agrccswith thc antcccdcntin gcndcrand numbcr(cnclingsnot
alwayswrittcn):
11,,'. i'.,,
m. sg.: lji'."r '1'' s) sc-lm.v, "a sonwho hcars/ a hcaringson,,(impcrfcctivc)
\ ".',rlijyll' .,t,,1iili *
.A jlil ,rpw.ryt:ctct(w)!1nti(.w)
r ltnw
"thc mcsscngcrwho (rcgularly)travelsnorth or south to the Rcsidcncc".
(withoutgramrnatical cnding,irnpcrfuctivc/gcmination)
''i'
rn.pl.: ii 'i.,,1.1'1t|i..,iil ^. ntr.w wrn.yw m !ms.wJ' ,,thcgods who arc
(rcgularly)in his following".(impcrfectivcplural)
' i'"'
| -' )1!,ii'.1',).. .',,'t''l', ir.*,=ihpr(.r,) tlr-B.t ,,my fathcrswho existcclaforc-
timcs".(withoutgrammatical cnding,pcrfcctiveplural)
ti', ,,r\l\ ,,theuttcrancc
f. sg.: i ry.trl pri.t m rl which issucdforth
frorn the mouth".(pcrfectivcfcm.)
'^ )i'
f. pl.: N I \'. " ;i i . gmh.wr prr.(w)tn-J "thc wickswhich come
forth for him". (i mperfcctive/gcmi "i.- nation,fem.)
66 Accidenceand Svntqx
invariable:
($ 56) and,like thoscadjectives,
b. As a predicatein an AdjectivalSentence
'l*ti
f l\);, f \\. .. .' shQ.w sw t).wvr irn "Heis onewho illuminestheTwo
Landsmore than thc sun." (i.e. "An illuminatorof the Two Landsis he, more than the
sun.")
Note: Participlescannotbc used adverbially.In Egyptian,in an expressionsuch as
"standing,he spoke", "standing"would be an Old Pcrfectivc a
sinceit expresscs
state($ 8l .4).
pronoun:
by a depcndent
2. Thc pronominalobjectof a participleis expresscd
l,ijjli,, ''i.
' ,ti.r fi r,ri smi nli'n hth sw "one who rcportedwcll for thc onc
who commissioned (scnt)him".
without a Subject)
S 104 3. BxtendedUseof the PassiveParticiple(RelativcConstruction
In English,a passivcparticiplecanonly functionasan attributivcadjcctivcif thc noun
being dcscribcd(in thc following exarnplc"gold") is thc logicaldirect objcctof thc
vcrbalactionof thc participlc(hcrc:"givc"):"thc givcngold".
*t"t,i\
*rh* drl.r'
In Egyptian,thc passivcparticiplcis also uscd in this way: !n,,',1,"
"thc givcn gold"; hcrc,as in English,the antccedcnt "gold" is thc dircctobjcctof thc
vcrb of thc participlc"givc".
Howcvcr,unlikc in E,nglish,thc parliciplcand thc antcccdcntcan havc a diffcrcnt
syntacticrclationship.For cxamplc,thc antcccdcntcan bc an inclireclobjcct (in thc
followingcxarnplcrrsw"king").Within thc construction which is dcpcndcntuporrthc
passivcparticiplc(in thc following cxamplcthc phrascdd.w n4,t64', "givctl to hirn
gold"),a rcsumptivcpronoun(l'in thc prcpositional phrascn-f, "to him") rcfcrsback
* -..i','.,
to thc antcccdcnt:] *tli,iiiiti"- *nsw tJql.v,n4nbu'"thc king,givcnto hirn
golcl".Sucha construction is translatcd into English as a rclativcclausc:"thc king to
whom gold is givcn".
Thc rclationship bctwccnthe anteccdcnt and thc vcrbalactionof thc participlccan
.i."]"','' 'i;i.iii] i *11lr.t
bc cvcnlooscr: " ,-:t il, gnti.ytnhw im=s"thchill countryin
which gold is found". Both thc rcsumptivc pronoun s in thc advcrbialcxprcssion1nr=s
"in it" anclthc participlc agrce in gcndcr and numbcr with !is.r . Thc rcsurnptivc
pronounin thc abovc example can be omitted and rcplaccd by an advcrb (in thc
'** ] ^,'-'liil',,'lLJi* x!r)s.rrQi.yrn nsw
followingcxamplc,. "a1.,"rg";:*l'.'.'illl
nbw im "The landwhcrc gold was givcn to thc king" (lit.: "Thc land,given to the
RelativeForm 67
king gold there").Here only the genderand numberof the participlerevealthc link
with the antecedent.
Note: Thepassive participlecanalsobc formedfrom intransitive

verbs:The king is
on. 1."1"\i^',, \\ iVit-o ",[l-t'..-.. prr.w h]r.wtlr sfir-J,'underwhose
counsel
oncgoesandcomcs".
r l) THE RELATTVEFORM
s 10s
Pafticiplcsare non-finitenominal forms of the verb, i.e. they do not havc a subject.
Rclative Forms, by contrast,arc.finite nominal vcrb fonns, which havc their own
subjcct.Likc participles,thcy arc usedadjectivallyand agrcc with thc antccedcntin
gcndcrand numbcr:
'l',,'lili"i
hi' "lrll'i . fL] i!.t nb.r dd.r sr nh nqls16{$r08)r hw,.t-tltr
"cvcrythingthatany official(or) any citizcngivcsto thc tcmplc',.
'' '
!;-t,14 .',.-,. t ;''' mw,.tmrr.tltrcl.w=s',the
mothcrwhomhcrchildrcnlovc,,.
If, unlikethc preccdingcxamplcs,thc antcccdcntis not thc dircctobjcctof the action

cxprcsscd in thc RclativcFonn,a rcsurnptivc
pronounmustrcfcr backto it:
' ,r'n
" r ".i " ' n h i . t t u . n . t R C . wl ' l l . t , lm
' !(.1
in=s "that balanccof Rc in which hc lifls up Maat". (m)c.tis thc dircct,mhl.t thc
indircctobjcctoffii "to lift up"; rcsumptivcpronouns; cp. {104)
Thc rcsumptivcpronounis alsoncccssary

with thc RclativcFonn of an intransitivcvcrb:
t:,a,j'ri -
r ' tr\:,r .?' .l wj.t iyi.tn=J'rrr-s
"thc roaduponwhich it (thc statuc)camc,,.
In placcof a prcpositionplus suftix-pronoun

cxprcssinglocation,an aclvcrbcan also
bc uscd(not,howcvcr,in thc cascof h.and l_lr):
,l);..1 , ä,.,'i')',1!\ au,v,r-t.wib=i intJ' ,,theplaccin which rny hcaftdwclls,,
jl)'f 'i;\
.\':\'t','1t)'iitj l, wrs.wib-i int ,,thcplaccwhcrcrnyhcartdwclts,,.
"r
A) "TENSES''
OfthERELATIVEFORM $ 106
corrcspondingto thc Pcrfcct sjm.n-J (S 7l), thc Aorist sdm{ I irr-J ($ 70) and rhc
Future(Prospective) sdm4 (5 74), thcrearc threeRclativcFonns.Like participlcsand
adjcctives,they agreewith their antcccdentin gendcrand number(fcm. -1 pl. -ry).
68 Accidence and Syntax
$ 107 l. Perfective sQm.(w)n-f Relative Form
, 1,,,:., sQm.n4(m.) "he, whom he heard"

strongverb
-i\
IIae gem. iii,l* (f.)

mt.rn=.f "she, whom he saw"
a iri.nJ(m.) "he, whotn he madc"
IIIae inf. "she. whom hc fbund"
li\ i-* gmi.rn-J
$.)
i\ :l-lt rli.n=i (n.)
rdi
i lir r'.1
"hc, wholn I gavc"
ii ii, t.., ott"n {i.n=i Qn.)
-
"to corrc" li lr, iyi.rt=srr(m.) "hc, (from) whom thcY catnc"
$ l0S 2. Aorist sdm4l i77=fR'elativeForm
ir,:.1']'y sqlm(.w)=J' "hc, whotn hc hcars"

strong vcrb t",' dd.v,y=i "that which I say"
i lir )]i
llac gcm. w,nn4'; vJtlil.ll' + noun subj. " h c , w h o i s "
mrr.vt -l noun subjcct "hc, wholn NN lovcs"

Illac inf.
f rtr=.t' "shc, whotn hc bcars"
rdi dd.v,=ln "hc, whotn you givc"

; !
$ 109 3. Prospectivesdm4 RelativeForm

''n1)i;-. sdn(.w)4 "hc, whotn hc will hcar"
3-rad., ,
strongvb. ' i:.'.l', Ii srJm.r(i)4 "shc, whotn hc will hcar"
without cnding, but also
2-rad. I iilii, eld.y4 "thatwhichhc will sPcak"

i l il,j..- dtl.ti..l'
IIac gcm. wn=t " h c ,w h ow i l l b c "
IIIac inf.
rftiil;
'
nßt=S "hc, whom shc will bcar"
. i]ir. -fem'usuallY
*ith Iq mri.y-J "that which hc will wish"
rdi
' ':ii' eli.t=i " t h a tw h i c h I w i l l g i v c "
,
rrt -\* iri.t=i "thatwhich I will makc"
RelativeForm 69
b) USAGEOF THE RELATIVEFORM:

The usagcof these "tenses"matchcsthat of the correspondingSuffix-Conjugation.
Like participlcs,RelativeFormsareusedadjectivallyandas nouns:
l. Adjectival usage $ 110

a. As an attribute,agrccingin genderand numberwith the antecedent(cndingsnot
alwayswritten):
tt ' ' '"

. . ia i-il I }itt 1l, , iri.rn-iß rot\js=i "a tomb which I madcmysett',.
As with passiveparticiples
($ 104),RclativcFonnsarealsoformcdfrom intransitivcvcrbs:
'.;l
i\ $"'i,,i,r,,L:* wt.t iyi.tn|hr=s"thcroaduponwhichhc camc".
b. witha finitcverbasobjcct:
1N-A:i"[flffi.'1[,.1" rs)
d.cm
Qi.n=J';,,1($
hm=i m-bntT)-sty"the gold, which hc (Osiris)lct My Majcsty(Scsostris
III) fctch from
Nubia".
2. Usageas a noun $ rll

Thc fcminineRclativeForm,uscdabsolutcly,canexprcssan abstractconccpt.
a. ln a dircctgcnitivcconstruction:
**
' '.1
r) ' \ | r:
(')
- (t't -*.. nh lnnl itn "lord of thatwhich/ whatthc suncncirclcs".
b. As an objcct:
"' L]|]li',li ,. ij'C' " iri.y=i hsi.t=k"[ willdo rhatwhichyou wii praisc,,.
c. In a non-vcrbalscntcncc(tri-partitc2n,-Scntcncc$ 54):
' ',
. . ., " )i:.:i',' mrr.t=tpw irr..t=l,,Thatwhichyou do is thatwhich you wish',.
d. As thc subjcctina nfr sn,- Scntcncc(956):
':' -
, :* )ii' ci iri.tnJ'n=i "grcatwasthatwhich hc ctidfor mc".
e. Absolutcuseasan cpithct:
''
. )l' )'i lil. mrr.w nw.tJ "onewhom his city lovcs".
f. With a verb as objcct:
*,o'
I i\
"I did not neglect1,,)r'. - , , wQ.tn=firi.t thatwhich hc commanded
to do."
'70
Accidence and Syntax
S 112 12)FUTUREVERBALADJECTIVEsdm.t(i'rt
Endings:

IIae gem.: wnn wrn.t(y)=t'y "who will bc"
'\ ',:
IIIac inf.: (occasionally
with w) l).\ ,rl hfw$t)--fi "who will descend"
Irregular: r]i i rdi.t(Y)-.f

,- "who will givc"
i.. _'
iu'i itt'i.t(y)=fy "who will cotnc"
Usage:
The VcrbalAdjcctivcis uscdlikc thc Prospcctivc ($ l0l), which it largcly

Participlc
passivcrncaning.
rcplaccd.It usuallyhasactivc,occasionally
'e-.' -
a) As an attributc:.' ;t' : ......11 ltr nm'4 "thc forcign
lrls.t v,t1t1.tt-.sy
landwhichwill bc uponhiswatcr (i.c.be loyalto him)".
"-'
b) As a noun'{'}, , .''. "thatwhich will happcn".
l31tr'.ty=511
S lt3 l3) NARRATIVECONSTRUCTIONiyi.tpw iri-n-J
This constructionindicatcsthc bcginningof a ncw cpisodcin a narrativc.It is actually

a non-vcrbaltri-partitc7rw-scntcncc($ 54), with an intlnitivc as prcdicatcand thc
(always masculine)PcrfcctivcRelativc Form of l'i as sub.icct;it is used almost
cxclusivclywith vcrbsof movctncnt:
---l ... i":-l iil. " '"1': nci.tpv'iri.n.'nnt lrdi "Thcn wc travcllcdnofthwarcls
(lit.: Thatwhichwc did wasa travcllingnorthu'ards)'"
For thc passivc,a PassiveParticiplcrcplaccsthc RclativcForm(rarc):
A)titl'" f '] 1":-'i'
, r , , 1 " , i .p, u , i r i . y r h l k i m " T h c no n c c a r n cf o r t h i s h u m b l e
scrvant.(lit.: What was doncwasa corning,tbr this humblcservant)."
Adverbs 7l
-'N
14) THE AUXILIARv VERB lrXi pt;
s 114
The verb \\ \, pii, which canbe fully conjugated,hasthe meaning"to have
donc
in thc past".The verb for which it servesas an auxiliaryfollows as an infinitivc.
This vcrb formspart of a ComplexVerb Form follow ing iw or the negativeparticlc -
n
s p( $ 1 3 1 ) :
*
,'h,i( if .', ll;\ ii .. ii i, pti=nsdmmi.tt ,,we
'" havcheardrhelike.,,
:rr '
:1" : il
( r r ) ' 1 ," , , 1 , , n - s pp ) i . t ( w ) i r i . t s t " N e v c r h a s i t b c e n d o n c . . . "
p)i as a Rclative Forrn:
src
- ^ - t ' i ' i t l . ' *^ L ''ti fi '-
L ),;rl *i t'i ,, i.. , n tJprm i.ttn b) k.wp) i.n
nb=sn hsi.tst "Never did thc likc happento scruantswhom thcir lorcl
had praised.;'
.I) ADVERBS
$ils
l) Egyptianhasonly fcw truc,i.c. non-dcrivativc
advcrbs,c.g.
- "' ' ct "hcrc"
:.f:t' g/- "also", aftcr ncgativcs
,', i,r ntitt "today" "furthcr"
' 'i','
,',i, /..!'y "cornplctcly,,,aftcr .r. 1ir "whcrc?whcncc?"
a n c g a t i v c" a t a l l "
2) Thcrc arc a numbcr of advcrbswhich arcrclatcdto prcpositions

($ 35):
; : ; \ . ' - " - ' .'.
iÄ im "thcrc" tll , )1, !r,rt.u,"bcforc,carlicr"
'iil r,r .:
'Ir my "likswisc,accordingly" ft1..y"undcr',
I .- , n ,,at
hn,(.y) "thcrcwith,togcthcr /r an cnd"
with"
' Irl"
- )j' bti.v, "accordingly"
3) Othcradvcrbscorrcspond to compoundprcpositions ($ 36):

t,...,
, '" ili,
nt-h),lt local:,,infront,, .. ,''' ttr-hi.t "fotmcrly"
temp.: "bcforc,fonncrly"
,,il:, ,'i\ nt-fit "aftcrwards" i-i
hr-sl "subscqucntly,later"
(preposition+ noun)that areusedasadverbs:

4) Fixed expressions
m min (llke min) "today"

:3b: r hr.w"np"
\\ ! ;;
.."; . -iifii:$ "
i\f ,,.t' "yesterday" r fint.w,'out"
-tN') <l-''tir)
l\ r "tomo*ow"
mdw)(.w) hrc.wwy"immediately";
I f] ' (.w
\\t 1 m n r i . r /" l i k c w i s c " also hr
,):* ! * |
*:: {.::t |"1
dr-'.w "long ago"
(,) n sP "at once,togcthcr"
r + adjcctivc) that arc uscd as advcrbs:

(prcposition
5) Fixcd cxprcssions
* l,l, r mn! "thoroughly" l 1- r ikr "cxcccdingly"
f'\' tl r w)Q "vigorously" r' ti./ "grcatly"
with -u.,cnding(cannot always bc

6) Advcrbsderivedfrom vcrbalroots,occasionally
frornan Old Pcrfcctivc):
clcarlydistinguishcd
.1;tr
- . l\r ,t:t1 c3.y,"grcatl!" \1\. wrf "slowly"
_ilt,\it ')i,:r !nm.w "chccrfully" i l' c.li "frcquently"

I -l '
(l rrf' "pcrfcctly,wcll" .ti lrr' "rruch";)i 1' wr.r"vcry"
\)\il,\ is "quickly"
7) Nounsthatarc uscdasadvcrbs:
,:I q/./ "ctcrnally"
Usage:
thcy qualify.
Advcrbsfollow thc cxprcssion
($ 42 ff)
a) As a prcdicatcin AdvcrbialSentcnces
b) As theattributcof a vcrb:
tl{' S ! ';-.. . iyi.tt=i

min... "I havccomctoday... "
'?
r ,i) r\r. ,) r ,, ).'' iw hsi.n=fwi hr'J r'l.t wr.t "Hc praised mc for it very
grcatly."
Word Order 73
c) As the attributeof a participle:

': :'*i,'1N ji/ ,
tl!dlt )\ smi nfi.n hlb sw "onewho reports/reportcd
perfectly
to the onewho scnthim."
d) As the attributeof an adjective:
.-t'",rilT){il..,' ;]}i'' lrr ss ikr wr.t "I amlwasa vcry exceilentscribe.,,
e) Topicalisation
of the advcrb:adverbin initialposition(A 129)
Note: ln ccrtainfixcd cxpressions
an advcrbcan servcas thc attributcof a noun:
"
1;' !i i Lif rr;t im "yourhumblcscrvant(lit.: thc servantthcrc)."
K) WORD ORDER
l) For word ordcrin NON-VERBALSENTENCES

scc$g 42ff, 48ff, 53 54,56 57. S I 16
2) In VERBALSENTENCES with nounsubjcctandnounobjcct(s)thc word ordcris as $ I l7

a rulc: vcrb - subject- dircctobjcct- indircctobjcct advcrb/ advcrbialcxprcssion
(for cxceptionsscc$$ I I 8f0.
Whcrca scntcncccontainspronounsthc followingrulcsapply:
A pronominalobjcctcomcsbcforca nounsubjcct:
.t* .
1 fl;t ] * i;r',t'\tä] ,di.ru.r,r,/?.ilrnt smr "Thc king madchim a cornpanion,,.
Dativc n * suffix takcsprcccdcnccovcr a noun or pronounobjcct and also a noun
subjcct:
*-- .
, - ;1i'l',''] rQi.ttJ'n=inhw, "Hc gavcrncgold."
*- .
'- n ] .---.:',,'" rq!i.nn=i ttsv, trbw "Thc king gavcmc golci."
Ordcrofprcccdcncc:1. suffix-pronoun,2.
dcpcndcntpronoun,3. noun.
The word ordcrof a scntcnce canbc modificdin ordcrto eitheremphasisca pafticular
part of the sentcncc- subjcct, objcct, advcrbial expression by contrasting
(Focalisation) or in order to mark thc thcmc of a scntcncc(Topicalisation).
This is
usually,in the cascof Topicalisationrcgularly,doncby ptacingthc rclcvantpartof the
sentencc at thc bcginningofthe sentcncc.
74 Accidenceand Svntax
s 11S 3) FOCALISATION
Focalisationis achievedby meansof cleft sentences:

"It is his daughterwho causesthat the name of her father lives." (Focuson subject
"daughter"in contrast,e.g.to the fatherhirnselfor a son')
"It is his field that the fatherwill give his son."(Focuson object:"field" rathcrthan
e.g.house.")
"Thathc will comeis today."(Focuson an adverbialcxpression "today"in contrastto
tomorrow.)
arefoundin Middlc Egyptian:
Thrcctypcsof cleft scntcnces
- FOCUS
ON THESUBJECT
$ 119 a) THE/n-CONSTRUCTION
thc subjcct'
is usedin ordcrto crnphasisc
l. Thc ir-Construction
WORD OI{DER:Subicct- Prcdicatc.Thc fbllowing possibiliticsand cornbinations
occur:
Subjcct: a) nounsubjcct,introduccdby in,
subjcct:indcpcndcnt
b) pronorninal pronounin initialposition.
pcrsonal
Prcclicatc: participlc($ 99) (prcscnt)

ct) irnpcrfcctivc
participlc(S 100)(past)
B) pcrf-cctivc
se/rry'($74) (futurc)
y) prospcctivc
Subiect Predicate
ct) d i l
a)
ßr
b) v)
of subjcctandprcdicatcis possiblc'c'g':
Evcrycombination
a ) + c r ) : ' i n s l 4 ' e ! c ! ( . w ) n 4 t l Q p" n
Itishissonwhogivcshirnthiswhitebrcacl."
b) + cr) :. ntf 44(.w,)n=ft hcJpn "lt is he who givcshirn thiswhitc brcad."
a) + P) ..-in si-J r/i n=f'th8 pn "lt is his sonwho gavchirn thiswhite brcad."
b) + y) :. nrf Qi-J'nl't hQptr "He will give him thiswhitebread'"
Word Order 75
Note:
In this constructionthe participleis invariable:
l* iiä f+ ; - in snlJ' s(n!1rn{ "ttis his sisterwho hascausedrhathis name

lives."
Thc interrogativepronounr? "who?" ($ 3a) is often used in the in-constructionand
rncrgeswith in to form a ncw word:J\ > i\* . in-m> trn (CopticNrr):
! ]\ i. , rfl. t'i li * in-. ir4 ini4 n=i sy "Who is it, who will bring it (thebox) to
me?"
2. Negationof the lr-Construction $ 120

a. Ncgationof thesubjeclby - " ... I rt ... is
- o * , ' ) . , li ] i l ; , . . , r ; . 1 j t : i " , . 1 1 , 1 i . 1 , , , ' r i i - . . , , . , i !
X]] nirtkist.ttn=knwin
Ghb eldn=knw hncWsir "lt is not I who saidthis to you. it is Gcb who saidthis to
you, andOsiris."
b. Ncgationof thc verbby thc Ncgativcvcrb ., rrr ({ l-12),which is followcclby

thc vcrb in thc form of a NcgativcComplcmcnt:
-*],.("i,;' .,.,-i, sl=ktnt ini(.v,)
ü-l n-k sy "It is your sonwho clidnot bring it to
you." ( tnt pcrfcctivcparticiplcc\ 100)
b ) T R I - P A R T I T E2 w - S E N T E N C EF: O C U SO N S U B J E C To r O B J E C T ti l2l
In thcsc scntenccsthc third clcmcnt of thc sentcnccis a participlc or a Rclativc Form;

thcsc rcfcr to thc subjcct or thc objcct:
l. Focus on thc subjcct:

".--
NN \l' ,,,' i,\:rlTi ' "lt is NN, who saw your birth." (rri -
NN pv, m) nts(u,).t=1n
pcrlcctivc participlc S 100)
2. Focus on thc objcct:

,l il. ':, ,,i).'"".l
I I L, ,tlil .* r'ji lil . ,. iSstpw ir=l'iri.t(i)=k n=i m isw
ir(.y) "What is it thcn,that you will do for mc in rcl.urnfor it'."' (ili.ti=t - prospcctivc
RelativcFonn $ 109)
76 Accidenceand Svntat
FOCUSON ADVERBIALEXPRESSION
s 122 c) EMPHATICCONSTRUCTION:
Focus can be directcd upon an adverbial exprcssionby means of thc Emphatic

Construction:
-),-N* lt\\/,\''t\.t /^)Y+Qi\ hr wtl "That the
gnti.n sv' v'pw.tyl4t
"'
messengersfoundhim (was)on the (sce
road." also $$ 70.1,71.1,74.2,76).
$ 123 4) TOPICALISATION
that indicatcthc thcmestandat

thosepartsof the sentcncc
ln thc cascof topicalisation,
thc headof the icntcnccandthercbyhighlightits themeor topic.lf it is thc subjector
objcct,it rc-appcarsas a pronounin its regularposition,accordingto $ 116 and 5\
117.The topiCaliscd clcmcntcan standwithout introductionor follow thc particlc
'Ij < >
lr.
a) Withoutintroduction
$ 124 1. Topicalisation of thc subjcct

'.ir"
( ) ll ' ,\) :;'-:ll - I !tbsu,.r-Jwl s(y) r mh 2 "Hi,sbeevtl,irwas grcatcr
than2 cubits."(AdjcctivalScntcncc$ 56)
" .'-,i i. -i'!,; ll\
l^-,.,-,,,''
u,r n(.y) iw prt "ThcttHekenuoit which vou said yotr would bring, it is thc spcciality
(lit.:thcgrcatncss)ofthisis|and.''(bi-partitc2w-Scntcnce$53)
1li.i ,..);\:, .J*- l.*'1 ,'$.. (thcking),irc llcw

bikcb4trnctnts.wi "The.falcon
olTwith his rctinuc."(HistoricPsrfcctsdnt4 \ 12)
$ 125 2. Topicalisation of thc objcct

-'., tn') n2)
. ;\r.,,1ii" ' . kl;n=J'ß iri.t($ .sr(i)r=i iri.n-ist (i)r=.|
I ;1i", ti
"That which he thoughtlo do againstnte,I did il againsthim"
$ 126 3. Topicalisation of an adverbialcxprcssion

If thc main clauscis formcdwith a complcx vcrb Form ($$ 89 96)' thc advcrbial
cxprcssionis topicaliscd clauscat thc hcadof thc
by placingthc advcrbialsubordinatc
s c n t c n ce
c.g.:
Word Order 77
o precedingch'.nsjm.n-J ($ 95)
-:, :*,\1,' i i. . . . - . o . !i\L i i i l w n . n = s t t ( . t ( hsQm.n=s

c . n hn+,
"After she
had openedthe chamber,she hcarda sound..." (advcrbialexprcssion:
sQm.n-J in a
subordinate
clausc$ 71.2)
. prccedingiw * PassivcscJm(.w,)-J ($ 9l b)
u',,1*.
. , i ; i ' . , 1 , , 'I t i t . , , r l ' 1 . I , h e ! . n ( i ) r 4 ' t l c l w ) s p 2i w i r i ( . w ) m i
qld-J'"Whenthe earlh haclhecomelight, very early,it was (alrcady)donc accorclingto
whathc said."(adverbial cxprcssion: Circumstantial s/m.n=l'tna subordinatc clausc
$ 7 1 . 2 )
o prcccdinga CornplcxAorist| (iu,-J'sQm=J) ($ 92)
ol,r'i i;., ')
.i;.,." ; I ii : 'iil ' . '-'1 ).sft-.fiv,--i
skt=i)st1-i,,Ashe reaps,sol
ploughandI rcap."(advcrbial cxprcssion: Circurnstantial Prcscnt.ralrr=l'{
69.1)
o prcccdingthc CornplcxFuturciv'=t'r.ra/nr($ 94)
'
:;""-r'--*' --'
iil lliif 1,,---. ll'i _,. jl{)il ntri=lncnhnts{i=1n ttp.t
iw=tttt'drp n=i "As vou love li/'eand hole death,so you will rnakcoffcringfor rnc."
(advcrbialcxprcssion: Circurnstantial Prcscnts<1nr=l'S
69.l)
/)
b) Introduccdby (J.,-., ir'
l. Topicalisation ofthc subjcct !i 127
-, 'iui !ii'
11 i ' i..,t wsir pw,"A.s.fitrve,sterdov,
itis osiris."
il 'il;,'A ''".'\' "'
;r" lliii';l :-li i,...' it. sn(.w) gt.g iu,=Jntnt=f',,As./itrhinr
who.follow's falsehoocl,hc gocsastray."
Othcr particlcscan prcccdcir, c.g. l.q: Thc tcxt rccountsNcrnty-nakht's
dcsircto scizc
thc posscssionsofthc pcasantandthcncontinucs:
ll1,,- ii {"ü;l!i'*-"f ",,.*;iiir,l,,-,isl(i)r.7r$n),,.ct25)1tt..wNm.ry-
nlrt pn hr sml-tl n(.y)r(l)-wi(i).r "Now, a^sforthe houscof thisNcmty-nakht,
(it) lay atthc
sidcofthe road".Thepositionof thchomcprovidcdhim with thcpossibility to do so.
2. Topicalisation
of theobject $ l2S
' ? '
t. -' i',\ lJl : ' - \.', I\\ l' . , ir n.t1y|tnb(.t)m ss hr tfd.w sQmsr ',Asfor
everythingin wriling on the bookroll, obey it!"
78 Accidenceand Syntar
$ 129 3. Topicalisation
ofan adverbialexpression
f -,- Ni;,.,.1,i'l11!i\:l;; ". i -i., :.".:N1.":..'r\'#**[$ ;, ,,2-l,r

htp(w) n1rm i[.wt-J dd.tw htp-ntrpn m-b]h fw,t.wpn n.y hm=i "After thegod has been
satisfiedwith his things, this god's offcring is placed in front of this statueof my
Majesty". (Adverbialexpression:m-!1t+ PcrfectivePassivesdm(.wly)4 $ 11)
$ 130 s) CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

Conditionalclauscsalson bclong to the categoryof Focalisation(S$ 118-122).They
'l
arc cithcr introduccdby - ir or appearwithout an introduction.
$ l3l a ) w l T H I N T R O D U C T o nQ
Y ir
l. Fulfillablccondition:
lr * Futurc(Prospcctivc)sQn-J($ 7a)
il )t- 1 i1,,. l;li r l.., \\ ^_l.. - ,X:li',, .".,,!il, irv,ctfrkntcldn=iini rw
r iw pn rQi=ir!1=la
rn' "lf you hcsitatcin tclling rnc who broughtyou to this island,I
will causcthatyou know yoursclf!"
1r+ Subjunctivc.rq/nrl($ 75)
'i,;,ri
lf -.rl:t;',.', 1i",.';,,,.i,l.r----,i;,r"r.lL ir iv,t.km htj.fu,)t nb(.t) m(w)t.kt RC.w
"If you shouldcomcasanysnakc,thcnRc will dic."
2. Unfulfillablccondition:
This construction (controvcrsial)
is rathcrunccrtain;thc only attcsted cxarnplc:
ir + Perfcctsdm.n4'($ 7l) King Amcncmhctsays:
| ,lt'i'_' ,;il 'il, -'..,,'i,i. i,rrJ;\ ,.i$}) li(,,..i),,
, ii.l,'1.,-")it',., '
J1(;...ii;.1.
ir tsp.n-i )sltl !c.u, m dr.t=i iv, /i.n=i ltt hm(.u,) m-'(.w) blhl "Had I graspcd spccd
(i.c. hurricd), thc wcapons in my hand, I would havc madc thc cowards rctrcat with thc
lancc." Anothcr possible intcrprctation would bc to scc ir as introducing an cmpha-
sised adverbial exprcssion ($$ 126, 129) which has bccn placed at thc head of the
scntencc bccausc thc main clausc is forrned by a Cornplcx Vcrb Form: "Having
graspcd spccd, thc wcapons in rny hand, I made thc cowards rctrcat with thc lancc."
$ 132 b) wrrHour TNTRODUCTTON

Conditions canalsobc expresscd by othcrscntcncc typcs,c.g.
( S
l . b y t h eB a l a n c eSde n t e n c e$4 9 , 7 0 . 1 b ,
7l.ld)
2. by ancmphasiscd
advcrbial followedby thcComplcxFuture($ 126).
expression
-il
Negation of the Verb 79
L) NEGATION of the VERB
NEGATIVE PARTICLESAND NEGATIVE VERBS
The verb is negatcdin differentways,dependingon the verb form:

-J
$ 133
a) with the negative particles -6- r or ,,r,
b ) w i t h l h c c o n s t r u c t i o n- - n-spor
-
c) with thc negative re.b, tm or jii., "-, l; "-
nl l)\ ilrli. S 134
Both thcsc verbs arc followed by the vcrb that is negatcd in a spccial form, thc so-
callcd Negative Complement. Its -r.r,cnding is usually not writtcn. Frorn thc Ncw
Kingdom onwards, and somctimescarlicr, thc Ncgativc Complemcnt can bc rcplaccd
by thc infinitive.
, , tm can bc fully conjugatcd.woRD ORDER: pronominal subjcct (sullix-pronoun)

lbllows /ln, norninalsub.jcctfollows thc Ncgativc Complcmcnt:
' '' ')'r

'
ilr ll'i jt: mt=thn(.v,)rtr m "wrtycroyou not row?"(Aorisrsdnt4'F 70.1a)
if
'
"Do not bc strongin your powcr,' 1i..,., /,,, 1,,, ,. , ,,,'r,.-. ^. tm spr(.w)bw lw r-k
thatcvil rnaynot rcachyou" (Subjunctivcsc!m4' \ 15.3)
Thc choiccof ncgationdcpcndson thc syntacticlunctionand thc typc of vcrb fbnn
(i.c.nominalvs. vcrballbrm, ovcrvicwin Tablc2 p. 83).
l) NEGATIONof thc IMPERATIVE(S 67)

S 135
Thc impcrativeis ncgatcclhy 1,, (thc irnpcrativcof thc Ncgativc ycrb tnt 134),
$
whichis followcdby thc NcgativcCornplcmcnt (S 134).
'iii\(\:l
ijl m snd(.w) "Fcarnot!"
2) NEGATIONof thc CIRCUMSTANTIAL(PRESENT)sQm-J/ iri--f (g 69) I 136

a) n sjm.nJ- idcnticalwith thc negativc
complcxAoristI ({s 71.3,92, l42b).
In advcrbialsubordinatc
clauscs:
'
", . 11;iji,'.;ji*-i,1..;.'i,,i lf )l.) . iii - NN_^-....1, , ',i-u-.
-. .i
iri.in s!.ty pn'h'.w r htw.w l0 hr spr nNN n rQi.nJmlc-J(l)r.=s"Thenthis pcasant
spcnt a period of up to l0 days pctitioningNN, wiläoal äim (NN) paying attention
(tit.: grantinghim his temple,i.e.car)."
l-\* r r$c.tr,'..';: l i )r$ i'", f'-1"

r 1..,',t?ii''-- fiä--^;'\\sli"
cn!t(.w)wdl(.w)snb(.w)r hhi n'i s't-kb'tn gmi'n=isy "I
iw dhn.n=i nb.tn.t pr.w nsw
- bc prosperousandhealthy- to
went aroundeverychamberof thc palace may it live,
withoutfnding it'"
find for myself entcrtainment,
b) nn + adverbialclausc($ 47.1)(lessfrcquent)
,'lt (thc snakc)spokcto me (the shipwreckcd .,': i:tttt"" nn wi hr
sailor),*l!;';ji"
sjm st withoutme hearing it."
85' 143b)
c) nn + infinitivc(whcrcthc identityof thc subjcctis obvious,$
'' tt '"' ,,n tti't hr %i withoutdcsistingfrorn
,,I lct his wcaponsbc carriedoff, *: -rt
fighting."
with thc subjcctof the
lYote:lf thc inflnitivc is followcclby an objcctthat is idcntical
mainclausc,thc construction canbcstbc translatcd asa passivt-':
i')',,l,',.-4\*f t cntcr,
-\.^, pri=kck-knn hnln=k "May you go forth and
withoutbeingturncdback(lit': your turningbacknot cxisting)'"
AORISTslm-J I irr'f ($ 10)

$ 137 3) NEGATION of thc
tm=fsQm(.w)
(cp' I 70'l):
a) In thc EmphaticConstruction
:.: '" l.''i\'r r;- '' tnt=ktr sQm(.w)hr m "Why thcn do you not
ll..'
listcn?"
b) As a nominalvcrb form:
1. [n an objectclause(cp. $$ 70'2a):
. , ll, ,: T\ ll* i .-j i. t 1l;1

y11.n=1; "You know thcy arc not mild."
tm=snsJ'n(.w)
;\
l l i f i \f *ti ;.. l l ,.l i , i , ,)l * i' ,' /r s"Gcbhas
iwwQ.nGhbtm=iwnm( ' w)
decrecdthat I do not cat cxcrcmcnt'"
2. As thc predicateof apw-Scntcnce ($ 53):
'i,^,, i1 $r34)
, N \-. 11;' " ll ;,1 ir cmdib tm mdw.linr' fi.ty pw "As for
i
slacknessoftheheart,itis(i.c.signifies)thattheheartdoesnotspeak.''
I
Negation of the Verb 8l
4) NEGATION of the (PRESENT)PERFECTsjm.n=f (g 7t)

$ 138
'tm.n--f
a) Nominal/ Emphaticverb form: sjm.,4,(this form is, however,not attested)
(seeg 72.1)
b) Verbal Form: n sQm--f
l. In a mainclause:
The examplesarc not unequivocaln sjm-J negates sQm.n{ in a paratacticmain clause

($ 71.2)as well as the ComplexVerb Form lw sdm.n4thatintroduces an initial main
clause.one would expcctn sQm-J,llkc sQm.n-J,to appearin a paratacticmain clause,
e 'g': sic!
:
' )r
r /
..' ;tl
7.:. ^ ,|' "
/,r- n
ink mrr.y h())wJ sdmi n lnl lb.t-J n hhs-i hr r n.ty m h),k.w
"l was one whom his family loves, who was attachcdto his clan; I did not hicle (my)
facc from him who was in scrvicc."
Thc thcmc of thc negatcd clausc continuesthat of thc irrfr-Scntencc; sincc h(l)w, lh.t
and n.tv m hik.w fonn a progrcssionfrom a close circlc to a widcr circle of pcoplc, it is
rnore likcly that hcrc n hhs=i introduccsa paratacticmain clausc, rathcr than an initial
main clausc.
2. Ina subordinatcclausc:
',, ','\;
lji ^ i;\riili- ,li,:;-^-'" !,:il)11' z,
{}'t';- .'lli.,''-"-l ,{}ii.+;" :''
i1.i r?Qct=icn!1
.y=i(issa)lm.t m l.1nty.tn kli=i spr.r Inw pn hmt.n=i$tr.zb)!1pr lt]r.yt($75.2)
r-sl=f"MY going south: I did not intcnd to rcach this rcsidcncc,having thought that a
disturbanccwould takc placc and not cxpccting to livc aftcr it (thc disturbancc)."
Thc section bcgins with an infinitivc that scrvcs as a hcading introducing a ncw cvcnt
($ 85.a); n kli-i introduccsa main clausc($ 142 a), lmt.n=i andn dd=iarc in subordinate
clauscs.
*,, ,it. .,, \i,1qit,i;\),,)I,ii-"-

--_..i i,", ^*, , )il
iri.n(=i) hsw.t n rm! nh rh.w mi hm.w, n stni=i "l showcd favour to all pcoplc,
knowledgcableand ignorant alikc, without my discriminating."
andSYntax
82 Accidence
FUTURE(PROSPECTM)sdm4 (5 7a)
$ 139 5) NEGATIONof the
a) Nominal/ Emphatic verbform:tm('w)4sdm('w)
* * t'h"'t't
^-!\il,ü tl ($ 37):' ^ \i\'l' i 'it' \\''i s* )';*l
Following' of our armywe
{$i:+iiu=, i-rl ph n ( y) ply=nm{ ,"For,t.herear-guard
tm(.w)=nrli.1 after" ')!"
will nothaveconccm(lit.:we will norpiaceourheart/thoughts
lil ib''' ll*1;"
clause:
Inanobject l''il''- 'ii r "' ','' -\"!i 11
;ilil "
I\DIC \
/rs "Gcb' thc father of Osiris' has commanded
iw wQ'n Ghb it Wsir tm('w)=i wnm('w)
-1f--]-
that I will not eat excretnent'"
i iili-^ (in negativewishes,prohibitions)

b) Verbal lbrm:Ncgativc Verb ir; i,;rr''j
a thingagainstit'"
imi(.w)=kiri(.v')i!.t r=s "You will not do rl .i ).-.-
of thc SUBJUNCTLYE süm-ft iri('D4 ß 75)

s 140 6) NEGATION
a) Norninali Ernphaticvcrb form: tm='fsdm('w)
li tsrzr'
In a final clausefollowing il ( .,n\
. ll1 .", , i1i ,ii. jlü ill
pcasant says: "Give mc my propcrty'
Thc cloqucnt
tm-i sbh(.w)thatI may not cry out'"
b)Vcrbaltbrm:NcgativcVcrblrrrii.'linncgativcwishcs,prohibitions)
' - t (rnaynot) your
li xij'' lt :- l imi=tn hcll('v')hr'w=rnhr=s "Lct not
"
faccsbcdowncastbccauscofit(i.c.dorr'tbcdcprcsscd).''
., " l' inti=ku'sr(.w;) 't=s "May you not bc strongin hcr body'"
nr l-1
7) NEGATIONof thc PERFECTIVE PASSIVEsdm('wlv)4($ 77) (old Egvptian)

$ l4l
a) Nominal / Emphaticvcrb lbnn: tm''f sclm('u')
"), ,ir:,'
!;,l.,.,,[11,'1i':i ,;tl.'o rrftii(.N)(\t"tih=ktn.t4cttti(.u'),'Do1't!canogant
hcart)notbc hunrblcd!"(finalclausc)
(lit.:lct notyourhcartbc high),thatyou (lit.: ivyour
l-l.. li,-1;'t .*- 1il' tl;t'' ':"
,,Lcthi' bc dcprivcdof his tcmplcofficc, "' iii
tmslti.trtt-|ntr].pr.wpttthathisnarncnotbcrclncl-nbcrcdinthistcmplc.''
b) Vcrbal form: rr scJnr4
ljti;'. ,,ii-î.,lti-^--;jii.,4l. l"'- i v ' = rf { i . w n = i n n l t m = . | ' ' 1 - e 1 ' w = i ) " H e
mc; he was not taken from my hand'"
(the cncmy)hasbcengivcn to
Verb- Sufix Conjugation 83
OvnnvrnwoF THESur,nlxCoNlucarron
Nominal Verb Forms: VerbalForms:

EmphaticConstruction main clausesand
subordinateclauses
affirmative negated affirmativc negatcd
INDICATIVE
Active irr=f tm=firi(.u,)
Aorist
Passivc irr.tw=f tm.tw=l'iri(.w)
Circumst. iri4' n iri.n{'
sQm-Jl Activc nn
, .2
Old Pcrf.2 srt, ltr sdm
Old Pcrf. (condition) @n + inil2
Passivc iri .ru'-f n iri.nfw=f '
iri.nJ ßms.) ,'.1 '
Activc iri.n=f tm.n-Jiri(.w) n trt=f
Old Pcrf.
(intr.movcm.) (rt iri.r--fl
Pcrfcct
iri4{trt tnrJ iri(.w)QK) rr'l + noun t1 iri-Jtor't
Passivc Old Pcrf. rt tt't.tw-I
'
^1
iri.nrwJ ynr.nsa,=firi(.w)
(pron. sub.ject) h iri.t=l\
Future Activc iri(.u,)L tm(.u')=.firi(.w) iri(.v,)=f imiJ'iriQr)
( Prospcctivc)
Passivc iri(.u,)ty,=f rm(.w)rw,=J'
iri(.u,) iri(.w,)tw,J not attestcd
SUBJUNCTIVE
Activc iriJ' tm4' iri(.u,) it i-f ieli=f iri(.u)

Passivc iri.v'tw=l' iri.ru'4' not attcstcd
'Lrsl,R
2 - SuFplx CON.Ilrc,tt'l0N
Notcs:
I
Also in rnain clauscs,sit.tccthc ncgativc fbnns of thc Circunrstantial(prcscnt)
s q l m = . | ' a nt h
d c C o m p l c x A o r i s t I i v , ( = . fsl r J m = fa r c i d c n t i c a l ( i \ 5 s1 3 U ,1 4 2 , T a b l c 3 ) .
I
In advcrbial subordinatcclauscs.
I
Al.o in main clauscs,sincc thc ncgativc fbrrns of thc Complcx Vcrb Fonns
iw slm.n=J' I iw s(m.ntw,J and thc vcrbal scJm.nl'arc iclcnrical(s$ l3g. l42,Tablc
3).
with iw ($$ 90-94)

COMPLEX VERB FORMS
$ 142 8) NEGATION of the
a r e t h e n e g aora
a ) T h e f o l l o w i n g n e g a t i v e ' : T : - öi"l ' e q u i v a ($
t i v ePerfective len9lt sc):
ofthePRESENT
pERFEcr iw slnt.n=fts
ponrr,rs ""olw"+
sdn'ny'$ 138)
with n sdm| of the Perfcct
identical
' n sdm-J(formalty
an Asiatic
did not turnmy backto
*^--".!1,']lS*) \\Iii n rdi=i sl'i nclm"l
(i'e' did not flee)'"
+ Subjunctive sdny'$ 75)
o n-spsdm4 (n-sp$ 133
anvthing
iri'v-i msdd'bt')rnh('t)"Nevcr did I do
-^- ,i.,{'{}jl{h I 'lidl' n-sp
hated'"
. n s { m . t ' . 1 (783 'l )

b c i n g" ' t s
- ^ - : ] , ' " T h a ty o u c a r n ci n t o
n fipr'trt1r'w
{ ' }: .... i ' ! 1 p r ' n ' .".'k
bcforc thc godscameinto bcing'"
8l)
of iw + Old Pcrfcctivc\ 'il*'lii
. n sdm=f(asncgativc irll '^:t:'
K h e o p s s a y s t o D j c d "i :' 'i :l i ' l - , - t ' i ' ' \ l ; r ' ' l ' - -ul"i
'--^11
th: of thc naoi of thc
j-n('f) ip 'wt wrt 't Dhw'tv
iw=k rb.ti trwn I-9". ' ' r rl ' n rb'i tnw'
-' i,ligcr
answcrs:-^-, t' l''l -' -'
sanctuary of Thoth''iDjcdi
numbcrthercof'"
ir.y "I do not know thc
I iv'(=f)sQnt='f ($ 92)
cquivalcnt of COMPLEXAORIST
b) n s|nt.n-J- ncgativc prcscntsQnt=f ' $ I36)'
n 'it"ittt" Cl"umsianLiat
(iclenticalwith
"' who rcturns;hc docs
1''' ctt pv'n r/i 'n='f'i;=f"Hc is onc
*-i 1,1,,\-^-- ,.-'
not turn his back""
($ 94)
of COMPT'EX FUTtjRE irl'=fr sc^f'?r
-ncgativccquivalcnt
c) nn sglnt=f
forctcmity'"
rtlrl "shcwill not givcbirth
---lL'"' nn ntsi=sr
:-:iTlililil
thcscconstructions:
(Tablc3) sumrnariscs
Thc foltowingtablc
Negation of the Verb 85
affirmative (g$ 90-94) negated(ö 142)

P ER F E C T n sjm{ he hasnot heard
n-sp + Subjuncrive
sd.m4
iw sQm.n=f iw sQm.n{ he (has)heard he neverheard
n sQm.t{ he hasnot yet hearcl
ix,+ Old Perfective iwJ iyi.w he hascome n iyiJ' he hasnot come

iw-J iri.w he hasbeenmacle n iri .tw4he hasnot beenmade
C'orrpLexAoRrsr I iw(-$ sdmi he hears n sjm.nJ he doesnot hcar
nn sQm{ gvlirtdleEgyptian.y
C'oupLEXFutuRB iw-J r s{m he will hcar r * FuturesQmJ'pta Egypt.)
he will not hear
T,rnlp3 - Covpr.nxVnneFonN,ts
wlrtrrw
- \EGATION of thc TNFTNTTIVE
(g$ 82_35)
$ 143
.r' \\ irh thc NegarivcVcrb , lz (\ I32)
. '; takcs
the fonn of thc infinitivc; thc vcrb that carricsthc mcaning
follows as a
Complcmcnt.This construction is uscclwhcn thc infinitivecithcr l. scrvcs
"'-gativc
... J nounor 2. lollowsa prcposition:
''
t. :,\ili,ilif lis ,,Tonot cat cxcr'rcnt.,, titlc of a spcll;
tm w,ttm(.v,)
Thcsouthcrn boundary madcin ycar8, ...
'i,.
i;\ a i ** -n'i -* i,,,,Ill,"i r tm r/i(.w) sni sw Nltsy nh in ordcr not to
.,.iorvthatanyNubianpassit."
b) -- rn + infinitivc',without
... -ing,'
':1thls constructionit is not the infinitivc as suchbut rathcr
thc wholc clauscthat is
:rc-gätcd(cp. $$ 47, 57);primarilyuscdin adverbialsubordinatc clauses:
Thesethingsarc to bclongto your ron, l.jl i, " .
':ttrqli.tpslJ st n iht.
fird.w-Jwithoutallowingthathc <lividcthcmfor his childrcn.,,
'0)NEGATIoN of PARTICIPLES, RELATIVE FORMSandthcsüm.(y)--f(y)-FoRM g 144

Thc ncgativcequivalcntsof thc participlcs,RcrativcFonnsand
thc sQm.tlt)-_j(y)-Form
'rrc cxpressedwith thc Ncgativc Verb tm. Thc NcgativcVcrb
/,, takesonthc rclevant
Ionn and the vcrb that bears the meaningappcarsas a Negative
Complcmcnt(or
infinitive,g 134).
S 145 a) NEGATIONof thePARTICIPLES
1. Active
of tm are the
in the active, the forms of thc impcrfectiveand perfcctiveparticiples
sameand thcy can thereforenot be distinguished:
-
ii*'"|'.{.;\ti. ,!'i* - !\., J\ li\," ;,. m
nh-Jm sQm(.w)
l- , in ib s!1pr(.w)
tm(.w)s|m(.w)''Itistheheart(i.e.mind)thatformsitsowncraSonewhohearsor
one who doesnot hcar."
whcn usedin an
It is not alwaysclearwhethettmin Egyptianis imperfectivesince,
epithet,thc pcrfectiveparticiplecan alsohavcprcscntsense'
'l ' ',it
Jt',, ft',.],,, \\ ; )\\ âr.r mt(w).ttml swti(.w) "A ncw languagcwhich has
ncvercorneto pass(lit.: passed by)'"
2. Passivc
a. ImPcrfcctive
ParliciPlc
'
, \;\ <1,*. ",, i - tnt(-w)hnn(.w)wQ't-ntlw-J "onc, whosccommandis ncvcr
transgressed."
b. PcrfcctivcParticiPlc
''il v( \ 'ii' t^^(.*)
,,Altlands;,' ),N:1" ii[],,i*' !nrt(.w)st in kv'wvbi'tvw
which havcncverbccntroddenby otherkings'"
vcrb with gcmination'
Note:tmm(.w)is the pcrfcctivepassivcparticipleof a 2-radical
ö 100-
FORM
$ 146 b) NEGATIONof the RELATIVE
'.,'rl' "
.,:: rjr" -*,,,.,"- iri(.w)mn.wwln=s "Therc
ll l\11 rtn s.t nh.ttm.rn(=i)
was not any placcin which I did not makcmonutncnts'"
$ 147 c) NEGATIoNof the sQm.ty--fy-FORM

'. ',,
{ ,.r,\ l;..'rl'\- i \} ,1 I\ ":' ilA9\,e.'
(thcbordcr),
who will not
sw tm.t(y)"f(v)
ir grt.l!.t(y)--fy
fightfor it "'"
'hl(w) hr'J"But as for him who will loseit
Questions 87
M) QUESTIONS
s 148
Qucstionsare eithcr not specifically marked as such (i.e.
they would have been
indicatedby intonation)or they are introducecl l]*
by i, or the laterform i*i)i
in-iw (g 34).
Word ordcrand syntaxare the sameas in statcments.
**.]\f
, ,fi- ! t,i':, ir-i, ini.n=kmi kd ,,Haveyoubrought
everything?,,
Interrogative pronoun.s and adverbs($ 34) occupythc samcpositionin
corrcsponding a scntenccas
partsof spccchin statemcnts, c.g.in an AdjcctivalScntcnce ($ 56):
1i,;,t),
; i h pwsw.it(.y) ,,Whois he (lit. hc is who),thc ,, Hcrcpw
. onc who enters?
(for pw,/'r' "who?"$ 34) takcsthe placcoian adjectiu",
..g. ,,f, ($ SO)
Thc cncliticparticlcs, (i)t 4 o. -- - 1 ,' to 3g)oftcnappcarin qucstions
of all sorts:
', i , , " I
l:11 isr, tr i!1.t,,Whatis thc thins?,,
N) EPBXEGBSIS
$ r4e
A pronominalsubjcctcanbe spccificdby a namc
or nounat the enclof a scntcncc:
t f \ ]
' I b'i4'R''w "Mayherisc'(narncly) Rc."(thcnamc"Khcphrcn,',

sccs r53)
'l
.li,l.. A, i*i;,.:,r,r
il il ., rji msi=s
ir4.sinw,Rwql_{d.t,,Arwhattimc
ri'illshcgivebirth,(namcly) thcn
Ruclj_djedet?,,
O) RELATIVE CLAUSES
Rclativcclauscsarc attributeclauses,i.c. they
$ rsO
functionlikc adjcctivesin that thcy
qualifyan antcccdcnt (a prcccdingnounor pronoun).Like adjectives,
they canarsobe
uscdas nouns.Not onryadjectives ($ 24b),pu,ti.ipt",is ro:) unaR"tu,iu"Forms(g
but also non-vcrbaland verbal r r 0),
,".u" as attributcs.Although Egyptian
parliciplcsand,in particular, "iuur"r'äun
RclativeFonnsusuallyhavcto be translatcd
as rclativc clauses,only non-verbaland vcrbal into English
clauseswhich are uscdas attributesare
trucRclativcClauses.
Thc word to which an adcctive, participlc or
RelativeForm rclates(the antecedcnt)
can bc eitherdeterminedor uncleterminid.with
Relativ" ctuurlr, rrowcver,Egyptian
distinguishes betwcenthesefwo typesof anteccclents.
antecedent
Clause- as attribute of a determined
$ 151 1) Relative - translationthis is indicatedbY the
specific in
Here, the antecedentis known and
i'itttl;' The Relative Ölause is introducedby a Relative Adjective,
definite u.ti.r.
with the antecedent'
which agreesin genderandnumber
RELATIVE ADJECTIVB
a)Ifthcantecedentisidenticalwiththesubjcctofth cRelativcClausc,thcnthelatter
in thc RclativeAdjcctiveitsclf:
is not spccifi"utty.*ptt"tJU* is implicit
Egvptianswho
\.|q,,1; rm! Km.t n.t(t)w im 1n'-J "the
, i1,1. llli*
RclativcClausc:advcrb)
wcrethercwith hirn"' (prcdicatcof
w h i c hi s
N\'ill t r ' t i " c a c hl i r n bo f a r r a n
' ' t t t h ' tn ' r s i n ' t ( y ) m
:,,1',,']*yf -'.T
Old Pcrt-cctivc)
,l.L';. lpr"dicatcof RclativcClause:
b ) I f t h c a n t c c c d c n t i s n o / i d c n t i c a l w i t h t h c s u b j cresumptlvc
c t o t ' n " - 1 -pronoun:
t:1:"eClausc'thcnitis
to rcfcrbackto thc antcccdcnt by rncansofa
ncccssary
'1,,,. i.iji:,,- - ' )shl1.tv.si n.sr'r'inrJ"thc shipin whichthc princcwas"'
u,1ll]-, *. , -. ] **
faccis (thatof) a dog"'
1 t;l , ... r
.' \1" l A np' pw't1.i)-
\i'1.., hr'Jm lsnl"thisgodwhosc
-i-l "thcscyour
''il*, -..,,'l i;i. iil.',' "iiit;t ir'ry'1;ip.n n;y yrll(\',n) im=sn
.:.'
of RclativcClausc:Aoristsim=fl
cycswith whichyou '""';' (prcclicatc
o w i n € e x a r n p l c ')'t
c ) T h c r c s u m p t i v c p r o n o u n ( s w i n t h c , f o l l^. )isalsoncccssarywhcnthc
... ,'i,;q'"*. i p; t hnk't"'n'ty
i, tfr" oU1".,.l ,,;i l{,,,,i'i1i.,',"
antcceclcnt
rdi.n'in=tnSw,,Thcbrcadandbccr...*t'i.t,,Ihavcgivcntoyou.''(prcdicatcof
Relativcclausc:nominalsQm'n=fl
d)AnadvcrbcantakcthcplaccoIaprcpositionFrcsumptivcpronoun(cp.$S|04.105)
godsare"'
li$..... ] t i\ hi bw n.tyntr.v'im "theplaccwhcrcthc
dcpendent pronoun and
Relative Clause appcars as a
situationin which I am"'

., s.fn pn n.ty wi lr'J "this
Relative Clauses 89
It can also appearas a suffix-pronoun,particularlyrvherethe subjectis in the 2nd or

3rd person,in which casen.e4 is usuallywritten .1-l:
t\\*''ri
. , ) -...._I ,\rr hw n.ty-Jim "theplacewherehe is".
Note:r,r..'' ' n./ynh "everyonewho", "whoever',

f) Like an adjcctive,a RclativeClausccan also be uscd as a noun, i.e. absolutclv.
without an antecedcnt:
; , l ..
lrro lr..r'i n.tywm Sms{ "thosewho arc in his following";
-,'.'. ,'I l\. n.t(y)tnb.t im{ "cvcrythingthat/whatcver
is in him/it,,.
g) NcgativcRclativcAdjective:
, ..\'., ,^,,,ir,.ry,t.,1,',ir,.tyt.,,onc
who docsnot ...,'
" ^ - / i \ \
|
, .r lr : iw.ty mi .tyJ "onc who docs not havc his cqual".

'
-^- ,
' ,\v. , i w . t y n - J " o n c w h o h a s n o t h i n g "( c p . $ 5 8 b ) , a l s o , . " i ) i i w . t y s w " a h a v c -
not, a paupcr".
Note: i , i , , , , n . t y ti w , . t y t " t h a tw h i c h i s a n d w h i c h i s n o t " : " c v c r y t h i n g " .
2 ) R c l a t i v cC l a u s c- a s a t t r i b u t co f a n u n d e t e r m i n e d a n t c c e c l c n t
$ rs2
A non-vcrbal or vcrbal clausc whosc fonn is idcntical to an indcpcndcnt clausc can
function as a Rclativc Clausc. Thcsc "virtual Rclativc Clauscs" follow thcir antcccclcnt
paratacticallybut arc not introduccdby a Rclativc Adjcctivc. Only thc context cnablcs
onc to rccognisc thcm as attributcs of an antcccdcnt. In thcsc cascs, a rcsutnptivc
pronoun always rcfcrs back to the antcccdcnr.
] \j' l^:-r1,,,'ä . n l r p w c r t t l n s r t . n w = f " H c i s i n d c c d a g o c lw h o s c s c c o n d

(cqual) docs not cxist." (Rcsurnptivc pronoun l. Thc clausc could also bc translatcd
paratactically:"Hc is indccd a god. His cqual docs not cxist".)
--
lli' " .,"*,,f
!f ;$ ]rlljl- t =. fw t t . w , t t . t , , l i k ca m a nw h o
m i . s iw , r t m . r B
has catcnthc fruit of thc sycamorc."(Rcsurnptivc pronounf; w,nm.n-J is actuallya
Pcrfcctsglm.nJ' in a subordinateclausctS 71.2],which coulclalsobc translatcd "likc a
rnan,aftcr hc haseatcnthc fruit of the sycamorc".)
Advcrbialsubordinatc clauscsof time or circumstancc with iw (N 46 b) (l) or with an
Old Pcrfcctivc(2) frequcntlyoccurassuchan attributeof an undctennincd antccedcnt:
90 Appendix- RoYalTitularY
'-'1i'i\Fl) l.$,"" :Sq,\\.---\\i(i g';.,=i ttft.wpw iw-Jm ivi't "I

(r)
iiscoveredit was a snakewhich was approaching'"
tbb.w
md,mhnhn.t=sn
\\1L._1, -riiiil* I li.i.\,.l\." .' . tln.wy
(2)^*-l\hilil
thc sky"'
,,twoobelisksof finc goldwhosepyramidionsrninglewith
m hr.t
P) APPENDIX
sI53I.THETITULARYANDOTHE,RDESIGNATIONSoFTHEKING
fivc titlcsandnalncs:
nlrh.t,of an EgyptianKing cornprises
Ä
N
ffi upon
thc pa.lacc-fatod"
l. Thc Horus narrc is usuallywritten vcrticallywithin
Thc Horus-
which thc Horus-falcon is p"än"a, somctimcswcaringthc double-crown'
Thc namc can also bc
falconon thc facadcis thc writing for thc titlc Hr.w "Horus"' (sec
thc crown and facadc
writtcn horizontallyfollowing thJ Horus-falconwithout
cxamplcbclow).
,'Two Laclics,,-namcfollows the titlc lulii, nb.ry, which refcrs to thc fwo
2.The
goddcssesof the crowns,Nfib'tof Elkab andW]cJ'yt of Buto'
3. Thc follows thc titlc i''s Hr.r'-rhr" probably"Horus(madc)

,,GoldcnHorus"-name
of gold".
4. Thc prcnomcnfbllows the titlc,l,fi' ,t, bl./v,"King of Upperand Lowcr Egypt"'
Theprenomenisusuallyformcdwiththcnamcofthesun-godRet.randiswritten
withina cartouchc.
,,Sonof Re,,-namc(nomcn)follows thc titlc \,. .s-lRc.w.It is also writtcn
5. The
beforchis accessionand conforms
within a cartouchc.lt is the namcbomc by thc king
Sesostris;l8th Dynasty:
to the currcntdynastictradition(l2th Dynasty:Amencmhet,
Amcnhotep, Thutmosis;lgth / 20th Dynastics:Scti'Ramesses)'
to kings by their "Son of Re"
Today, following thc ancientGrcek tradition,we rcfer
the Horus namc,and thoscof
names,whercastne ngyftians of the old Kingdom uscd
bi.ty name,when referringto the
the Middle ana N"*äingdoms prefcned the nsw
king by only one name.
Appendix- Syllabic Writing 9l
Exampleof a completetitulary (ThutmosistII):

t[5;! f i Ni; Hr.w kl n!,ttflci-m-W)s.t
ItltI i ,,i]i,",!] ',
l\, m p.t
Nb.tyWlh-nsy.tmi RC.w
i,il ''.) I / Hr.w-nbwSfint-pl1.ty
F""1 r .,I ., ,, Qsrlc.w
:,,K,7r,i] ) Nswbi.ty Mn-!1pr-Rc.v,
(,iri',.ihIr,)
) Si Rc.wQhwty-msnJ'r!1pr(.u,)
"Horus:Thc strongbull who appearsin Thebcs;Two Ladics:Enduringof king-
ship likc Rc in hcaven;GoldenHorus:Mighty of strcngth,holy of diadcms;King
of UppcrandLower Egypt:Menkheperre ('Thefonn of Re endures'(?));Sonof Re:
Thutmosis, pcrfcctof forms".
Thc tcnn "Pharaoh"(< Hcbrcw< pr.v, () "Grcat Housc",i.c. palacc)is not
uscdfor thc rulcruntil thc l8'nDynasty;cp. "DowningStrcct","Thc Whitc Housc".
2. SYLLABTC-(GROUP-)WRTTTNG g 154
In ordcr to writc wordssuchas forcignnalncs,loan wordsor magicalspcllsin sucha way
that thcy might bc concctly pronounccd,thc Egyptianscript, which lackcd vowcls,
developcdits own distinctivcsystcrn.Certaingroups,gcnerallyconsistingof at lcasttwo
Egyptiansigns,thc last of which is cithcr w, i or i, wcrc uscdto writc opcn syllablcs
(consonant + vowel).Herethe(oftenunccrtain)
vocalisationof somcof thcse:
ril ct, I rQ, n
rl\i. ,u
ri
r
],*
lI t \, l nu ru
.",
CI
:,. ha, hi, hu
'''', sa, si
1il ba, bi
,rlb
-.rrZl '[\
bu ]r, SU
rlÄ )''\ pct,pi 1',ttnt,'[\ la, lu

/
lilrt ma, mi, mu ta, ti
It
N\\
na, la
ni
Itr
.liN
!a, !i, lu
da,cli,elu
trl l
/ + vowcl
92 Sign List
III. STCNLTST
list in Gardiner'sEg'tpt-
The numbersfollowing the signsrefer to the more extensive
their alphabcticdesignation
ian Grammar,from *"6i"t thä division into groupswith
hasbecnadoPted.
:
: D' : Detcrminative'Ph'D'
L. : Logogram(also: Ideogram),Ph' Phonogram'
PhoneticDcterminative
A. MEN
malc
yi A (l) Seatedman.L' i$ 'ri "man"'D' man'^1aleoccupations'
Il' pcople'
pcrsonalnames.L. suffix i "1" D. in l, people,groupsof
drink'
jj"l Q) Scatedmanwith handto mouthor hcad'D' eat'be hungry'
speak,think,fccl.
)ji (3) D. sit.

Man knceling.
),ii (4) Man with raisedanns'D. worship;hidc'

lNs.
'lp
(5) Man hiding.D. hidc.
ili (6) Man bcing(ritually)washcd.D' pure,purily, purity'
iitt (j) Man sinkingto ground.D. bc wcary,wcak'
;iil (e) Man stcadyingbaskcton hcad'D' carry,load,work'
fil (ro) Man with oar.D. in sÄdw"sail"',,.

r t{,
( 12) Soldicrwith bow andquivcr.L. l{ nl.(' "army".D. anny,cncmy'
!;i'
üI (r3 ) Man with handsbound.D. cncmy,rebcl'

ii' i{, (14) Fallingmanwith bloodstrcamingfrornhcad'D' dic; cncmy'
'
:r,", (15) Fallingor fallcnman.L.'t' l,'' "fal["' D' fall' cncmy'
h (16) Man bowingdown.D. bcnd,bow'
lh (r7) Chifd sittingon lap.L- llrd "child"' D' child;bc young'

y.i'i\ il* "old", srtJl4'"cldest"'
}l (re) Bcnt manleaningon staff.
wr "prince".D. old.
Sign List 93
|fl A (21) Man standingwith staff.L. * sr "official".D. noble,courtier,

friend,statue.
|fi, (22) Statueof a manwith staff and sceptre.D. in twt.w "stafue",i/i.y
"sovereign".
t\
üt Q, King with staffandmace.D. in iti.y"sovcreign".
1l Qq Man strikingwith stick.D. for actionsinvolving effort: strike,
rob, teach,be strong.
'llr
Jl (25) Man with stickin onehand.L. hw,i"smitc".
--1\r
il (26) Man with onc arrnraiscd.D. call.
'il
11\ß
Js (27) Man hastening
with onearrnraised.In prcposition
tS ir "by".
\ ij,|
.ld (28) Man with raiscdanns.D. joy, mourning,high.L. fr/i "bc high,
cxaltcd".
'il
rllr (29) Man upsidc-down.
D. shd"be upsidcdown".
{.:il
rt) (30) Man with annsin attitudcof prayer.D. pray,praisc,plcad,grcct.
;,r
!t (32) Man dancing.D. dancc,rcjoicc.
l,t
ij (33) Man with stick and bundle. D. wandcr, travcl. L. mniv,"hcrdsman".
Lr'l
'ti (34) Man pounding,with mortar. D. flvr'.sl
pound, build.
I l.ii
li.tl (35) M a nb u i l d i S
n . L . k d " b u i l d "D
. . build.
!)r
, "il (36) Man bcndingovcr a vcsscl.L. D. cJ'.ty
"brcwcr". m
t,l
1''l (40) Scatcdgod with bcard.D. god.L. sufflx i "1" (whcna god ry
mh
f{
spcaks).
l, ' ; 41142)
King with bcard,uracus(andflail). D. king.L. sufflx i "1" (whcn
"t, ,.
a kingspcaks) iii(a+:),,iji(n++),,,i(oot),
Variants: nr;i1a+o;.
.:;
\E @7\ Scatcdhcrdsman
with staffan<lmar.r-.'tliiti) rrnir,"hcrclsman".
D.
hcrdsman.
L.D. sjN,"to guard;guard".Also for \jl tgAl.
, t,i
!'| (49) Syrianwith stick.D. forcigncr.
tr)t (50) Seatcdmanof rank;canreplaccA I or ,A.5
I . L. suffix I "1".
n qtl
l;i (51) A50 with flail. L. .fps"noble".Ph.Jps.D. noblcperson.
94 Sign List
/Jt A (s2) Noblesquatting

with flail. D. noblc;alsousedin placeof A5l .
1,jj c ( 1 2 )
":i
ii (s3) Standingmummy.D. mummy, statuc,image,form. d (l7)

{I; l
(s4) Recumbentmummy.D. death,coffin.
+
f-'-j (5s) Mummy on bed.D. lie, slccp,die; corpse. n (l8)
B. WOMEN
ri B (l) Seatcdwoman.D. woman,fcmaleoccupations, fcmalepersonal
namcs.L. suffix i "I" (whcna womanspcaks). D (1)
(2) Prcgnantwoman.D. iwr "conccivc",bkl "be pregnant".
'(t)'
(2)
(3) Womangivingbirth.L. rz.si"givc birth".D. givc birth.
(3)
(5) Womansucklingchild.D. sucklc,nursc,carc.
,ar -
(a)
(7) Quccnwith diadernandflowcr. D. narncof quccn.
r| 1 ,,r.
) (J/6)
(8) (GardincrA48) Wcavcrwith sticks. L. iri .t "wcavcr".Ph.iry. ,;rl
1 \
(e)
C. ANTHROPOMORPHICDEIl'IES
(l0)
']
c (l) Godwith hurnanhcadandsun-disk. (sun-god).
L. Rc.N,"Rc" 'f..
(17)
D. sun-god.
.5)
l.lir (l8)
il (2) Godwith falconhcad,sun-disk
andsignof lifc: likc Cl.
'ti; lt,l
(l9 ltt
(3) Cod with hcadof ibis.L. D. Qlm,.ty"(gocl)Thoth".
;
tJ'l'
ll (4) Godwith hcadof rarn.L. D. Hnm.u,"(god)Khnurn".
.4
(2t)
^/l
) "I (6) Godwith hcadof a caninc.L. D.'lnJt.tr,"(god)
Anubis"-
(24)
..I
)"1 (1) Godwith hcadof Scth-animal.
L. D. "(god)Scth".
( 2 5t
l'l
I (ri) Ithyphallicgod with f-cathcrs,
raiscdarrnanclllail. L. D. Mnw,"(god,r (26)
Min".
(21\
ljr
(e) Goddcss
with homsandsun-disk.
L.D. Hw.t-.Hr'.n, Hathor"
"(goddcss)
tr (28)
','ri (l0) Coddcsswith fcathcron hcad.L. D. Ml'i "(godclcss)
Maat".
i;t I
).:,- ( 1 1 ) Kncclinggod with annsupliftcd(supporting
thc sky),with or without -r
llrl
( 2e)
on his head.L.Hh, "(god)Hch";hh numcral"rrillion".Ph hh.
Sign List 95
t'{ C (12) Godwith doublefeathercrown.L.D. Tmn.w"(god)Amun".
d (17) Godwith falconheadanddoublefeathercrown.L.D. Mn!.w "(god)

Month".
n (18) Godwith doublefcather,homsandsun-disk.L.D. (Tl)-lrzn"(god)
(Ta)-tenen".
D. PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY

1:,1) D (1) Hcadin profilc.L. /p "hcad".D. hcad,backof hcad,back;
forchcad,front. Ph. tp.
.?
.".) (2) Facc.L. hr"facc".Ph.hr.
'iir, (3) Lock of hair.D. hair,sorrow,widow; barc,crnpfy;colour.
(4) Eyc.L. l/'.r"cyc".D. cyc,scc,blind,cry, wakc,watch.Ph.ir
, " ' : ' ( 5 1 6 ) Eyc with cyc-paintor cycbrow.D. scc,blind,wakc.

./l\ (e) Eyc with tcars.L. rnl "cry". D. cry.
' ';1
(10) hcad.L. D. u,ql).t"wed.jal-cyc".
Hurnancyc with markingsof f'alcon's
(l 7 ) Lowcr partof wed.jot-cyc.
L. D. ti.t "figurc,irnagc"
(r 8 ) Ear.L. D. r?.r4lr
"car".
(19t20)Noscwith cyc andchcck.L. firrl "nosc".D. nosc,srncll,

facc,joy; bc angry.Ph.D.in /rnr(liom /urr"facc").
(2t) Mouth.L. r'j "rnouth".Ph.r'.

(24) Uppcrlip with tccth.L. r7./ "cdgc,borclcr".
(2s) Lips.L.. ': .!p.ry"lips".D. lips.

(26) Lips issuingliquid.D. spit,vornit,blccd.
'
(27) Brcast.L. nlrrl "brcast".D. brcast;sucklc,nursc.
(2{J) Outsprcad arrns.L. k/ "thc Ka" (thc lit-c-forcc,

a fonn of
thc soul).Ph.tr.
11il
".1- (2e) Rl2. L. ftj "thc Ka" as a divinccntity.
D28 on standard
96 SignList
(p D ( 3 1 ) Combinationof D32 andU36. L. hm-kl "kc-priest"'
0 (32) Arms in attitudeof embrace.D. embrace,open'

'{ (33) Arms engagedin rowing.L. hni "row"' Ph' bn'
ch) "fight; weapon,fighter".
il]) (34) Arms with shieldandbattle-axe.L.
(3s) Arms in attitudeof ncgation.L. n and nn "'*' "not"' itd'ly
"who .... not". D. be ignorant,forgct'Ph' n'
t' I'ii N'\''"' I (D37'
(36) Forearm L . " a r m " ", h a n d "P. h . A l s o f o r a
38,40, 42),csP.in hicratictexts'
\
orl (37) Forcarmwith'l\-brcad.L. in the roott' t rQi "givc"' alsoin
thc impcrativ"lj\'; , imi"givc"' Ph'd, d andm'

0l (38) Foreannwith roundbrcad.D. in ini "givc"' Ph'nti andn'
()il (3e) Forcannwith sphcricalvcsscl.D' offcr,prcscnt,sacriticc'
(40) Forcarmwith stick in hand;uscclin placcof 11424'
( 4 1 ) Forcann,palmfacingdownwarcls, uppcrann bcnt'D' arrn'
shouldcr;bcnd'sing'ccasc'pausc'rcfusc'
., :) (42) Likc D4I but with uppcrarln straight'L' ntlt "cubit"' D' cubit'
(43) Forcarrnwith f'lail.L. !v'i "protcct"'Ph' !w''
'i" l
(44) L.D. lrp "control,guidc,lcad"'
Ann with'bi-sccptrc.
(4s) L. D. /'rr' "splcndid,holy"'

Arrn with a nhh.t-sccptrc.
(46) Hand.L. , ' c|r.t.Ph-d.
(41) Handwith curvcdpalm.D. rü"/ "hand"'

(4e) Fist.D. grab,conqucr.
in nurncral10'000'
(50) Fingcr.L. 4lt'"fingcr".D. fingcr'Ph' c-lbc
li ii
I (504) Two fingcrs.D. straight,cxact'
( s l ) Horizontalfingcr.L. cn-t"nail,claw"'D' nai['claw'mcasurc'takc'
(s2) D. rnalc.Ph.mt. Ph.andD' Äi'
Phallus.
L' in
(53) Phalluswith fluid issuingfrom it' D' urinatc;poison;husband'
N "in frontof'.
I''.n-b;/z
SignList 97
D (54) Legswalking.L.A\t ir; "come".D. walk, approach,

hurry, halt, hesitate.L. nmt.t "step,movement".
i\\, (55) Legswalking backwards.D. backwards,turn about;again.
il (56) Lcg. L. rd "foot".D. leg,foot,thigh.Ph. tt) pd,127wcr,
(3)sbk,(\ gh or ghs.
'i1
\ (s8) Leg.Ph.ö.
r'Ii
|,)\ (60) D58 combinedwith a vcssclfrornwhich watcrflows.L. w'b "purc".
JJl (61) Tocs.L. sil "toe".D. toc.Ph..sll.
E. MAMMALS
jr,ot E (l) Bull. L. t-i "bull,ox". D. cattlc,hcrd.
;rl Q) Aggrcssivcbull. L. in,.'4 f ; nftl "strongbull" (cpithctof thc king).

'Il
(3) Calf. D. Calf,cattle.
i::tt (6) Horsc.L. ssm.t"horsc".D. horsc,tcam.

5,t (i) Donkcy.L. D. ci "donkcy".
llr,r,l (B) Kid. D. smallcattlc.Ph.D.and Ph.ih.

,'it-,-,.t (9) Ncw-bornantclopc.Ph.in,.
i,l (10) Rarn.D. ram,shecp.D. flnm.w "(god)Khnum".
'tt
il ( 12) Pig.D. rri "pig".
fu (r3) Cat. D. ntiw "cat".

,\' ll (r4) Dog (slughi).D. dog.
'l''\
jackalor dog.L. 'lnp.w"(god)Anubis".
( r 5 ) Recurnbcnt
D. Anubis.
r l ; N , ( 1 6 ) El5 on a shrine;likc E15.L. hr.ysJ/j "hc

who is overthe sccrets".
Iru (17) Jackal.L. D. slb'Jackal,judge".

98 Sign List
'};x
E (18) wolf (? a canine)on a standard.L. or D.wpi-w).w/ "the openerof
the ways", "(god) WePwawet"'
(20) L. Stft,Swty,"(god) Seth".D. Seth,turmoil,
The Seth-animal.
storm,thunder.
4,-J el) E20 recumbent.D. turmoil, storm.
1,r\" (22) Lion.L. mJi"lion".D.lion.
-4'.\ (23) lion. L. ru, "lion". Ph. rw,ln(.
Recumbent
o.nrzr\ (24) Panther.L.D. )hy "panther".
ff^ e6) Elephant.D. )hw "elephant".Ph-D-ibw "Elephantine"'
tr; ej) Giraffe.D. sr "foretell",mmy "giraffe".
6,t (31) Goatwith cylindcr-sealhung aboutits neck.L. D. s'/r "rank,

honour".
!i':" (34) Descrthare.Ph. wn.
F. PARTS OF MAMMALS
yl F (l) Hcad of ox. ReplaccsEl ftl "ox" in offeringformula'
(-.lr (3) Ph.D.j.r "strcngth".Ph' il'
Hcadof hippopotamus.
, s) (4) Forepartof a lion. L. hl.t "bcginning'front",hl.ty"heart"'
)!/{ (5) Hcadof antelope. Ph.D' in sJi'
Ph.Jsl. Inaccuratcly
)t1 (6) Forepartof anteloPe.Likc F5.
'7c, ' ''74; .f / "ram,headof ram" and. - { {' ' tO
Q) Hcad of ram.D. in -.
.f.yr "majesty,honour,worth, dignity".
W (s) Forcpartof ram. Like F7.

?l (e) Headof leopard.Writtenfwicc:L. D.ph.ty "strength"'
f ( 1 0 ) Hcad and neckof an animal'D. throat;swallow'

'f
(l l) Formof Fl0 in the Old Kingdom.
,-1
1 1tz1 Headand neck of a canine.Ph. wsr.
v (13) Hornsof ox. L. ltp./ "crown of head,horns".Ph. wp'
Sign List 99
:::_ F (16) Horn. L. db"horn". D. horn.Ph.ch.

N (17) Fl6 and a vesselfrom which liquid issues.L. D. cäw"purification".
, (18) Elephanttusk.D. tooth;bite, laugh.Ph. hh, hw.
\ 1zo; Tongue.L. rus"tongue";im.y-r) "overseer".D. tongue;taste.Ph. ns.
: (21) Ear of ox. L. msQr"ear".D. ear;hear,be deaf.Ph. sQm,idn.
.l, (22) Hind partof a lion. L. ph.wy"hindquarters".
Ph.or Ph.D.ph, tdl.
,..i (23) Forelegof an ox. L. bp! "foreleg,arm". D. forelcg,arm, strength.
(2s) Leg of an ox.L. whm.t"hoof'. Ph.whm.
ri;ii (26) Skinof goat.L. fin.t "hide,skin".Ph.ftn.
'
(27) Hide of ox. D. hidc,leather,mammal.
',
(28) in T],i slhlw.ty
Variantof F27.L. s3ä"dappled,variagated"
"variagatedof fcathcrs"(cpithctof god Horus).
"r'
eg) Hide of ox piercedby arrow.L. D. s/i "shoot".Ph.sr.
r, (30) Water-skin.Ph. Jd.
;i i ( 3 1 ) Threefox skinstied togcther.Ph. ns.
i:, (32) Belly of anirnalwith teatsandtail. L. ä./ "torso,body".Ph. lr.
\-\ (33) Tail. D. sd "tail".Ph.D.sd.
" (34) Heart.L. ib (occasionallyalsoht.ty) "heart".D. hcart.
(35) Heartandwindpipe.Ph. nfr.
(36) Lung with windpipc.Ph.sml.
1r Backboncwith ribs.L.D. il.t "back".
e:-)
r) (39) Backbonewith marrowissuingfrom it. Ph. iml!.
,\ (40) Backbonewith marrowissuingfrom both cnds.Ph. jw.
,i (41) Backbonewith vertebrae.D. psj "back",Jc./"slaughter".
(42) Rib. L. .!pr"rib". Ph.spr.Confusionwith Nl l.
:'\ (44) Leg boneof ox with meatattached.Originally two signs(seldom
100 Sign List
F (44) distinguished) for: - .i h1 Ph'D' iwc'

(") D 1;;;l;'thigh of o*"' Ph' and -
\'r)'l'"
(b) D. in 1 sw'/ "leg of beef'' Ph' isw'
, ',' Intestines'
(4614'7) D' intestines ' Ph'klh' pftr' clbn'D' turn around'
---.
bodilypart'
,::\ (51) Pieceof meat'D' meat'
tl (52) Excrcment'D' lrs"excrerncnt"'
G. BIRDS
\\ c (r) Egyptianvulrurc'Ph' l
\; (4) buzzard.nl-t'
Long-lcggcd . (i... ,,farcon,,.
'i;\. (s) Falcon.L. Hr.w' "(god)Horus"'
,, n
D' :-
in 'i,irt,
I bift
in placc
hicratictcxtsregularlyused
i'\ (7) Falconon a standard.D. gocl;in
of A40.
"(god)Ncmty"'
.J:., (7A) Falconin boat'L' Nm'ty
ini:. of Gold"(titlcof king' Sl53)'
(-;rl (8) Falconon Sl2. L' Hr'u'-nhw"'Horus
\1., "(gocl)Rc-Harakhtc"'
[,].\ (e) Falconwith sun-disk'L' Rc'u-Hr'u'4t3'ty
of Sokar'
l.\".
,ö!r! (l0) Sokar-barquc. D' in r^l;r"(gocl)Sokar";hrl"'Henu-Barquc"
c'frn(cl1m'cl3nl "divincimagc"'
{\ (l l) Imagcof falcon'D' in
''l\.
ntwl' mt'
ru'ra"
( 1 4 ) Vulturc.D. vulturc'Ph'
1\ Mut"'
h) ( l s ) Vulturewith flail' L' Mw't "(goddcss)
Uto on baskets'
\t , ( 1 6 ) The vulturc-goddcss Nckhbctand thc snakc-goddcss
(titlc of king' $ 153)'
i.^,vfiy "rnJfwo Ladics"
\rl" (17) O w l .P h 'n '

't;1;
nh "neh-bird"'Ph' rlt'
\i: (21) Scnnärguinea-fowl'f-'
\,'- (22) HooPoe'Ph' 4h'

commoners"'Ph'D' in the sameword'
\,. (23) Lapwing'L' rlty't "subjects'
Likc G23'
4t\
(24) Lapwingwith twistcdwings'
SignList 101
e
)i G (25) Crcstedibis. L. )! " akh-spirit"(thetransfigureddeceased).
Ph. lb.
4_
F
_T (26) Ibis on a standard.D. in Bhw.e "(the god) Thoth".
b (21) Flamingo.D. flamingo.Ph. dJr.
^F
(28) Blackibis.Ph.gm.
4
F (29) Stork.L. b) " ba-spüt"(theempowered ph. bi.
spiritof thedeceascd).
:K
)ilr- (30) Thrcestorks. L. bl.w "souls,power".
-(..
(31) Heron.D. hnw "phoenix".
4,,, (32) Heronon a perch.L. D. h(h "be inundated".
(\
,T- (33) Egrct(?).L. sdl "seda-bird".
Ph.D.sdl "trcmblc".
i\
(35) Ph. '&.
Cormorant.
N (36) Swallow.Ph.wr.
N (31) Sparrow.D. small,cvil, incomplctc,
empty,sick.
2
\> (38) Gooscor duck(not alwaysdistinguishcd frornG39).L. )pd "bird".
D. goosc,bird,flying anirnals(c.g.grasshoppcr).
Ph..qbin ?,,,. lliil Ghh "(goclofcarth)Geb".
(39) Pintailduck.Ph.si.
(40) Flyingduck.L. , ',. r, , 'o-pj "fly". Ph.p).
(41) Duckalighting.D. alight,bird.Ph.D.lrr.Appcarsas D. for no
apparcntrcasonin variouswords;alsoin placcof G40.
t;,'
(42) Duck.L. w.fi "fattcn".D. in dfl "provisions".
$ (43) Quailchick.Ph.w.
& G7) Duckling.L.li "duckling".
Ph.ri.
thlr (48) Thrceducklingsin ncst.D. .fr "ncst".
g (4g) Threeducks'headsprotrudingfrom watcr.L. D. i",).r.{ "bird-
pool","nest".
F-
(51) Egret(?) catchingfish.D. to fish.
102 Sign List
(transitive)"'
& c (52) Goosepicking up grain'D' in snm"feed
'
N (s3) Bird with humanhead'L' b) "Ba-spirit"
@ (s4) Trussedgooseor duck.D' bird; offer' Ph' snQ'
H. PARTS OF BIRDS
D' w|n "wring neck

"l
H (l) Headof pintail duck.For G38' L' )ptt "bird"'
(of a bird)".
-1. wSm'
(2) Headof a bird with a crcst'Ph'D' mic'
litt
(3) Hcad of a sPoonbill.tn'O' rtt:",.,
't, i'l \i' nr"w "terror"' In a
(4) Hcad of vulture.Ph.D.nr in '
writing of rm1l|trJi"PcoPlc"'
ffidF (s) Wings.D. wings:flY.
li
I (6) Fcather.L. fJI sr.r "feather"'Ph' sw'mlc't'
\\ (8) L' sl "son"'
Egg.D.cgg;goddcss'
REPTILES
T.AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS AND
;1 Ph' 'Ji'
I (l) Lizard(Tarentolamauritanica)'D' lizard'
bc grccdy'
:;,, (3) Crocodile.L. msh "crocodile"'D' crocodilc;
aggrcssive,angry.Twocrocodiles: Ph' ' " iti'y "sovereign"'
"collcct(oncsclt)"'
(s) Crocodile,tail curvcdinward'Ph'D'slll
(6) Crocodilctail with scalcs'Ph' km'
Hckat"'
(7) Frog.D. krr "frog";I-Ift'r"(goddcss)
(8) Tadpole.Ph.hfn;numcral100'000'
D' fathcr'Ph"f it'
Horncd viper(Cerastescerasles)'
(e)
(10) Cobra.Ph. a/.
goddcss'
(l 2 ) Cobrain positionof attack'D' uraeus'
Wadjet"of Buto'
(1 3 ) Cobraon basket.D'Wl/'yt "(goddess)
Sign List 103
i,.t- t (t+)
K. FISHES
K (l) Bulti-fish (Tilapia nilotica).D. fish. Ph. in.

(2) A fish (Barbusbynni).Ph.D. in bw.l"abomination,taboo".
E
(3) A fish (Mugil cephalus).Ph. c/ in title r r 'd mr "administratorof a
district".
(4) Oxyrhynchus fish (Mormyrus kannume).Ph. hL
(s) hane).D.rm.w "fish".Ph.bs.
A fish (Petrocephalus
L.INSECTS AND SMALL ANIMALS
.t.\
t.t L (l) sacer).L. bpr "dung bcctle" . Ph. hpr.
Dung bcctlc (Scarabaeus
ii,,t
(2) Bce.L. bi .t "bcc". Ph. hit.
(6) Bivalveshell.Ph.!1t in !/w.t "offeringtable".
r,\
.( (1) Sclkis".
Scorpion.L. SrA.r"(Scorpion-goddcss)
M. TREBS AND PLANTS
M (l) Trce.D. trcc.Ph. ilm, im.

(2\ Hcrb.D. plant,flowcr.Ph.hn,ls; rarc:for suffix-pronoun
.i "I".
lst pcrsonsingular.
(J,t Branch.L.,, fil "wood,trcc".D. wood,objcctof wood.Ph.lt.

I
I (4) Palmrib. D. bc young. Ph. rrtp.lnthc group)',:',rnplsp (altcrnativc
rcadingltl.t-sp)"regnalycar".Ph.D.in /r "timc"; oftencombincd
'1
with othcrsigns:.1,(M5), | 1vo; o. (M7).Alsoin ' i[ ,
Tl-mri "Egypt".
.,] (8) Poolwith lotusflowers.L. I'J'1.li "lofuspool,mcadow".Ph.Ji;
IfYeYj
)!1inthegroupi;, , lfr.r "inundation(scason)".
104 Sign List
a . - M (l l) Floweron longtwistingstalk'L. D' wdn "offer"'
I f tZl Lotusflower.Ph.bl; numeral1,000'
T f f :l Papyrusstalk.L. wlQ"papyrusplant,papyruscolumn"'Ph'w)8,wQ'
;fi (15) Clump of papyruswith budshangingdown' D' papyrus,watery

terrain,swamp,Lower Egypt.Ph-i!, mh.
(16) Clumpof papyrus.Ph.hl, alsomh (like Ml5)'
(l7) . h .i .
R c e dP
(18) Reedcombinedwith D54. ln rr'l;r,iyi "come"'
(19) Conicalloavesbctwccna sliccof brcadanda vesscl'L' D' in
i!.11 / l
, , cilr./ "offering".
i,L,li
r,, , .j
O0\ Threcrccdsand thrcc shoots.L. and D iilfli ', .sfi./ "marshland,flat
land,ficld".Ph.sn, in Placcof M21.
(21) Likc prcvioussignwith a loop at sidc.r-. ]!]r,T;ir\\ ,r,, "hcrb,plant".

Ph.sru.
/t\
l Q2) Rushwith shoots.Two signs:I 1 ph. ,,.

' '\
1 fzfl Plant.L. i Ph. .sw.
".tlt./-plant".
i (24) with D2l
M23 cornbined '- Ph.r's.
i (26) flowcringform of M23.L. !m( "UppcrEgypt".Ph.Jlllc.

plant,pcrhaps
,] tzq) Podcontainingswcct fruit-Ph.n!m.

' l€\
I f,ol Swcctroot(?).L. D. in' n,rr"swcct".
ll! Qll32) Rootof thc lotusplant.D. grow.Ph.D.rrl.
\i r \ (33) Thrccgrains.L. i'" i/ "barlcy".D. com,grain.
iYna.,,uut'Yl'' "''"'bel't"crnmcr"' @
Y (34) Earof cmmer.L. D. in li ',
i\ (35) Heapof grain.D.ch(.w "hcaps,pilcs".
f'f (36) Shcafof flax.ph. Qr.
i] f+ol Bundlcof rceds.Ph. ls.
$' g2) Blossom(?).Ph.wn (oftcnreplaccdby Zll)'

Sign List 105
I"'h,u 1+:; Vine trellis on prop.D. wine, garden,figs.

I 1++; Thorn.D. thom, sharp.Ph.spd.
N. SKY, EARTH, WATER
' , N(t) chief'.

Sky.L. D. p./ "sky".L. hr.y."upper,
'1'
e) from it. L. grh "night".D. night,
Sky with somethingsuspcnded
darkness.
'llll' (4) Waterfallingfrom sky.L. ild.t "dew".D. dew,rain.
(")
(.) (5) Sun.L. r'.h, "sun,day";hrw.w "day";in datcsi') is readsw.
D. sun,rise,yesterday,
tomorrow,pcriodof time.
r,"r (6) Sunwith uracus.L. D. Rc.w"(sungod)Re".
,ti (1) Sunon thc signT28.Abbrcviationro. ll .1 .-\t"' fir.r-lrr-,.w"what
bclongsto theday".
t,l (8) rays;rise.Ph.w,bn,hnmnt.t.

Sunwith rays.D. sunshinc,
() (e) Moon with lowerhalf obscurcd. L. pscJn.Qw
"Ncw-moonfcstival";
Abbr.ps! in psq!.t"Enncad(nincprimacvalgods;asscmblyof gods)".
() ( 1 0 ) Moon partiallyobscurcd.Likc N9.
, \ ( 1 1 ) Crcsccntmoon.L. i% "rroon".In datcs:iäd "rnonth";othcrwisc
I \t , r: \
usuallywrittcn .{ ,,r or i . D. moon.Somctimcsconfuscdwith F42.

/=\ (12) LikcNl l. Alsor.,, (l7th/ carlylSthDyn.).
,r. ( 14) Star.L. " sbi "star".D. star,constcllation,

pcriod(timc).Pl"t.
sbl, cl(u,))
in *rl dwl./ "ncthcrworld".

@ (l5) Starin circlc.L. dwl.t (dl.t) "ncthcrworld".
(16) Flatlandwith grainsof sand(alsowithoutthcsc '). L. rr tti "land,
earth".Ph./t. D. land,carth,estatc(41.r),
thusalsoin 1.t
(11) Likc Nl6.
(18) Sandytract.L. o. ,,, iw "island".D. desert,foreignland.
(20) shore.Ph.wglh.
Tongueof land.D. sandbank,
106 Sign List
=r N (21) Tongueof land.L. T,: idb "shore"(dual * :: idb.wy "thetwo o

banks","Egypt").D.earth,land,geographic
terms.
\\ (23) Irrigationcanal.D. inigatedland,alsoforN2l.

/ t (23A) (GardinerAal l). Moundof earth,pedestal.
Ph-mic.
I i l tl l
mlir (24) Plot of landwith irrigationcanals.L. ., sp-i./"district,nome".

D. district,nome(province),namesof nomes,garden.
l\/\/l
l/\/r (25) Desertland.L. ,-. /tis./."desert,forcignland".D. descrt,mountains,
foreignland,cemetery.
r'" (26) mountain.L. 4/w "mountain".Ph.q/w.

Sand-covercd
rtI (21) Sunrisingovermountain.L. i/r I "placeof sunrise/ sunsct,horizon".
4' \\ (28) Ph.&t.

Sunrisingovcra hill. L. &c "hill of thesunrisc".
,/i (29) Sandyhill-slopc.Ph.t (alsotranslitcratcdr7).

'
"/'\. (30) Moundof earthwith bushcs. L. D. l/.I "mound".
r,,', (3I ) gcncralcxprcssion
Roadwith bushcs.L. , ," wl.t "road".D. roacl,a^sccnd,
of (c.g.
location "hcrc"), distance.Ph. hr,wl.
,, (33) mctal,mincrals,mcdicincs.
Grainof sand.D. sand,granularsubstanccs,
.rI (34) Now U304.
(35) Ripplcof watcr.Ph.n. Thrceripplcsof watcr ll t. ^* "watcr".D.
watcr,liquid;drink,wash.Ph.nw.
'
i ( (36) Canalwith watcr.L. ' ) ntr "canal".D. river,lakc,sca(oflcn
togcthcrwith ä). Ph.mr, mi.
l
, i r, N39 rLijiriirrrr
(3'l) Pool. L. r, J (Ji) "pool". Ph. .f. Variants N38
',a' (40) of N37 andD54 in Jrn"go".
Combination
tl,f j (41/42) Wcll filledwith watcr.D. wcll,pool.Ph.hm,bi),ph.
O. BUILDINGS AND PARTSOF BUILDINGS
o (1) House.L. D. house,building,place.Ph.2r.

pr'.n,"house".
Sign List 107
'J' o (2) Ol andT3 combined.InT pr.w hd"treasury",lit.:

"houseof silver".
5r; (3) of Ol, P8,X3 andW22.In ö[! pr.t-br*"funeraryoffering".
Combination
l;l (4) Shelterof mattingin field. Ph. ir.

na
L] (6) Planview of rectangular L. Nfl hw.t"largebuilding,templc,
enclosure.
tomb."
)r (9) Basket(V30) on top of house(06). Nbl-hw.r "(goddcss)
Nephthys".
l\'\l (10) Falcon(G5) in house(06). Hw.t-Hr.w "(goddess)
Hathor".
i)- L
l'l (ll) P a l a c e . L . i l iI c f t " p a l a c e " .
i|rrr{
(16) Gatesurmounted
by uraei. L. inl""'l tly.ty "vizier".
[xtl (22) Openhut with ccntralpost.L. 1 ,h"hut, hall".D. hut,hall.Ph.sft
1,1[,] (23) L. in l,li"if ,[]

Throneswith canopyusedin thc Scd-fcstival.
andD.ir f <m 0 hth-sct"Sed-festival".
A e4) Pyramid.L. mr"pyramid".D. in namcsof pyramidcomplcxcs.
fl rzsl Obclisk.L.D. t[n "obclisk".
,fr Q6) Stele.L. D. wd "stele".
I (za) Colurnnwith tenonat top.L. iwr "column,pillar". Ph.iwn.

. ,,ll es) Tent-pole.Ph.cl.
\ / ( 3 1 ) Door lcaf.L. ci "door".D. door,opcn.
I ll e2) Gatcway.D. door,gateway.t.]l sfrl "door".
- (34) Bolt. L.
'"
r "boltrr.Ph.s, alsofor R22.
,^ (3s) of O34 andD54. Ph.D.in wordsimplyingmovement
Combination
beginningor endingwith s: ,ll sbi "go, send",r',\ \'- si "perish";also
in \\ -,a' rzs "bring,offer".
'f
ll (36) Wall. L. llll inb "wall". D. wall. bulwark.fort.
(38) Comerof wall. D. comer,angle,councilof officials(L. !,i krh.t1,
gate,strcct.
108 Srgr Zrst
O (39) Block of stone.D.inr "stone"; brick v

1e18hl
rl (40) Stairway.D.L.stairway,e.g.,.,,l ,var.,"I r(w)d "slairway";
\? .k\
c).. \Ä,' , vär., htyw "terrace,terracedhill".

,fllr (42) Fence.Ph.Jsp.
Y (44) Emblemof godMin. L. in Y'' andD. i" { !\ S''f ;rr., "office,rank".

.|:
Vault.L. in ' I
'11
(45) andD. in harim".
ip.t "privateapartments
t
(4g) Townplanwith crossroads. L. nw.t(niw.t)"town".D. village,town,
city, Egypt,nomc,cslate.
(.) (50) with grain.D. thrcshing-floor.
Thrcshing-floor Ph.sp.
P. SHIPSAND PARTSOF SHIPS

. . ,\ p (l) Boaton watcr.D. ship,boat,barquc;travcldownstrcam/north.
\';' (lA) PI upsidcdown.D. capsizc,
ovcrturn.upsct.
,llli e) travclsouth.
Sailingboat.D. sailupstrcam,
\: * (3) Sacrcdbarquc.L. n,ii "sacrcdbarquc".D. in thc namesof various
sacrcdbarques.
f-l (4) Fishingboatwith nct.L. - lä w&c "fishcrman".
)l '/ (s) Mast(P6)with sail.L. giw "wind,air,brcath".D. wind,storm,sail.
I (6) Mast.Ph. %c.
I (8) Oar (alsowrittcnhorizontally.c.g.in ntlchtw). D. oar,ruddcr.

Ph.!uw,.
\ ( rl ) Mooringpost.D. mooringpost,to land.Also for Aa28( Ärl).
Q. DOMESTIC AND FUNERARY FURNITURE

'
^ Wsir(orisir')"(god)
Q (l) Scat.L. in ll '' .i./ "seat,placc".Ph.st:s in J
Osiris";i/rr.
,'l (2) Wsir(or-islf "(god)Osiris".

Portabfeseat.Ph.., in ,]"11
r (3) Stoolof reedmatting.Ph.p.
Sign List 109
r-r Q(6) Coffin.L.D. lgrs.t"coffin,burial".

il (7) Brazierwith flame. D. fire, flame;
cook,be hot;torch,wick.
R. TEMPLE FURNITURB AND

SACRED SYMBOLS
' 0, R(4) Breadofferingon mat.L. htp ,,altar,
offering,bc plcased,,
.Ph.lttp.
' 'il
(5) Censer.f. k)p ,,fumigate,,.
ph. klp, kp.
i't, (j) Bowl for incensewith smokcrising
from it.L. snyr ,,inccnsc,,.
Also
. ,.7 l'r.
ln ,"ilri orl,\\ bi "öa_spirit,,.
(8) Polc.wrappedin clothrvithcndof cloth
aspcnnant;old signfor a
numcn.L. n1r ,,god,,.
ph.n1r.
-1, (ro) Cornbination
of Rg,T2gandpartof N25.L. ltr.t_ruü.,,nccropolis,,.
jl rrrt Columnof stalksor carsof com buncllcd
togcthcr.L. /r1 ,,djcd_pillar,,.
Ph.4d.
(t2) Standarduponwhich rcligioussyrnborsarcbomc.
D. standard.
Cornbincdwith nurncrous signsfbr clcitics1c.g.CZOil
'i\;r ).
r (13) Falconon a stanclard,
in frontof hirnii fHO). I ,J",,,_,inur.[ ,,wcst,
[ (,0) Fcathcron a standarci. rrur./ ,,wcst,,,
.t"
L. i' i: \,.1-..,. w,ttm.y,,right,,.
i (15) l. "i".1.,,i)h.t ,,cast,,"[ tl.)). i]h.y ,,lcft,,.Frorn
Spear-standa.a.
the
l8th Dynasgonwardsph. iä through
confusionwltn | ;f (U23).
i (tn) SccptrcS40with lcathcr.L. .t Wj.s.r,,Thebcs,,.
(22) 'tt
Two bclemnitcs? L. ,,(god)
yf n, Min (of Coptos),,;,.rotl.
theciry Lctopolisin theDclta.pi
bm
|.{ (24) Two bowsin a shcath.L. or D. ^, ,triti
luf;) ,. ,,(goddess)
Ncith,,.
s. cRowNS, DRESS,STAVES
r/ ,,1,,s (ttz) Whitecrownof UppcrEgypt.L. ,.
hL.t,,thc White Crown,,.D.
Whitc Crown.
ll0 SignList
V ,V S (3/4) Redcrownof LowerEgypt.r.i{ asr.t"theRedCrown".D. Red

Crown.Ph.n.
rr'I
V,,V. 6ß)Doublecrown.L. !1, sf;m.ty"thetwo mightyones(i.e.crowns)".
D. doublecrown.
{-d (j) The blue crown.L. fiprl "the blue crown". D. blue crown.
ü (8) TheAtdcrown. L. )f "theAtdcrown".D. Atef-crown.
tt (e) .L. Sw.ty"doublefeather".D. doublefeather.

Two feathers
(\
(lo) Hair bandwith tiedbow. L. l\\ *lh.r"wreath"; { I , i rndfr"ro
bind,hew".Ph.mdh.
t') (l l) Omamentalbroadcollar.L. ws! "broadcollar".Ph.wsfu.

O-r')
rf'""] (12) L.',,,,,'nbw"gold".D. gold,precious
Collarof beads. metals.
"
xif' (15) Pectoraloffaicnce.L.1if ; glass".D. fäiencc,
lhn.t "faicncc,
glass,gleam,dazzle.
((',,r\ ( l8) for omamentalcollar.L.D. mni.t "counterpoise,

Counterpoisc
Menil".
l,) (le) attachcdto nccklacc.L. in 1' '\\ llt ., (alsorcads$.wty1

Cylindcr-scal
"Seal-bcarcr.
trcasurcr".
tl (20) Cylindcr-scal attachcdto necklaccseenfrom front.L. filn "seal";D. in
a) / \
; . I/ " fitm.w(alsoreads$.v,ty) "seal-bearcr, Ii ' Jt.ry a
treasurer";
unit of value.D. scal,seal-ring;to seal.Ph.!tm.
7( Q2) Ph.sr.
Shouldcr-knot.
4 e3) Knottedstripsof cloth.L. D. [$'11a^d "unitc".
(24) Girdleknot.L. .. /.r./ "knot,vertebra".Ph.1s.
il ei) Stripof clothwith two strandsof a fringe.L.D. mnfi.t "clothing".

,ii
(28) D. clothing;clothe,be naked,cover,
Pieccof clothwith selvedge.
uncover,hide.
I (zg) Foldedcloth.Ph.s. Abbr. for snbintheformuluY Üll 'nl,(.. ) wdl(.w)
snh(.w) "may he live, be prosperousandhealthy".
SignList lll
f: :tl
S (32) Pieceof clothwith fringededge.L. D. t sil.t "pieceof cloth".Ph.sij.

far.\
(33) Sandal.L.8 i th.t "foot,sandal".Ph.tb.
l
I (34) Sandalstrap(or phallussheath?).Ph.cn!.
.) /--l a
I (35) (also ) sun shademadeof ostrichfeathers.L. i Jw./ "shade,
fan". D. shade.fan. standard.
(37) Fan.L. D. hw "fan".
,?1\
(38) Shepherd's
crook.L. I hkl.t "sccptrc".Ph.hkl. Also uscdfor S39.
(3e) crook. Ph.cw.r.
Peasant's
(40) Sccptrcwith forkedbaseandheadof Seth-animal.L. wls " Was-
Ph.w-ls.Oftenusedin placcof 54l.
sceptre".
(41) U4l with spiralshaft.Ph.d(m.Also rcplaccdby S40.
(42) Sccptreof authority.L. D. 1t;(hJ "aba-sccptrc",
12;slm lal"sekhem-
cbl,
1b)sistrum,(3)brp "to lead,guide".Ph.
sceptre", slm, ltrp.
(43) Walkingstick.L. mdw "stick,staff'. Ph.nzd.
T. WARFARE. HUNTING. BUTCHERY
T (l) Prchistoricmaccwith dish-shapcd

hcad.Ph.mn. mn in"*' nt n=k
"takefor yoursclfl"
I (3) Macewithpcar-shapcdhcad.
L. hd"macc".Ph.hd(confuscdwithV24).
1i (8) Daggcr.Ph. tp.
(9) ' ' pcl.t
Compositcbow of hom.L. D., , "bow". Ph.pd.
(10) Compositebow with string.Likc T9.
(10A) (GardinerAa32)Archaicbow.f-. in ll, ' I f;-Sry "Nubia".
(l l) Arrow. D. arrow.Ph.sin,swn.
X\
(12) Bow-string.L.D. rvd "bow-string"-Ph.nvd, ir, ii.
'l\
Also in' ' lq $ labbreu n Sl dir "subdue".
t (13) Piecesofwood boundatjoint. Ph.rs.
ll2 SignList
T (14) Throwing-stickandclub (foreignweapon).D.lgmi"throw-stick,tkow,

create".D. foreignpeoples.Ph.(lm, cu,/.Also for D50.
(17) Chariot.L.D.wrr.yt"chariot".
'l ( 18) Crook(S39)with packagcandknife; equiprncntof prehistoricchieftain(?).
L. i n .fnzs"following(n.);fbllow".
(19) Harpoonof bone.D. bone,harpoon.Ph.lts,gn.
(21) Harpoonwith a barb.L. - . .wc"onc".
(22) with two barbs.L. 't'
or arrow-head
Spcar-hcad sn.nw"two". Ph..i/?.
(24) Fishingnct.D. nct.Ph.cft,i/r.

(25) Floatof rccds.Ph.dbt.
(28) Butchcr'sblock.Ph.llr'.
(30) slaughtct.
Knifc.D. knife,sharp;cut,
(31) Ph.sJn.
Knifc-sharpencr.
)) (32) of T3l andD54.Ph.s.fin.
Combination
11
,1, (34\ Butchcr'sknifc.Ph.run.
! ._1i-
U. AGRICULTURB, CRAFTS
-:^
..), U (l) Sicklc.Ph.ml. l-'\
\i (6) Hoc.D. hoc(n.),cultivatc.

Ph.mr. l-i! *
...1r (9) Com-rncasurc with grainspouringfrom it. L. , ill "barlcy".D. grain,

measurcof grain.
'';/r
( I 3) Plough.D. plough.Ph.hb, Snc. Vr.
:i) ' ( 15) Slcdgc.Ph.rm.
\r ( 17) Ph.,qrg.
Pick cxcavatinga pool.L. gr3 "found,establish". rl,
'-.
(19) Carpcntcr'sadze.Ph. nw.
"'1' (21) Ul9 on a blockof wood.L. slp "cutup".Ph.s/p. lnl
tl ez) Chisel,graver.Ph.mn!. (-r

Sign List lt3
U (23) Chisel(?). ph. mr, tb.

(24) Drill usedto hollow out ,i
stonevessels.L. l. ,,lhm.t ,,craft, art,.
(26) Drill usedto boreholes "
in beads.L. i .I i,l .trl ,,op"n,,.--"'
(28) Fire-drill.ph.dl. Abbreviarion
for w ,nb(w) wgt(.w)
snh(.w),,May
herive,prosper ,"nilili:formura
(30) pottcr's ph.
""a
kiln.
ri.
' (30A) (GardinerN34)
Crucible.L..r.r bil (?),hm.r('/) "coppcr,,.
copperor bronzc. D.
(32) Pcstlcandmortar.D. wcight;
prcssdown,bc hcavy. ph.
.rmn.
Abbrcviationin .Ji ,,,,l1.smn,,natron,,,
1r.,,',,,,
lrr^rr,,bronzc,,.
(33) Pcstle.ph.ti, t.
(34) Spindlc.ph.b.r.f.
(3s) U34cornbinccl with 19.Likc U34.

\l'
6,azl1Warpstrctchcdbchvccrt two uprights'
D' in ntrltl"hit(a mark)",
to (a path),,. "adhcrc
(4a24) Old Egyptian
tbnn of Aa23.
(36) Clubuscclby fullcrsin washing.ph.
tl
hm.
(38) Balancc.
L. D. n!11.t ,,balance
,,.
| (39/40)postof balancc.
D. balancc;
lift up,carry.ph.D.r1.' ,,lilt
up,raisc,,.
V. ROPE,BASKETS,
BAGS ETC.
v (l) warp
^l?fi.1;Jtrirf- ofship:
ctrag,
pult,
bind, ph..r?;
suround.
(2) Bolt (o34) with corclto
drawit. L. . .vj ,,clrag,
pull,,.ph. .vi, is.
(4) Lasso.ph. n,i.
(6) Cord.ph..fs.
(7) V6 with endsdownward.ph.
irz.
ll4 SignList
() D' circuit'name'Surrounds thc 4th and5thnames

V (10) Oval cartouche'
ofaking,see$ 153'
ct'k'
looscn'Ph'
(12) Band.D. band,garland'roll of papyrus;
'
(13) Tether.Ph'1'Var' " (Vl4)'
(15) with D54' L' ill "to take'seize"'

Vl3 combined
ilil (16) Hobble.Ph'sl'

tlli'si "protcction"'
)( (17) l' )(I , var'
Lifeprescrver'
' md't "(cattlc-)stall"
I (19) Hobblefbr tctheringanimals'L' D'
D. maqsack'shrinc'Ph' tml' l:rlr'
rl (20) Vl9 withoutcross-bar' Ph'mg!in numcral10'

'"
\ e2) Whip.Ph.nft.
T3'
stick' Ph'w8' Canbc confuscdwith
t ,l QU25) Corclwounclon
QO Ncttingnecdlc'Ph'cQ'cnc-l
i fzsl Wick of twistcdflax'Ph' lt'
I (2g) Swabof tuftsof fibrc' Ph'sk' u'1ft'
(30) Wickcrworkbaskct'L' ' ' rrb'l "baskct"'Ph'rb'
(31) Baskctwith handlc'Ph'k'

cloth'pcrfutnc;tic up'
:", (33) l3agof lincn'L' s'{r'"lincn'cloth"'D'
Ph' 's'lr,infrcqucntlY
'q'
It (36) Ph.ftn.
Containcr.
Ph'D'in rr rJ irlr' "hcrd".
(37) D' in
Brurdagc'? lrlr'"bandagc"'
W. VESSELSOF STONEAND EARTHI']NWARE

ungucnt"'
Y W (l) ungucntvcsscl'D' mrl'r't'nlr'l'r"ointrncnt'
Scalccl
ii (2) (calcitc)'Ph'bis'
Scalcdvcsselofalabastcr
' ,.), (3) (calcitc)bowl'D' festival'Ph'hb'
Alabastcr
(4) W3 combincdwith Q 22)'D' fcstival(ci' O23)'

,
SignList 115
iü W (5) T28 andW3 combined.L. D. hJh,'festival,,

(1) ph.ß1, ib.
Granitebowl.D. granite,Elcphantine.
(9) Jugwith handlc.ph. l1nm.
(10) D. cup,bowl.ph. i%, ws!, hnr.
Cupor basket.
(1 l) Old form yy12J;l L D. : ,l rs.r ,,throne,,.
Ring standfor potteryvessels.
Ph..e.
(14) Waterpot.Ph./rs.
(15) Wl4 with watcrpouringfromit. D. bc cool,libatc.
' : "' _'('
'
, l " 17/18) Threcor four waterpotsin a stancl.ph.hnt.
, (19) Milk jug in a nct.ph.mr, mi.

:
" (20) Milkjug. D. irt.r "milk".
" (2l) Wincjars.D. irp "winc".

I Q4 Bccrjug.L. hnk.t',bccr,,. tributc.1n ri;;f !i
D. bccr,dry mcasurc,
wdp.v,"butlcr".
I (23) likc W22;also forurlp.v, ,,butlcr,,.
Uscdasa dctcrminativc
(24) Sphcrical vcsscl.Ph.rrw;n in rrrÄ'"I" ö 26.Appcarsln placcof l )
't'i
in,il,,il:" 4trJt.r,,council,,, if " Ä../,,build,,(phonctic clctcnnina-
tivc r\ ll);archaicphonogranr n uscclasphoncticco'nplcrncnt !i]
in i
lrrl "protcct".
'
(25) W24cornbincd with D54.In . rri "brins".
X. I,OAVESAND CAKES
'
, X (l) Brcacl.
L. i,' ph. r.
t,"brcacl,,.
it (213) Brcad.D. brcacl.
: ,,, (4) ph. .sn.
Loaf of brcad.D. brcad,food,off-crings.
(6) Loaf of brcadwith rnarkof bakcr'sfingcr.D. in ,, , p).t ,,loaf,.
Ph.D.in I pi.I "prirncvaltimc".
116 SignList
x (7) Half-loaf of bread.D. gs.w "half-loaves";sn.w "food offering";l/

abbrev.forwnm"eat".
l
(8) Conicalloaf. L. ri rdi and/n\qli "giu.".
Y. GAMES,INSTRUMENTS FOR WRITING AND MUSIC

- ,, I V Roll of papyrustied with stringandsealed.L. .. mQ).t "roll of
1t;
papyrus,book". D. in words that cannotbe picturedbut only written:
ctc.;abbrev.for'jt'vL,"' dmd "total".
abstractnouns,adjcctives,
(2) Oldcrform of Yl withoutstring;after I lth Dyn. graduallyreplaccd
n
b yY l .
rlY
i,il (3) Writing equipment: rccdpen.
palcttc,bagfor powdcrcdpigments.and
"to writc,writing",with D. )ir\ "scribc"'Ph'

r- 14I .r.f(sJi,oldcr.s/11)
s.{ (sJ/, oldcr slri), nc'.
(5) Garnc board with picces.Ph. ntn.
f1 (6) Game picce. L. D. ihl "gamc piecc"; abbrev.lbl "dattccr".Ph'D' ibi'

li{
(8) Sistrutn.L. D. s.l.l./ "sistrum". D. in sarneword.
Z. STROKES,GEOMETRIC FIGURES,
SIGNS ADOPTED FROM HIERA'I'IC
'.:
rronc'r;
signin numcrals "onc"($ 39)'
Z (l) Strokc.L. D. - ir ttc
I
;I ; D. plural.Ph.n' (ascnding)'
(2/3)Thrccstrokes.
(4) D. dual.Ph.,v(ascnding).
Two obliqucstrokcs.
(5) curvcd.Sec$10b.
Diagonalstrokc,
'
(1) Ph. n, derivcd liorn hicratic sign for C+:'
(S) Oval. D. .fr?tr"oval, circlc, circuit"'
(9) tbn,
Two crossedsticks. D. brcak, cross,rcckon. Ph. swi, sc-l,ltsh,
wp, wr.
Sign List ll7
it
li' z (11) pranks.ph. im, w(n)m.Sometimes
Two crossed
in placeof M42.
Aa. UNCLASSIFIED
() Aa (l) Basket,seenfrom above. ph.
!.
{r (2) pustulc(?) grand(?) 'i':,r,
bandage (?) L. D. bil ,r ,,embalm,,; .h,.,
"cauldron."D. wound (n.), sickness;suffer,b;,*;]].,1;;r, ,
,".ton,,,
cmbalm,stink, be nanow. ph. wht, gi.
/^
,\ (5) part of ship'sstearing
gear?L. *, Up.,,,thehepet_implement,,.
Ph. hp.
AA (6) An implement.
D. in tmJ,,mat,.ph.D.
tml,6.
' tr (7) Doubtful.D. orph.D.it.' .. .,or ,,s,,.,itc,,.
" rpr
(8) Canal(?)L. ,, Qlt t,,esratc,,.
ph. kn.ph.D.
dldl.t,,council,,.
Wrongly rcplacesN24,V26, O34.
(t l) SecN23A
' (13) Doubtful.Olderform '
AaI4.L. gs ,,sidc,,.ph. gs,im, m.
,r
, ,t | (ll/18) Lid
of quivcr.ph. st. #
Ii (19) Doubtful.ph.D. /rr. 'hlf,
L
ii (20) Tassel(?) ph. cpr.
,r, (21)
Carpentcr's tool (?) L. or D. ,1,"..", \) _ ,N,I wQ, ,,tojudge,,.
V \i, v \/ (23124)SceafterU35.
' ll'
I (25) L. (?) sml "stolist,,(pricstlytitlc).
1 IZAS ph.D.sbi (oftenreplaccdby f l4).
,0,
(27) Doubtful. ph. nd.
ii 'l
rzsr Brick-makcr's
striker.
orderform auzg.ph.k(t.confused
witn! pt t.
ll (30) ornamcntal friczc atuppcredgeof walls,
originally the boundends
of reedsthat were uscd to reinforcemud
wälls and which protruded
from the top of the wall. L. o. O. lll ,,omament,.
n ftkr
l, (32) SceTt 0A.
IV. EXNNCISES
SCRIPT
n 8* !8 /l(|. X ,i*\\ 1-
55 \...-, A-rl a,(: \-A\; s; \ ! )'. .-(
sss&e1rrN3;' ,,.,11,
ltf,, 5.E1, H, li-, 3,
(-) "'",'.;., []i"t,. .i]irr,: ;t."$,,
(2) ( , N,^-, _5''.,,l',-.,..o., !i,,.,,ji,
'iil,. ,ä, . ,,i\,.,.,.,
(3) lfN\\f,, ;{), ",'li,r'\,l.'' i* i
'''
(4) i:', ,;.,.,
X 1i,,.,,
l" . \,;ri,i',,.,",'*'\\ ji-n, ij'i).
i''r,',1
lllä4\'
,i)'",,',i,,,,'tt^','\f li,l'
l, !Xdir"l^1
$ $ 6&l1r;r,\:il,l)r\
(2) .J,,,,\)1,:: , 1''lili;r,;

' il,. ,, lli i li'r Yr',i\ ri.:'i,1,
- . ii;,,i^:
(3)
\'r''h,,riiJ,
I i \ Nr-\.-'',,r; ii, :i-::,;' 'l':l r':','! -.\rii'i)'
\ I'
(4)
\ir'oll'N,t..)it, - , lll;,.. r\l , lil' , (, , ,o],"', Äl'.
I ,a,!\\r\., t !\i'(, ,,,'lr,'i. ,iil)i.'(,i,!ii,0,
r|.,.,\t.!\','''ili
(5)
(6)
q*, *ri, --ii, Lt-*(,;.,', illli ' ,)f'Xjb,
l,l.Ii,'i,?11\t;-.,
(7)
'il.\A- r[{q..'y""\lä, ","\, {ft1,\\l' ..''1,
tiir'\}
(8)
"{\::ffil
(e)
(10)
Exercises l19
T,I _!dl,?li, ,l-\,.ii,

tl'l,t al .;:rl
,.J.[\ . -. ; ,-'r;'r:
[r .r,i1,,.1_i,
}ti,(,,)\)/=j.*,*..*,
('3)l\*=:';,.'n,l\\ I.
, (. \::" 'll,' !\',. ii.,u,
/-l
gorl ''' Nfiil, 1t,. ti. r ^ r l ü l \\. ll,$,,ill,ii, rii'.1\.,'',i
''il'li'' ''r r. litit'i['\,,,
i'.,. i'tYiri'i),\
t'rl ll'i'' i i \:\ ]i'.,ji, li ,i',i ., iiii].r,r
(16)
-I,'.r,,"1i, ',1',iiji,illi',....u,
-!, fil,,ni'",. il i ,',ii'r, ll*'t,
.',),,
1 r 1I I L \ } \ , ) , l t l ' ( , N . . \ \ , ' ( , . j , o i i u , j i " , i , . , j " , , \. ( ) ,
,,u,]1]',4,
r'rr,{\irN I il';t\,ii[,i,,,,,, ;;,; I , ,' ,i! ili,iri,
t'qlli.,Nr.,,, * " ;.. , \, ",, ,1, yii ,;\,,11,
ir,\,fi1:.rrrr ? ]i!;,,
(20) ffiil,*.'t.I i *];.
l,,',f";.,.* ,',,',,
'l',[1],
sg7,e& u t ,-, .,1,.,,JI. , i'.,ri\; {,\,",,1x)ji,,i
1,r-^',
'ii'1, ', '
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n,lf".r,
l; tt, t", ',,
g l0 a) (l)i i ; l, [', ], ,, i,\:{, :: , ,, , s , 1 , " t, ,, i , , , ' ,
'''
l'."i,I
trl:,'1,
groc)l. N'o,'Ji,
i,rr'Ji,
,lt) ,ll* ()
g l 0 c )2 . i i i ; i i i l ' I , ;
groc)r.
u.i)0 N, I\l''ro'S
I20 Exercises
$10c)r.u. -?; ; *;';'' l-,, ;', h, ?Jl

J fl{i) (|*+--j$)
({*;..n,)(il;l".$) ("\\".-'$) fr",.'..-
+b) f,,,. {'}) ( iriX.- )
(l',-:l\ ,?) ("ffi1
ACCIDENCE AND SYNTAX
$$ 18 & 19 Genitive
' . liil. to I _^^"
t,l l'.t' lr ] rrl'h\,, ,r,l! (+;furL'"r
(5) tu
rrr\",,il"T.il'; r'rI I l' 'ii,,, .' , '-' ( s ), , I

t"[]\"-,' '
trolt]]
t', *:l 'l
, * , ' , ' , , t t t tl j i \i " *'
i i Y i ( 1 2 ) , \ N ,:,,.(r3)
rrt,*.. ,.
I l],F1,,
.,.1.,,,,
1,0;,v,')i_y; r,rr.'", li
S$22-25 Adjectives
\\ ":.J*
(r) .li trl, , i (r).-''ruf.
'l o
tl I\i i \\,, ,u, ''|i;ii 1z;L
lf:l , iji. rnr] .1\\l il (ro)'îlr]
' - 'r
:\
l ... ' ,
(ß) a. (14) l
$ 28 Suffix Pronouns
(r) ]il
tt lT,* t'
trl lit trl'- ";$" '''' (o)
l.,\:. . rtl*!ti,' lY,t
(u)-',Ytq
$$ 29-33 DemonstrativePronouns
(r)il..'l: (2)ll] rrr..(

$lq'i ,0,:'',,'NN*li]llilt
Exercises 121
6X N,lil$'l$(oN(il"*='bft#
S$ 42-47 AdverbialSentences
(r)',,'
Nc{'l [\ rrr{* _N'o-.,
rrr{bNq N?!;g(|ü
ü
:-,-N" (a)Hesubduedtheforeignra'as,flh,f.,'l .st...-'Nll,,\|,, l
-i1.,j.
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i
1{r:l\N. "f"jil,__ .! ,^.11 ,;jiltyili\.',iXi
,r,t>,-..fii-
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llil.1f'
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_'.Ft',,{i ( i.,-1,1) r,rrI ll, \1..,.tt
i\ i,
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$ 48-52 NominalSentences
(r) li ,,\...],-..'^'.ir iit rrl),(,ol.i',1

(;. tf:j,.,),,Jii5 1r;Jl, .
/'].'^'.,.',1,,
(4),.t)^ljt',1 .;jfil tullt]-l'!i,*N.{,flb.;.
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ttr.ll,rll-,'i',ilil ;}. fu )lt (s)-^-."^r!-i
' '.
oris),f{ f !i" '
i.1inprace
$$ 53-55 pw-Sentence
6rllll,i;it',f ,il lt \..1! " * rrr,{}''\\s.

* ililil fi ,,\fr:r}ilN[]
l,jlüiä$iir*-,,r,lNrrri'ri)Nä
ror \')*,,,S'Ä(,....,.*.n1.'.
to\',('(z)l\\ll\\l-; N/l ,,,ä \\1.].='ll*rnr,,,,,,jl \)'
122 Exercises
$ 56 AdjectivalSentences
rrrAl-:ü: (2)>{n^$N*ffi(3)A=f^-=-:
=f I- ^b- 6 (oA=r:$ bä :
>ffi =l ^t : (s)
(4)
n^.a f\öAf\\\*n l\\f---'r n
J]r H tzl d | l l F *l 'o + suffix:
1 r=tpr cp. "her "..
$ 35ltslÖtsooo*
,n,5b+$:0:
of Possession
$ 58 Expressions
(,)m (2)r\[l"+$ä? *S$l'jffi

(3)r\+blTtor
oäP, (oYSS(D=N{l*:==-gR=: (a):$+ä
- äft:qINq{ 'n'll[' ri ] 1i
THE VERB
$ 6T lmperative
zN-=Sq pr$üNg<>TÄS*3 r,rqäJ"S+b

(1)
,o,Q-N\'+b- =7t; (5)zNq=,Flnq:b$ ?
TT:rllW-UAb$-+NSJ'1fÄ [N=fr*
-=$ ö - ] Öt
T\ A3 "f,* -- )? - f- FlTuuu?['tQ
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fIN ö -ä i:tq N 5\-11
S-qR1[tqNNf :ÖtNT*['S-'fr lIN0t
3ffils4s=,'q#-qK,:*3[,:
Exercises123
$$ 69-70 CircumstantialsQm=f and Aorist sQm=fI irr=f

)fiS E,T,,o75Subj
(r)h $ > ^- $ z N F, ($zssuuj )l 3 = N t l
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-- f N = [ \ 8* S ö N = = ä ]* ö N ;' $
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(9)'" l]\<-<-\ t E-:<.- -. '-*
PerfectsQm.n=f
$ 71 (Present)
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$8s21
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,,,j{3$=N=qlÖ ^ q:S$
@ (2)$;++Yz-q g ^0 t:rh*l-lE=*{?i$
z\ @-lzNB:S rorq$'NqNY$ gqT=niÖ$
gf ? +\N ? \\ä:$ (5):üffi*
*NNTf,l ,.,.,
TR \V=üS-N$? l;*Nä^ f-?=tr,'il,;
t zsiQ]m-*,l;,
--t E5b$l(suui.',er'-r o flfroNG
-N3ätrI\ \ oS4lrui
iS NX$.oN^SN5 Ä :Ä
124 Exercises
:
z
9- ^ 6*
Y]
:.Nn
-l
I
fl ^ +*
Ll
M$
lil
t l l^n i\ \
_l_f)\<> a €-
he
(mrr.rJ"thatwhich
loves" Form
Relative $ tot) rl =S*RN:\ügq:,oqq$
W-& 4 $:HlZ =S *f ; "XAf; tsr

rsrdfl,r 3-'k*
IJ ?5: l) s "--= sRi* r,or S \ F \ ->'-
{S($n'):
fr\fu \- h\n3&SUllr:rf -,,',{b:A
HNln ^ q- :Nhv--'l\'[=:q-Tffq]tr
,-\ A t'""1 (\ rffir ,.1 :
il_ \\\ u lj |l\_ | "*YT ->r, ?s_
*)*j)\W ^ | !
$ 72 HistoricPerfectsim=f I iri=f
,',fiS$[* e -- ;> (2)N5:-A*-$:HX$|XNATA

=7 *qlÔ6qq:e:-bp
,r,Iq*& SGdmi$s0a) S
(s,_lm.rw=1'
Passivc .--$ü
N76) N X- :
"1";fo'-
$ 73 The Form sQm.t=f
(r):hÖl;.- " A/$-^-8tr(2)8:--offilqq".-

o
$q-^-$:lifl r,rN=S\::?fie'?fi; N :
rAr-:
X O,,r,
$ 74 Future(Prospective)
sQm=fI iri(.y/w)=f
,_ - ->44 - .n
(r)..-n-,
^- nI\
üN..sh::N: rl *l l ( 2 )c - : J r y t
Jf^ (3)äqq$?nNg*-- (4)mf$fN

fn:onr-
Exercises 125
Y#,7 + N 3^ f,ig b @',7,

('l= b,TTn,T,lib=i -N
._n_0|1r_=
r tlö)- (t t t
I iri(.Y)=f
sQm=f
$ 75 Subjunctive
i ; * I'!=e *Ö* N T *: )N":--N5*

(,)
(2) orq.?s - gqT*ö
K ffiäS A:il.1; =oorQ
[b^qq':tuh$ oqK--m$gNF 3-H:
(4)
A=,u,h*U0*:@,QIdN$= j*$g=
(7)
o'tQ$"äb
f ? =*F\^* N"$Ä: ) :: r'rJI
uN^qqn -Y ?:*q i=i * f-?,{ t;iir5nY*-
(e)
5 Nä
il,1 ^ q:'.fi M -? fl
_$Z i - rq* " fl r'or5{{ö *_r'c osiris)
r.rgNf
(,,)H"=^
:qq{S*=-+SNJIJ].Aö "ASi:g
* x,:, r(S-- ?fl b i ä *- $\ P * |H: I b ;];* \o
effi1
*
Tjl lsz }S- ?'il*=: 3 tS
(rr)
S 76 t' Passive
< _ >_ _ ,n, \
*
::*\Lot
saysof thcchicfstcward:-, .i, ..'
pcasant
(l) Theeloqucnt
> N
q
tr N S (n"r", as in othcrtcxtswrittcnin hicraticscript,- rr is writtcn
I ; =: -.::>
rorA-,-!),r, Q N [ :- 0 -- b L-1tr.=-{|ä u$
thc lcttcrof thc king broughtto him:|]::
i:; Sinuhcsaysrcgarding ff :j
126 Exercises
,^
p' v & e -r T S , , \ o : , - - - , - ^ :-s
lH- ^ E1 1+; Sinuhe
r ^ ^ ^ - r L ^the
describes ^ + Lking:
^r.i * S\*-lS.^=-tsttrr
-}- - nn*)"0
lT-NS ('{NbÄ^}W1f
v { -
$ 77 PerfectivePassivesQm(.wly)=f
$, , '(zrFi$+:üq*lbePN S
.)NHrsn'offii.:Fe Sri 8:-Es
. __",:_
{ä oQ^f 'on'o) It};Äi: .-#Nä T Ytr

J-mllft
J-fr KepK=$@ g^]'$ tzrA
Q$(se,)/tr$S[
ror
t*N,1,o*)?'oN_n" \0i (s)N=äNVNV
- RclativcForm$ 107"whichyou havcdonc")
(u',.r.*Pcrfcctive
H S $
$ 80 ContingentTenses
-l
! * X fn, *0* 1- n 0 | -.1- -.-nR\ I
.,.x-,4*flliloy& tz)--tl)Ix o I\+l"*
(l)-() )))\\H-* ..(Sil8"\i ?
f T\ e $ S trl If yousccsornconc fiornsr./in thcbcllywhichhasnocxit,

suffcring --
o i, -1 A nF\ .x/ -1
" '- 1\ 'i>, +
. . r\ 1\ -:
i , F\ \ C : i l l \\^ | (4)oncwhoclocsX,. F, - ,<---rJ;rJr\^N --':
*
|,, -l e \ L . i r ' [ \ ö f l. - , ' ] X _ 9 o T f \ \ , X^ l l l l l , l
f 1 5 ; S h o u l d X l r a p p c n . q ;N \ = - l!\l ! .r- Ä)$ t"Ä,8\ )'.- i\ i
.:l
lrr
S 81 Old Perfective
<)uq nr., :'*^^_-,-;ä-Qx 0/l r i C
" rX
Y 0 \V\ rl \\\ l\ /l/l*
X a l l - b ^ rL t s \ ) r r L N h ' - ' , ö 1 3 > 4 : :
(l)^F^S-N\\'*1,! I
:r
fi; -,"ISHN; b S$AHll
e\--,,$ Yr\\ : (3)
=
Exercises 127
:"S$-T+ .:^H$(4)A*=-U-fi:il ?Älq?fY

>NlJ{l o>T"*S=:lqNm (6)TRg +N.-:$
g6?n'r3$S:F ^"-^Slffilql+"Jr]l-glfi
$$ 82-85Infinitive
or-NdAFrN*=Aq o -NIf;ö;?A,,, iQf; -=

q*g*S +üA.?i{l^: :.HIr,0,
!-ÄNffi .'.*1"\N"
:?AI--{IW*- of}flJ.*N=--,o j,0, JS^[J--N
# *- : [l* T'=3 r= =1T x : Ib ; :! "$:iad rzrt>N
==?lUl=* 3,'0,l{n$ : * N N q:n$.,ft

$ 86-88 Pseudo-verbal
Construction
,,i{I" } ÄHä.= bÄz -\ S[eö*- qS ?[=ö ryo.,

Q*!:
il'1,= rrr$, =- ?I : 0 $S $i ll rrr{ b etö !.!
ö o: $$s2-s3)
H^-N= - roiN =SS'-- äN .-":- +r': lll i $
,'iQSil * -- iq; \\ E ob., toi^F\\ S AK $',.^,bqä
-Njq; r'r{}S'-?,t'N; ,r,Y*[ü: --'"))n
128 Exercises
* N Nq*s$l; q; s N3*Nrffi ^.*

q$.:?*N\sb T A=b-*F: tn'€?Y
?R: \\6Ut'orQlS:F? ffiKN$'Nhqb;
giS'; t,,r{}n?T*>hÄ:'}iQ> r'nfrJ)
er==*HQ-:=E= r,rtffi$#-^bl]*
S$ S9-97 ComPlexVerb Forms
$ 91 PresentPerfectwith iw
Nl-l *lt{R prQb*\\S#}T
un," r,rQQ^*KA
lJ_,,,Q}'FÄ*t3Ötil$.1..,i*'trNqqs,orQbdlSq
QbFl'!Ê
l rrt<--Ao trr{}+ *;-S[JNtl,,rr 1o;
K-qr? +:*älq::\\=l t'rqb:qfl;Ntn^
$S-3&
' (tl ^fo?:
l-:llqJ-*\\q){'-\N:-r- K=-ff
gelb orQb=*$i- t'r{}=}W--Sü--='bOS
$ $e 8 r' 0 2" t h a t '
g e r c .r , l Q l F . t J ] l ä = - b " ' - z \ " 4 - \ 'o '{s'I't't
which is heard")
$ 92 CornPlexAoristI
*5-N"lN-l? fl?ii$ +
g[= ÖA=-="T]-Q
(.',E'N
gqT (}$
tor
u---#.ägl.,r{S?$^}Y.=- *l?,a",lt$
,r,Q
Exercises 129
llNö$ll3 ;6::f,=*.q! o{b:*NN*

^ fl$o r[*3
aJ t,t : ^ - __-,rr)- 1
$ 94 Complex Futureilat=fr sQm
(r)Allwho { bl T, --L) S T*.S

rcad',, qSESAq! ;
-t-*=N$q<:.} (2){b$:TN; =ö6
er:*q$\$
$ 95 Introducedby %c
orFjfJl:ö"-q N$ (2)fl*A )*[J#i:i=[.?,

(3)
?:6i:* [J =^ --8,, T ß (4)i : j*tl- b.
o fljSz--N g $$--irg{^öl^ rurF
jlp-ö lq: q ;
4)o F:$'^'N g $61-:"+: bl (s)
F:=:ffi --:-
q*flNb**11b,_,
$ 96Introducedby
wn.in
(,)
5q*[": S=ö":-S$ e)fr|V^S?tr*$m
e#{V^S?ß0,--"?*
$ 97 FiniteVerb Formsintroducedby m=kor. is1
(,)N5oNJ^SYI\m=*\n *
rrr,\r.I rr:1
&J.'iI fl$^^$' l',ii{;= :, (3)Statemcnrregardingfieldstakenat
130 Exercises
^^ *
listofbooty),
(follows
thebattleof Megiddo QI N N I lX N C l'*'
tloql-=-S$fla$"''5f J1):
.:.'3-'"-TzlrQ
(4)NN
!^--n b N Si^'.N +r=fä h s ;'""'':"'1
{{ "'I * \\'i\
lFN4-$:lf;
$$ 89-97 Text Passage
*s64*&?llH &?- qN6SNY ^Sö&? ?: $
w N g $ t= e N W=*\&?+ä SN I = F: F -- m
* ä =:K N F * -i =
T
:-
tb N ?$ N h \\ = ts Iü
;tbb S,-ä":--l--x?lH$i ^ A T >=:=i?:
fn*8"+SN-A"T3-=Nil'J?fNEr :
$ 98-104ParticiPles
or3 lY *+tN = g ^ G==?Y

I H Â A== ^t$
,,,E+$HS:;Eb orQÖ>S+äffilhbÖNq
rorQl^tN).n-+:ffiil *F,, '#^,TNä^3 t'r$f^*
G:=b":- t'rjl e*r
,uif,=+äbAl>\\=
hb -:.^bll$ eu t,r€i ? iqq*!J-q*'äi?fi:
,n,vlä$hS*ü=ÖtN:T (ro)'N*hlq:
,,,,fNö .- &,XN,.P,I=N"+\HsN$XQr''r{S
Exercises 131
Itrö:?g=NF @#=S#=tq=_Ng$=Ne
lUl l\ (. 1. .4. )R>\st- \ \ \sl i l
S 105-111RelativeForms
(,)g\qq+:>Sg'Wt":-ln =+ (2)lTgS+:.?
- STR|
ßf (3)TNWY-fl
+-bT5\*3 I *,Sil.nFb"Sf
('++*==B"*ll,*nS-N:Sill""*==*|]*W
rurSäSN+;l*qN (DAl;AAbf*S,',Qbl
= - qNIJI^'rtXHl*A:h\ ,n,b::.-=
h ? * r'or3iqqb*blSN:l$J;l r,,rf*Sln
N\=: (r2)Heisagod,ff
u":TR$iqNu Hi rrr*o\
ä; (,4)^FN:&Xg-tl r'rrA$3=>qq*A
q-N* r,oS^trflöl{:J (traN*hlqÄ; r,,r3{ö
?$*+, r'nr*A^S)^+l:qN rror5lg.S^-lq,r',F
: qIö^lq; eullxN?^-I\:-Ä:Xsä-ilÄ
-L- /A4 ^ e\ö
(23)*=€-N\o^-
$ 112 Verbal AdjectivesQmly--fy
,',I$Ae=Sq^-Stl;Nä^f?,,,tä:Sl$:
132 Exercises
a + Nln.l:l+lN&f ; ?N Äe:=^f äbi:h

r ,!\rj^=+!fl-T+l =Öfif,
:NXT +,. (3)q,\itr !E
<:irs,'rläl3ne€c.:
iyi.tpw iri-n=f
$ 113NanativeConstruction
I)l ; =I.-:fi =t prFäo$3--
,,,3;F:l +TRlffi
Q=ö.---,,,?^83:34 (ol$üN^'b:l-l-Tn
(5)T\\;"b:[tlR$:Nffi ^ qqä--+: ffi:a (o*)
..-- ö 3|l* N r: ft > bH :|Q$ eNr'FN Jts'''r
+$?=;NtulxN==
$ 114ModalYerbpli
(,)*öKo^l^ gtNblWlÄblI t'rAl^<>Xqq^8

r,r*Nbi-4'XNeiaN*T1l
Word Order
$S 119-120The in-Construction
;Jl
,,,{*HSl*q- N#tr+ä:Öl* (2)q*Y$lrffi
'",Yji,,,ä=? !-:, tor{*[S=11=":o3*Y+]N
A.---p::.--==z (s)ä3SoX6-fllu,t,{*l'H
I\q=Kqq$*--il*3 (e)*\h"--
tr{:.NL (s)
g?l'$Hl{ t,or*\ J $:=: ,,'rQ*K*=Sq
Exercises 133
Tib...=f;5:FSi? r,,r-NStjr3${f
i*Jf "
(the JFr q* ihÄ * X N p b S ^,,N = * = -U-
box
e/+An/l,%^
[;üa<--:1"
S$ 123-126Topicalisation
withoutintroduction
(,)g$=3$ (2)J;ä -l* (3)N51,=*+ä-

(4)='=)'N-C ojN ? B"q\+brurffiFE*f..
+^Mt'rJbÄ*Jb---+ ö*ll^ ,,,T$F*\3Nä
*qiffi * tr$T* t $'öqQ$i{g f -- 8* tr
"tr
$S 127-t29 Topicalisation
introducedby ir-
t,r(-Nü:ln* b$[J -J":A-NUHg,XNT6ll

=qq-bt4|$NIE,r,{--*f-lfi..-=::*f Nr1N
HU.Nilu=z=fg:* S-*-'Xg+,,, {-_,i f,l,-Nn
q {: ; : \\ t4{? N = }.,r.
"b* h +: ; N _N,0, "x
\eZ\\*ll
lr{ -tl.\l I ll 0
$$ 130-132ConditionalSentences
$ 131Followingir
n A A4t \F
1,y(-q3=3 .s.:r':,r,Q:rN:f+:l S: a:
H==g Gr{:q3=q}=4$N3=_,0,(_luN
134 Exercises
{-^FN:{JQüN*
l:S (s)
ö*}l H$$ "bffi ..
q ^/*
-lq:...
types
by othersentence
$ 133 Without introductionor conditionexpressed
')^FN-N:6>J QJN hq;= (2)\'Ti'Fl"F

q= I r==?=ül,0, q-fr ä$:
h,T...,r,5=5==#
tîS:6HS:I fl ,+*?qJ'S: N $a \\=*QQä
N>=+^fl=l-t='l I ='N )F,-{@NNNqSSq
" - *( 1 /\
o ; tYAllJ ...
S 133-147 Negationof theverb

$ 135 Negationof the irnPerative
- -i\ 'v-
f.\ + n f) <n2<-> (\
, , ' ,N - ,,Nll't''-i e: tzl$\a'-rT" r rt)*r#<-all"l
Aorist 1 iv'=J'sim'4
$ 136 Negationof Circumstantialsy'm=J'(or
') N = $#Y =ö ; aQ\\;I^,r, q-- S € - :jS

- a'--
NN .--+ä b S*IT K"=-{5"--Nl' Y i

*- 1+qb..=-
-a-@N IH: +b 3:: x s € ": N S €': Pj N F&
$ 137Negationof Aorist sQm=f
,,,QSl; g ?g }\q^q
r +e+ül;; ^b= ä:;:-? {}r':
- - y t r - A \ l ' rK fl"\fl-'-s-
rlUo'll
Exercises135
S 138Negationof (Present)perfectsQm.n=f
1. Paratacticmain clause
(l) Thisexample
is preceded (2)of g r38.2(seebelow), -^- E
by examprc F
Ä$: Y: (,)qbtr:q -N @:I * T-cto- -^-y
F-Nn-z:b ?,*S ,"Nn$f ff,-a,*1)fr,nlNT
: Ig ö *-'L-+ _N- : $* * $N * $ N ä *
€o >< ,l --x A
:q üN ,.---
I lt t t: (Notc:thcsuffix.lstpers.sg.subject
is gcneralry
notwrittcn.)
2. In subordinate
clauses
b NfqS=-$-Kld j =_$H !x* ^ $=:qN

(,)q
(2)
Sinuhc,ur,,
R"$ .4"- b$?flt\+;b#J T
-.^-
b Kb ö^b$-^-+ .- ö & -- ?$-^-z\,;ii,*.=..-
i li":\l''!..* z \ ^ ell$ lN;i\ Sö $
$ 139Negationof FuturesQm(.y)=f
(r): n: N.g=-
.*-JeA3* Y,aKl" Yä.t-,r.,'ä{]J
ÄN|l;llni
$ 140Negationof Subjunctive
sQm=f
u,{N
Futurc)
$ 142Negationof ComplexVerb Formswith i w
a)(,)--^*
gNtrF s$$K trF x6 I\ ='* 4-G $ Jl^S.-,
l, | , 1r;---ö^q{$*^"^}--= S,-,(3)*ö8g:9
136 Exercises
-FFl n fl f\ : R .\',4c)
{ l1-}
| | l\tFlJ:-hh\o:
- -r-;-,
b)rrrQ-=N=7:'^-s\ä* rrrQ-l{=ä Ao 1,...

:
* Iz N t S *F -- - q) g?b d -'- $Q- |
truth)
s l{8
,,,T9Ö--"-[-Sö":-
-4-
,(cn 0 6\Q\ il Ö l-^-l\ 6 \- l.l {Zt,-
c ) ( r )* l ' o ) l f lN\n,*fq ._='l ^ (2) The guardian saYS:* * \----f
$;:^--Sfr:3$
$ 143Negationof infinitive
(r):l*N=8-{toN}, 7*ÄNI-ANNil
1r;
-= H - F'-N = * S
,,',naN N:" whatisit,Djcdi,
(4)Khufuasks:
business
whoareon lcgitimatc
S ,r',Nubians :
maypassthcbordcr, + $'^ tr
l-flN"l .:NQs*K ll} iN 3@(eI [* : ll 6sffi:

g-o * ($31
?tr S *-Hb= : tr ä= :l^
$$ 144-145Negationof participles
-: (,)6l+iÄNN&t
,',ÄN:*:-dÊ8N=-?fr
l^-!-T\'S,r,3ÄN=)KcN*"=S:E i"--Ä
$ 146Negationof RelativeForms
g SR F I 3 ;- *
god, *
(l) Amunis anefficacious
Exercises137
- Form
$ 147Negationof the sQm.ty--fy *
(l) Maytheywhotransgress
my command becutoff fromthisgod,;:' 5N fl
5.1':
,.-, ts-&[nÄN I; |= s FS: :Hl)
$ 148 Questions
(,)q*qbH*=effie:F (2)q*qäEAlq qbqtsA-"

q* qbz:i"$X N h (4)!*--fl N --ASN :; *--
(3)
$ 149 RelativeClauses
,,,ll--|> q* ö^$= ?: q* ^.,T

Ns.Näf l**yf
gq^**T\bq--+tr2\._'ö*= Il..Nq* ob,r,43
.zN : e X,,, q- :: : -Nrn4
i YnX N = -$" z -!\I^
gqhsfl^(4)E{ffi qN,"If,:;,F Nä*
Jb^,,ll^
i, | öN^^ ;i) S';-
(6) | r,,351 b* ; N Ylg$"-
;: (8) ^S b"--;äx
osiris, (e);-'= Y{bc l
(,')obREil 15,,,,KN^HJ3=qq? NLfl_N
?,. LKx1lF:- gtrT
)ÂY=qq
ExeRcrses
V. RPeorNc
l. QueenTiy (Scarabof AmenhotepIII)
+ü*- * ":":-
i : )\.. a-Lqq") I q'$r lxd',i
:
']
:,l1 h ^ I ":]";:--.:'!l",..' i ),r'''til" '"' { I\
r N '..'N.l,.'-,
''1{ IV)
1tt*" of Thutmosis
ir-I *' li"il,': t,, ' rf:,1'"rr

f * A , :'
*..$?i,,1li,..tf
rr::r"il-i:,li1,:11..'li,-
,
'(i"'l'l*l ' 'ii'
: l):iir ,.t',-*' lll'lii'".J'niii.''
'ti
t-' o li{it'ili l t [ i l f ; : ' ) 1, r )x ' i ;
N r ^ o \ i ) . r . , ' , r , i . , , , 1 1; ' t - . * ^ -- r ,
4. Two Royal Inscriptionsfroln Schcl
': ' ",1.1,"
r it rnrllil, , I tlrii ',.lii. , .;'11
,. *
l . . i'
,,,,,\,;,.:l;.i,ii- )i.liiil ,'l)' ;, ,)),\.'...'" L \. ...
lr'
*. ' t
,,iiiii. .l,l-- " :, i.: ,
,,\5 r,l
''i i)
ll ,\"'
ReadingExercises 139
b.
, []: il flF . "'l-1iij 1W[1,..', -rN,
L'ri .,','
" til A+l] [,_ ','.. :,\
',*^- ='x€ .''-
,r..-rtJ' 't $ Ä -l - l"Jt\.q- !)l;,'*
)) -.4,.: .?-"-=- i "-- * * ]__,'
ir''\,\ ll<".- ::'l !.rr.f
..1.t.._ : 5=I ;
-,..(,' ,{r})?
i,Iq*_N*I_-leil1,1T l[1I
NAI
N;."', li\n,r'1
'r i, 11 'Ö\'l"
"
/ /'.".'".,*".,*. /l
5. FromtheBiograph
y otii)tt 1r,-" of Scsostris
I)
llhlr,tti[1*l;'i4tlt."^!i * \N,,..\iilil *i.' il"" \ 1it:,

*
i' ; l lif:;,'il\\ \'.: iii| \\ l I lf \: il,lq
*. lll.. \, it *'
iilil
. ; ! f:':'qTäjll-:l',.aT'i*
i r;ir, \)!t, ti,r
.,,r .,.,
.*.;;,S , lN,-^\,\I$ ''ij't\'',,, \,:.,'
,' ;,rr.
- " )r'i;I\,"\i'll
*
,,iliTirl,i;r '.. .f \ ui,.ttN ll
_) i,il !\ il,r\f ,,llil11,,f,jh
ä,
',,,': -* -*
ll ,, I;lr: I il,1 - ,r'iiLl ,.'- fi\ )i'( ] lujji |*
*-; *- 'j,\
_,l ,ii -^-i1llr,,i
. l.i {) -^-{,,}',,.. _.l ,..1, '
^ |lil
'i'l\..,, u'll'1111,*,; 'i\!
,'tir-, .. l,l^*i'r....,),, .l ,r;,ljXil"--u,.;-i,Iq\,
j[\ll *!i'-;,.\\Fi' ,, ]{*ir N)\).** Trs--,, ,-1_!i:
i.t,i,r,,_c,I\:iy$l . lf _lii!i'.* ri.;it,lii,T\|{f,,,
;1i'lXil
*
N'1,.""]).' :ll 0*yjlii ,,,t.l..orl,!
*r,"1,äijt ,I f Xd
140 ReadingExercises
":.'fi.,\ "'- $ ^; t\ S.---=

.--',,!?, JNj I'"11,
I q N l.- i ?
q\\ {.tNj \r ..'}l]| .:l \\ oj,lq \"\I - ,,-l\.11
e1': ^-.
-*'' r'rN
: ll..i\ M,,bl-_| Il $i= ytr' ,,'i*
fi * _b S. <:
-''t)'u$,:$*"unt,t
\\.) I{i}*t't,,.,t,},:}d}.{;l}* I i
--
-Jl
il::)"' \\,$.t',i r..o '),il.

$lq Jr ^- Yi{\ \\S
l\rjir.'' | ,l:.1
::',,\'*'ln s..,, ).' ?'"'ir'\N"),'t\\",' i tt *'*' rn)..
i ii S
* f-i''i,'!\,$lii'$,i,,uy'i\).. i\.1{j]'i } ,r\"}',i',tii,,}..i
ul'-,.,'_i,.l.f ,.4J -',.'
.. )l-,11,
l" \;l[',llif ,,. \1ol ]l'',,,_,'ull,,
tlh\i.=".,lti\);,ilt,'. ,"ii'it:ll(;r,'1;\l..".,i 1"""_,:
!t
')\.
* )\,r1 ,T,,, \ s:.;it ^ ji\"[T i] " lh.. .,\\ : 16
',, q\f'"-i:\ ,,i]{}.. I\.*-^-
,n$ i:l^ ...,y{i,,.,"."l,i;r
' r,l "n 't'l'
,",'N. u
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Tx li1.-\\r,[ ". .\r:*:
,i l"*,$ *-]\j-1,r,,' I;.;li *)\,,[ .5 ,,i I
'Tl\'-,,,..., .'r.\1,"-orl]
1: if*:i) -]1,,fior$ :f ,,
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" ',\\\'.1{!i',,: i\1,'"'.-'I l"'"
I rr. *Iii \i5riIjiio \1..Iji,r.r-\i!i'\\: I lr
^rfi.-,\') ,,iiu
- .,?;.'.-\.".;l :;:11,. \\U,,\|l l
'..'
q\|... . t..;"' Ix. .i.\\ '1, 'i.,'ie,',r''.'
ReadingExercises l4I
()
r"i
r'tt\ il
',ilr-' i.,
i ^.& 1;.
",] lrii' i[\." T-\
tf* ]l'l''"'' N
1 1. t r, r
l i) i r l ' ; t'l
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; il't'lr r , iiri, l 'i il. )' l ilIt\- ir.lI;jh;ji

I
, \ 'li- $.
{,},,,
i lxit \\ K) l ) f ' ' ^ i\:/j ll), ; \\:l
,,l;rt-._1_
"iÄ
,,il \i- .. _ll
l. fr,\ . i,l ,,ni,
r Ii\^h
,11',,'t,i, ? - *
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iil ' / i
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" ' i'''
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o'J
il|' ,'; . .
l!. .
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l::ll l/."jji.-,] lr;ji I\ ll r,t,$ I\l*

'-\"' r,.\\,i:r..I,l*;ji
.-:*'S.',tl, [\hrry;;-l,l-r * l\ ,] iji
...t'"Xji,rllir,
';'N
]ir\ll',,(,,i',.'l,l ,.;,fi.j.,lj',i;f
;,r,\),^*;,i:i,,-tr
. l]ll
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r*{,} i\ "*o}ll]ä
l*;ii ^ \\.^)..(,$i
=$$]'* )l'r-\Nfr'= "ÖS ^ \ $ S.mler:f ?i'r;N^

. -^h )$..- | gq^dlll^^FN $ ir,; -=-i.,.?::"f
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,, [\li].,'i llrll " ffi|,,,\l\" ,1, \1.''1..,
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_ , N:l ;]il;1 " \,[{i]..: - Til\\d"_'\i,?1,.,,r^r\}..
-;"
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'^ql\fu n'trllll
$iil,.. .; ..=..*
\l:i !.\1i,$h: * {$* - ;..'hljj'?,;.i$t'
' r l\Y" lt-",""::l
l" .ff X.,l \'i -.'l rn .'I/;,,--.,, rr"".\
I I / q0' ^'N:" ',, ,il.,;tli'i'l
' ''.---*ll1"'l\'ll-f cr l
.r,ll..rr: : rl""_.]r
r \[/ . .,\.f
ijt,,, \,]q,,Ti\rr.l\ifi",, ,._.*
: f *yjie rJ-i\ fl}*flü,,t.*.\\, ..-,,*;_;,$tr_',,rXila
.)'-q(,i,..-$-','i. $"li {i\tl, , gll.l'. | "'
'.],_ 'N,l,l
* ,,:; rrc ; _..,*..'izj; \\.l_--.].,,.Ä*.,'. _^* . l
.,,,_,
')'/;
e e 1^'äii!t,llS'.,' f *\:-, 1'' ^\iYt?r.,...
.,,...
S
\ ,nrn,$.=J t' : I * $i,I\ Tt; e: ., : f :' ll I\ YJ
\)*_,.^hni,.. .Nuft
*,: J1.. S,,,.,,..*,._,..._
...:r$?ll
-\\
I I tut-i--S$ N rngq'*-
,,\,\.._ir(,;.tir:_:..
>,r,\i-Ii-=\\l]f^l ütT._.NrllT__
rllTft
f '*{(o{*:; I\ - Ft+"til
',"-:*[[["=-
7. From the GebelBarkal Steleof ThuhnosisIII
I : \)4 g'_',,,\,)'-^',"u
-^-)+,\i Ix;.ill].' u""r. . _jl:
,..
,9) :fj1ll..N .,l'._
*
.-tji: .. }.lqf'.!i,Ji'.l* Nil ll ,i\xil : i ..li,t'r
\r 1r
i ,l
'tri '. '
-: {'}.'^'\\ ii,. ,'',* ,ill', ,Y}ijil
; \\ lt., ,\ .?.i:r
lt ,.._^ 11,
'-''',*..5;i'r,1].'.'jn,,.'i'.:]:.ll*I.'.:,
,ll;:.ir;.,|i "
ro,,,1,,\,
1lll,,,c.iii4,il q\)...
;*,fI.^trq,\i-ir,, i:\,,
-
;'f;-'\
:".|,'.,,\]"f ''L'i, i.,..N, 'l\ !.;'" ,.|1\',,'li*,...,,
hJi
- ;?
i'',.,f 1]",''-W'i,r*l 'tN ,n.;,'1iirt'l.
,_l ^,lllii,^,11T,..,n ü :;(.".\)
lI , ' l]\'\'..}}:."i*:.; .*^,.,..,
l : sil] \$'* lt\\.,L
"'l ijh.. .
\\\)isl:i'J)",,\\ .[(q\i].[
N..*l.]'r'tiX I \f \\1,*
';
"ü j,\1, [f .* i.,.,r1.]11..
,,{,.llll ).,t'.'$9"*ft,{"..1'
] h\ii])]. ii,nr
,";.'111,,\ii-.
. , ,"1111. ',,,"*ti:ri,ii1f
i.11\f *--lt** jitiiti')l{iii
,r-.1
-*;*,.,.,, \\il'1,.,\\..',T', Irr: .:;.:ä,,
144 Reading Exercises
of *$t:,1,",1.
8. Fromthc Autobiography 1r,,n"Amcnhotcpll)
\;l\i _- '''.1;:,
..,,,'t,,,,,|(ii:_:, it, i;1,,,r,,;iiu'iii'ti
:l_*. _
'; t --
ilir1';',' - :'ritl / *,f
;-^.* l,. --*!i "'',' iL,li * l,'r11;lii:t
I X. () .. ','i,Iil,lli. ' rljt---i),,-'.-)i1ii'',, !f !;\'lltlt,rtjl
ill3l , ,!i?-:?i,,;;.,r,,1"11,, .,.\'''-,.-.,1,'i'.
u.,-l
ii,.l:;,,r
--.-l.t'r.
*!,1lfilll). ,'f )it U,,;li.. ,. ,,.,'pl\ir,,n[i'iij.,!3{
.."",, :*i,,1-:-i]'' ,,,,,iiill l" ]I-*:il, l\i,1..
.-''f., n* "*-' .*)ji i it,I !]{; l !*''',i
lilil Il.* l,i'-.'',1..
':,.
t') ,(
..'oÄ
ri : t,il".,]I .
9. From the Prophecy Ä. ''..I!

"t
" - ., [' ''l\
l! .. iro'....-:i{":":"".i :Ir.' l,i))Vf
{r.
/i nhr,i,;'' ., t,_{-t-}
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t: l''
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\
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' t
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i'i
I
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li..-.,'t
-ii ii
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')
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,t ,ll l7 , ,, (.t/,i '"'" l;l
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-l
"
,.t // /i L '),, ,, | " .'l,t't ilJ t,t -* iiti ,
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r"\ 9 /:l
-' [- \- i
t .i l.]
/i'l l' ,; , , /,ii , .-rt i i/ l
': / i
i -r',.liili: , //t.,
iii rir;;,,
,'iirr
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,.. l
L'1 ffi',
-' ,'1,,1, )l\tl " ii1" ',
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/;1,/;l 'ii;;
;ti,, - iil *_ .:' . fi -.,_,'il;.,,,!
A,r r4=: I I t( 4"i'l)" il , ir: iri#ffil.,,,,, ... .r!:!

(.\i))
fr,Y,,4[ i,,,nilr..r,iiil
!ä*il [hi1r,. ,.,7)/i1,,_.., ,.r.4{
, A(
,t{',:ilflil,"|1 ..[o..l
ll[._,,.i? rp
t]...,),,--:,,\,,r'),i
d * /?.1,;,;;
.:
',",''lll
.,a(^ '.
*
I^rllF
"_]" |;-),> ,l ., '\f l','',',)',,.
,f ü, ,'.'
Indices 177
3. INosx To THE HInRocI-ypHIC SIGN LIST
A. Men
Yl\
]r1 ftl yt Xl h l,{ iii ii fil;li, ;ijyii,,ir"- j,jl;1,$l ,fi r;j dl
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 101213t41516n19212223
lJ,ij d' .,ilill lijj ,,4rrii ,li 4ii ,{ gi ;[ *Yiji 'ji ,'] e
\fi'
Yir itil l)
24 25 26 27 28 2 9 3 0 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 t 4 9 5 0 5 l
$1 ii n,rr
s2 53 s4 55
B. Women iri il # dfirr.iL

t,l
t2 3518
''i
C. Anthropomorphic ll lji ,i il f^ i ri l4' trj ilä
Dcitics | 2 3 A
T 6 I It 9 t0 ll t2 l 7 l 8
D. Partsof thc Hurnan ,l:, ':' "'. ':r .:r .. -. f.,,,j'..

, ,f, ,'lI ,1 :::
Bodyt23456g l0 17 l8 1920 2t 24 25
|, |r , oI "" 'tr1' \\ l l 'i-i--' .; -.r -,; !i ,r,.. j . l' l . r l t . tr,, I ',
- i
or'{i
2 6 2 1 2 8 2 9 3 13 23 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 t 42 43 44 4s 46 41 49 50
(ill .: .:..', ,
5 0 4 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 55 6 5 8 6 0 6 l
E,.Marnmals L;rt;rr "i,l|t{i, i,l ^,i i,\,,j, , '1..1*,1\4 i rof,y4; n ,u.

i',;'ii::--:
1236789 l 0 r 2 l 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 t 7 1 82 0 2 t 2 2
' ' r . ' )' , \ ' ( , , , il,
i;
23 24 26 27 3t 34
'il 'f ' ":; 'i'

l ' t - r \ , 1 , , ' ',.' \
!-l \l
", t ' \(
\/
F. Partsof Mammals
1345678 91011121316171820
' ' ' r fl , l ' r
'' 'l )'d ( i l f T l' ' ' ' ' " i i lf [, tiilr i,\ /.,r,i\1"1...,,\ r,,
2 1 2 2 2 3 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 t 3 2 3 3 3 4 35 36 37 39 40 41 42 44 46
,'\ aJ
47 51 52
'[: '\.
G. Birds i,\ \: .\;.\ ..t,;,ij,.
N $_'N"t .tx"h !r \'N.r. ii\ br,i,
|
5 77A8 4 9 l0ll1415 16n212223242526
')r'.'''i," -$.,F.')i. .j,.. \1),
1,oSl \.1;r (; i;i Yi
i.. S.-. /_(', L'; n; . ,\ qr
irk!,r:,,i.
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 47 48 49 5t 52 53 54
178 Indices
-V- tl
H. Partsof Birds
x ? FG Fe S. Crou'ns.D:.-
Staves
t2345 6 8
'o-l P $.j_' -
) '' - . r l;\ \ --
I. Amphibious
Animals. 1*- il"
ß lr.|tr 22 23 :+ :-
Reptiles I 3 5 6 7 8 9 1012 l3 t4
. 1 -- r i . . .w " . . . { - . . . ; : I T. Warfarr'.H-:
K. Fish
123 4 5 Butchc-n
{.-.,.'.
L. Insectsand {.'}*K. ? 24 25 28 ):
LesserAnimals 1267
0 u.-
M.rreesandplanrs { io''ir ,l L,fr il i i '.Hi]i{lru,i U. Agriculru:;
| 2 3 4 8 ll t2 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 )'
] l. ;} i t fl il ."" Y,a rt 'l I i''Ji,I
.ll,
32 33 ,1-1_:_{
23 24 26 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 40 42 43 44
V. Ropcs.B:...
N. Sky, Earth,Watcr ctc.
. r(-:r \\ /
I
i i r l l rl \ / \ / ll . r l I ( ) l . . . . _ , r l , r " r , , , ' , , , " ' , , , l l * - t tr ,'-l\'fl .,1

1
25 26 28 :-
2 0 2 l 2 3 2 3 A 2 42 s 2 6 2 1 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 t 3 3 3 4 3 s 3 6 3 t 4 0 4 1 4 2
W. Vcsscls..: S
O. BuildingsandPartsof r rl rll,l, , , ) i ll- f,]l',,"f
Ii'LlJ,,ll
i A l] andEan:.r
Buildings | 2 3 4 6 9 l0 l1 1622232425
üJi
fr lf - '-lll - .Ä ll , , ' ) t mf r , r i ( : : , ) 2t 22 23 ::
26 28 29 31 32 34 35 36 38 39 40 42 44 45 49 s0
X . B r e a da n c
P. Shipsand Partsof *-'''t'1:'- q l.r-1
t'1'$l- -'l ry )
\j X Cakcs
Ships 11A234568 ll
Y. Garnc-s.
Ir..::
Q. DomcsticandFuncrary l'] ,'l . I
ll Music
Fumiture 12361
Z . S t r o k c s .C : ' - '
R. TcmpleFurniture n . ')r I^1.fi "t $ ['f''i ,-," S h a p e sS . :r:-
and SacredSyrnbols 4 s 7 8 101112131415192224 from Hicr::-;
Aa. Unclassl=c
Indices 179
S. Crowns,Dress,
Staves
/, I i,/
t,t \-
-7 'rl
:1. V y,{"f 4t ü ,,xe F-?r
TTIc,Uftl fl
tzJ 45678910 tt 12 15 lB 19 20
9 e "-' ,--. ,. i' l-,8 -| 'lli'l:i1rir
aa
//
a1
/1
^,
/4 27 28 29 32 33 34 3 5 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 t 4 2 4 3
T. Warfare,Hunting,
Butchcry
{'-i i ü""'- l' ''"r\ I' )"'u il {. lr
l3 8 9 l0l0All 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 1 22
(.. /Ä ,lfi " .. \-. )"
li,
24 25 28 30 31 32 34
v
U. Agriculture,Crafts \ ...
I I I :' ,üri ,))
l 6 91315t71921 22 23 24 26 28 3030A
I I f .i ,vr irri )iqF,1,l
32 33 34 35 Aa23Aa243638 39 40
V . R o p c s , B a s k e t s , B a gI s ' i I ] i I ! ( ) ' \ . ' , ,',r,'.nni{ f)

,. ' t f
ctc. 12467t012 13151617 t9 20 22 24
! ' '
I 1 ' " " ' d i - li' ' , ,
2s 2 6 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 3 3 6 3 7
of Stonc \i )l 'o,l ,LlL[, i]

w. Vcsscls t1 \ / r^\ tl iti flllllrllirit
a n d E a r t h e n w a r cl 2 3 4 5I 9 l0 ll 14 lSt7 l8
üi)üo,fi
2t 22 23 24 25
X.Brcadand ,\ 0 l) (o)(rJ I A
Cakcs 123461 8
Y. Games,Instrumentsfor Writing, '" , .' . " |

üII ]#
Music 12 3 5 6 B
Z. Strokes,Geometric r I \\ \ -\ (, r r
'3 x
Shapes,signsadopted I 2 g
4 5 6 1 9
from Hicratic
Aa.unclassifed t',, ',

,., ! l\ r',1\.. ,/, \,,)fl i tr .1/.\ I 1] | [
1 2 s 6 7 8 1317l8 t9202t2s26ZtZbZOZZ
180 Indices
Solnctlox oF SIcNSOnoBRnoBv Snnpe
Tall narrowsiens
,i, r i,ll. i ,i li I i,t ir i'.
M 4 0 A a 2 8P l l T 3 4 U 2 8 U 3 2 U 3 3 S 4 3 U 3 6T 8 M l 3 M l 7 H 6 M 4 M l 2
l i i i i.r",,1i f,i,i i I
s 2 9 M 2 9 M 3 0 S 3 7 R l 4 R l 5 P 6 S 4 0R 1 9 S 4 l F l O F l I F l 2 S 3 8 S 3 9
\,, r ! l'i irlT Y
T 1 4 T l 3 A a 2 6 A a 2 1U 3 9 O 4 4 A a 2 7R 8 T 3 V 2 4 V 2 5 U 2 3 5 4 2 U 34 536
'l"J'(''i,,, ,iii,i 'i i+lit il
F28 U26 U24 Y8 F35 F36 Wl9 P8 T22T23 Zll Aa25M44Aa30Aa20 'i
fi t{l ! ii ii 'i ;i I I ii " / '1 t
v 3 6 F 3 l M 3 2 L 7 V l 7 S 3 4 Q 7 T l 8 T 1 9R l l O 2 8 O l l 0 3 6 V 2 8 V 2 9
Tall broadsisns
, '
i[i: r i , r i t]\t . il : ,l ; lll f,i
V4 Ul9 U6 F40 D61 O42 Aal8 O40 W4 S2tt N2 T25 N35aWl7 Y3
io',it 'li, t i-, _,
illti,i'
M8 Mt6M20 M43 Rl RlO
L o w n a r r o ws i g n s
l r 'r \\ t.: /\ /ti t' .'' \/ r\
L -/ t,. itr
Q3 O39 Z8 N2l N23 N29 O45 X2 xl N28 AalT 16 wlO R7 M36

.,,r jI r", tf\ i-r \.") ii 'ii ;l i'r a, .!- ii
N 3 4 U 3 0 W l l T 2 8 N 4 l V 3 7 M 3 l F 3 4W 7 V 6 V 3 3 V 7 S 2 0 V 2 0 V l 9
!.'r '\ i) i:,:r (ii i,i
|I t'l .,"i /i' i, l.) |) i.L, f"i
AalgAa2 H8 F5l F2l D26N33N5 Aal O50O49 X6 S10 N6 Nti

(ff_r /.l.j I fi it' ri
SlI NI5M42 VI Z] 29
Low broadsigns
I '\..,...
( ,, 'r I /
t li I
l 2 R4 Nl I F42
N l N 3 7 S 3 2 N l 8 X 4N l 6 N 2 0 A a 1 lA a l 3 N 3 5 A a 8 V 2 6 R 2 4 YY
'f -\ 'i "' 1 . "' ('. ,, .- . 'r
J' ., ., ,.,
:::, )l ,,, ,- 1- .\
D25F2026F30V22R5 C34V2 524 R2zTllO29Tl T2lU19U2lT9 Tl0
F 3 2V 13 F 4 6 F 4r7J l TA a l F l 8D 5 l U l 5 N 3 l 0 3 l N 3 6 D 2 l T 3 0 T 3Vl3 0

A Concise Grammar of Middle Egyptian: Boyo G. Ockinga

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Boyo G.

VERLAG PHILIPP VON ZABERN . MAINZ AM RHEIN

Prcface XI Introduction XIII

E) PARTICLES $ 62 c) Modifiabilityof theroot 34

$ 96 c) with auxiliaryu'n-itt6l S I l6 l)Non-VcrbaS

$ 130 5)ConditionalClatses $ 148 M) QuESrroNS 87

S 15l l ) antecedent: detcrmincd 88

it is possible for beginnersto thoroughly familiarise themselveswith nouns,

and the method of presentation has been expanded (all exarnples

in Egyptian linguistics should consult the works of W. Ssherrkcl ancl A. :r.

The lbllowing is only a stnall selection of rvorks on the sub-ject.A morc

Ilttrk:; t trt Egy1triun Luttgtrtrgt,

work in the language.It shouldbc noted,however,that Gardiner'sinterpretationof the verbal

Wolfgang Schenkel, Tübinger EinJiihnmg in die klassisch-cigltptischeSprache und

Antonio Lopriencl, Anc'ient Egt,ltlion. A Lingui.slic' Inlrodur'liorz (Carnbridge, 1996),

I Rayrnoncl O. Faulkner,.,1 Conc'isc Dit'tionarv o/'Middlc Egl,ptian (Oxford, 1962): tr

Rainer Hannig, Die Sproc'heder Phctntonen(Mainz, 1995): a dictionarytlratclcalswith

Kurt Sethe,Ä'gyptischeLesestücke(Leipzig, 1924),providesa uscfulcollectionof Middle

Adriann de Buck, Egyptian Reading Book (Leiden, l94tt): an anrhology of Miitdlc

In thc tcxtbookscricsEin/iihnrngen und Qucllett!e.\'t( :ut' Aqt'1ttoltryic,ChristianLcitz anil

7'c,rlecclitctlby WollgangHclcktarrtll{lrtwig Altcnntiillcr. :::

,-,i -i,:-'. .:L

Thcrc are basically two forms of script. Texts carvcd on

I ) LOGOGRAMS (alsocallcd "ldcograrns") $3

Somesignscanboth depictthe objectdesignatedandhavesymboliccontent:

$4 a) LOCOGRAMAS A COMBINATION (followingtherebus-principle)

x i (as in "hard", Scmitic aleph)

\r w (asin "way"or "pool") J (asin "sftapc")

:_:rptian scripthasno distinctsignfor /, for which it uses), n or r (also.9)-r.in the Late

lb, mr pr rl hnt .fi

jil cat,clrink,think, spcak lcg,stridc

,j! loacl,carry cross,trcsspass

t'i ii,; -\ cncmy,dcath skin,quadruPcd

il ili,:\r' god,king trcc

llcsh, lirnb hcavcn,sky, abovc

stone \.ö../ festival

wltl "lo bc grccn,frcsh" ir wld "a grccn stonc"

spr "to plcad" A Jpr-"to arrivc (at)"

ftr "facc" c.lt'"ann" ., nri,.t(rrir.l,.r)"city"

Thc strokc can, howcvcr, also function as a spacc fillcr:

b) An obliquc strokc somctirncsrcplaccscornplicatcddctcnninativcs:

ror ili il ,,^ri"to givcbifth"

c) Sign combinations,invcrsionolsigns and othcr dcviantwritings:

rcasons(groupingof signsto fomr a ncat block),uni-litcral

r':analso prcccdc(c'g' ''i\ t in

II. ACCIDENCEAND SYNTAX

.\bstractnounsarc usually fcrnininc,c.S. i ':"- .ht'./ "cvil", l. , ' ,,1r.t "goocl".

f..t .wt ii;ri

Two fogograms I l)r.wt'y "(thc)two houscs" I

.- i ,')(, 3cy "sand"

-1. iorc-ign place namesare construedas fcminincs:

-.1- sl w.b "son of a / thc pricst"

nh.t pr.w "lady of thc housc"

pl. il.w, il.(v,ll

i:\r,t: r) n.y Knt.t " t h c l a n g u a g co l ' E g y p t "

3) COORDINATION AND DISJTINCTION

- . l ' ; ' ? i 'i l |l l = a . h r h y.r" sroarm

Acljcctivcshavcfcrninincanclplurallbrrnslikc nouns($ l4f1).Thcy arc dcrivcdcithcr

\ote thewritingsof the following nisbe-adjectives:

2) USAGE OF THE ADJECTIVE 24

c) Combincd with thc prcposition r', it functionsas thc cornparativc,thcrc bcing no

b) . , nb "every,all" is only usedasan adjective,neverasa noun.In placcof "all" asa

' " il '. '\l),,i,i '1-1jl1

- - 'i, l: i! i4^nsw(nowthat)heisking."