DORIC COLUMN AND CAPITAL

Out of the three classical orders of Greek architecture, the Doric is the earliest and represented
simplicity alongside with its employment in Greek buildings in honor of male deities. Rudimentary lines
and aesthetics which are based on proportions of a male body and its robust archetype can be seen. In
Greek architecture, a function of the distribution of loads to the column is seen by arranging the design
of the capitals, so, through its simplified design, Doric order fits lower structures, as its height is 8 times
the width. In this model, the capital consists of two parts, the echinus and abacus—respectively, and
also has 20 flutes. Also, Doric frieze composed of triglyphs and metopes.
Reference:
 Pereira, M. (2018, May 2) Capitals Of Classical Antiquity: Understand The Difference Between
The 5 Orders. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/892595/capitals-of-classical-antiquity-
understand-the-difference-between-the-5-orders
 Becker, J. (ND) Greek architectural orders. Retrieved from
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-
greece/a/greek-architectural-orders

IONIC COLUMN AND CAPITAL

Originated from Ionia, volutes, scroll-like ornaments, and a base that supports the column, unlike the
Doric order, and a shaft fluted with 24 flutes, separated by fillets, characterize the Ionic order.
Moreover, contrasting the Doric order, Ionic columns possessed more graceful, feminine proportions,
lighter character and more ornate features. The form of this column can be traced to the early
Mycenaean jewelry because of its spiral-shaped scrolls. In details, it is described to be a 4-fronted capital
originated from nautilus shell and ram’s horn, has an attic base and has no frieze.
References:
 Fletcher, B. (1896) A History of Architecture for Students, Craftsman and Amateur. Pp. 42
 Ar. Chris Luna, uap (ND) History of Architecture 1: Greek Architecture, UST College of
Architecture

CORINTHIAN COLUMN AND CAPITAL

As the most refined and ornate style of the three models based on Greek design, the Corinthian order
relays a series of details and designs greatly thought out and elaborated to emulate the "thin figure of a
girl," according to Vitruvius. Sprouts and leaves of acanthus, which play and important role in Greek
ornamentation, that surround a votive basket basically characterize the structure of a Corinthian capital
and also was due to Callimachus, who obtained the idea. It is ten times as tall as it is wide, the thinnest
and of the three columns has slender fluted columns.
Reference:
 Ar. Chris Luna, uap (ND) History of Architecture 1: Greek Architecture handout, UST College of
Architecture

 Pereira, M. (2018, May 2) Capitals Of Classical Antiquity: Understand The Difference Between
The 5 Orders. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/892595/capitals-of-classical-antiquity-
understand-the-difference-between-the-5-orders
TEMPLE OF ZEUS, OLYMPIA

In the mainland temples of the fifth century BC, resides the Temple of Zeus, which was designed my
Libon of Elis and belongs to the phase of the developed. It is described to be the most important
building in the Altis located at the very center which is a peripteral hexastyle with 13 columns at the
side. Furthermore, it was built largely of coarse limestone, faced with marble stucco while the
sculptured pediments was a Parian marble. Superimposed colonnades were found on the naos and also,
pieces of large fragment tiles with holes through which the light was allowed to the roof space were also
found on the site.
Reference:
 Fletcher, B. (1996) A History of Architecture, Twentieth Edition. p. 142
 Ar. Chris Luna, uap (ND) History of Architecture 1: Greek Architecture handout, UST College of
Architecture

TEMPLE OF HEPHAESTUS, ATHENS

A temple which is externally preserved and was transformed into a church by the Byzantine Greeks by
guttering the naos, contrustructing an apse at the east end giving the temple a present concrete vault.
The structure is mainly made of Pentelic marble except the lowest of the three steps, which is made by
limestone. Moreover, its plan was arranged distinctively but then eventually altered by moving rear wall
of cella and adding a decorative inner collonade during its construction. A large base for two cult statues
of Hephaestus and Athena can be also observed here.
Reference:
 Fletcher, B. (1996) A History of Architecture, Twentieth Edition. p. 142

TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS, EPHESUS

In this famous site, Ephesus, Temple of Artemis was the fifth in succession to reside upon and
considered to be the one of the most impressive Greek temples and also one of the 7 wonders of
ancient world. The temple which was designed by Demetrius, Paeonius, and Deinocrates, is a dipteral
octastyle at the front but enneastyle in the rear and was said to be the first temple t be built entirely
with marbles. The orientation is unusually defined as the temple faces the west and not the east for
traditional reasons. In totality, there were 117 columns, 36 of them which are sculputred on the lower
parts and were cut in high easing.
 Fletcher, B. (1999) A History of Architecture, Twentieth Edition. p. 143
 Catwright, M. (2018, July 26) emple f artmes at Ephesus. Retrieved from ancient. Eu/temple-
chuchcuc

TEMPLE OF ILLISIS, ATHENS

The Temple on the Ilissus, Athens is an tetrastyle and apteral small temple built near the river Illisus
around 435 to 430 BC and was designed by Callicrates. Its foundation is made up of Pentelic marble and
measured about 6.1 m X 12.8 m (20 ft X 42 ft) over a three-step crepidoma. It was dedicated to Artemis
Agrotera. A similar temple was built — Athena Niké on the Acropolis, but was built slightly earlier. It had
a proper porch, however with two columns on the antis. It was drawn and measured by Stuart and
Revett and it was converted into a church before it was eventually destroyed. Moreover, it presents
exreme simplicity and elegance.
Ref
Fletcher