PART 2-4 Masters of Architecture

Masters of
Architecture
part_02
I.M. Pei (26 April 1917 – 16 May 2019)
Ieoh Ming Pei
was a Chinese‐
American
architect
(Modernist
Architect)
I.M. Pei 26 April 1917 – 16 May 2019
He studied
architecture at MIT
and joined
Harvard Graduate
School for Design.
I.M. Pei 26 April 1917 – 16 May 2019
He worked for
several companies
and as a professor
at Harvard before
he founded his own
architectural firm in
1955, I.M.Pei &
Associates.
I.M. Pei 26 April 1917 – 16 May 2019
1983, he was
awarded
the Pritzker
Architecture
Prize
I.M. Pei 26 April 1917 – 16 May 2019
Pei's style was
described as
thoroughly
modernist,
with significant
cubist themes.
Mesa
Laboratory
of the National
Center for
Atmospheric
Research
a research center
located in Boulder,
Colorado
Mesa
Laboratory
Pei's first major
recognition
It has been noted
for its Anasazi‐
inspired
architecture and
use of bush‐
hammered
concrete to blend
into the
surrounding area.
Dallas City
Hall
the seat of
municipal
government of
the city of
Dallas, Texas,
United States
inverted
pyramid
design is a
result of space
requirements
from city
government
The Bank of
China Tower
is one of the
most
recognizable
skyscrapers
in Central, Hong
Kong
recognizable for
its distinct
shape,
consisting of
triangular
frameworks
covered by glass
curtain walls
the building is
315.0m high
with two
masts reaching
367.4m high
was the tallest
building in Hong
Kong and Asia
from 1989 to
1992, and it was
the first supertall
skyscraper
outside the United
States, the first to
break the 305m
mark
The Louvre
Pyramid
is a large glass
and metal
pyramid
height of 21.6m
square base has sides
of 34m and a base
surface area of 1,000
square meters
consists of 603
rhombus‐
shaped and 70
triangular glass
segments
I.M. Pei 26 April 1917 – 16 May 2019
I.M. Pei 26 April 1917 – 16 May 2019
I.M. Pei 26 April 1917 – 16 May 2019
Kenzō Tange (4 September 1913 – 22 March 2005)
Tange Kenzō
was a Japanese
architect, and
winner of the
1987 Pritzker
Prize for
architecture
one of the most
significant
architects of the
20th century,
combining
traditional
Japanese styles
with modernism
Kenzō Tange (4 September 1913 – 22 March 2005
was also an
influential patron
of the Metabolist
movement
Hiroshima
Peace
Memorial Park
a memorial park
in the center of
Hiroshima,
Japan
The main building
of Hiroshima
Peace Memorial
Museum
Yoyogi National
Gymnasium
an arena located
atYoyogi
Park in Shibuya,
Tokyo, Japan
famous for its
suspension roof
design
Inspired by the skyline of
the Colosseum in Rome,
the roofs have a skin
suspended from two
masts.
The buildings were
inspired by Le
Corbusier’s Philips
Pavilion designed for
Brussel's World Fair and
the Ingalls Rink Yale
University's hockey
stadium by Eero
Saarinen.
St. Mary's
Cathedral,
Tokyo
the seat of the
Roman Catholic
Archdiocese of
Tokyo
layout of the
building is in the
form of a cross,
from which
eight hyperbolic
parabolas rise
Le Corbusier (6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965)
Charles‐Édouard
Jeanneret
was a Swiss‐
French architect,
designer,
painter, urban
planner, writer
one of the
pioneers of what
is now called
modern
architecture
was influential in
urban planning,
and prepared the
master plan for
the city of
Chandigarh,
India
developed the
Modulor
The Modulor was a standard
model of the human form which
Le Corbusier devised to determine
the correct amount of living space
needed for residents in his
buildings.
developed a set
of architectural
principles that
dictated his
technique, which
he called "the
Five Points of a
New
Architecture"
1. The Pilotis, or pylon. The building is raised up on
reinforced concrete pylons, which allows for free
circulation on the ground level, and eliminates dark and
damp parts of the house.
2. The Roof Terrace. The sloping roof is replaced by a flat
roof; the roof can be used as a garden, for promenades,
sports or a swimming pool.
3. The Free Plan. Load‐bearing walls are replaced by a steel
or reinforced concrete columns, so the interior can be
freely designed, and interior walls can put anywhere, or
left out entirely. The structure of the building is not visible
from the outside.
4. The Ribbon Window. Since the walls do not
support the house, the windows can run the entire
length of the house, so all rooms can get equal
light.
5. The Free Façade. Since the building is supported by
columns in the interior, the façade can be much
lighter and more open, or made entirely of glass.
There is no need for lintels or other structure
around the windows.
Villa Savoye
a modernist villa
in Poissy, on the
outskirts
of Paris, France
Notre Dame du
Haut
a Roman
Catholic chapel
in Ronchamp,
France
Palace of
Assembly
a legislative
assembly located
in Chandigarh,
India
built around the
1950s
this building was
designated as
a UNESCO
World Heritage
Site in 2016
features a
circular assembly
chamber, a forum
for conversation
and transactions,
and a stair‐free
circulation
Louis Henry
Sullivan Louis Sullivan
an American (September 3, 1856
architect, and has – April 14, 1924)
been called the
"father of
skyscrapers" and
"father of
modernism"
Louis Sullivan
one of "the (September 3, 1856
recognized – April 14, 1924)
trinity of
American
architecture"
he often
punctuated plain Louis Sullivan
surfaces with
eruptions of lush (September 3, 1856
Art Nouveau or – April 14, 1924)
Celtic Revival
decorations,
usually cast in iron
or terra cotta
The Auditorium
Building
one of the best‐
known designs
of Louis Sullivan
and Dankmar
Adler
Chicago, 1889
The
Wainwright
Building
a 10‐story, 41 m
terra cotta
office building
in St. Louis,
Missouri
The Wainwright
Building is
considered the
first expression
of high rise as a
tall building
early
skyscrapers
The Guaranty
Building,
(Prudential
Building)
is an early
skyscraper in
Buffalo, New
York
The supporting
steel structure
of the building
was embellished
with terra
cotta blocks.
Sullivan's design
for the building
was based on
his belief that
"form follows
function"
Louis Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924)
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (March 27, 1886 – August 17, 1969)
Maria Ludwig
Michael Mies
was a German‐
American
architect
along with Alvar
Aalto, Le
Corbusier, Walter
Gropius and Frank
Lloyd Wright, he is
regarded as one of
the pioneers
of modernist
architecture
architectural
style, stated
with extreme
clarity and
simplicity
He called his
buildings "skin
and bones"
architecture
The Farnsworth
House
was designed
and constructed
by Rohe,
between 1945
and 1951
a one‐room
weekend
retreat
steel and
glass house
"If you view nature
through the glass
walls of the
Farnsworth House, it
gains a more
profound significance
than if viewed from
the outside. That way
more is said about
nature—it becomes
part of a larger
whole."
One Charles
Center
a historic office
building located
in Baltimore,
Maryland,
United States
a 23‐story
aluminum and
glass
International
Style
skyscraper
The base consists
of a concrete‐
faced podium
topped by a paved
plaza, with the
"T"‐shaped office
tower atop.
The tower includes
metal trim and
gray glass.
S. R. Crown Hall
the home of the
College of
Architecture at
the Illinois
Institute of
Technology
in Chicago, Illinois
the basic steel
and glass
construction style
Embodiment of
“less is more”
The Seagram
Building
is a skyscraper
Midtown
Manhattan, New
York City
The building
stands 515 feet
(157 m) tall with
38 stories
was built of
a steel frame,
from which non‐
structural glass
walls were hung
Masters of
Architecture
part_03
Oscar Niemeyer (December 15, 1907 – December 5, 2012)
Oscar Ribeiro de
Almeida Niemeyer
Soares Filho
was a Brazilian
architect,
one of the key figures
in the development of
modern architecture
Niemeyer was
educated at the
Escola Nacional de
Belas Artes at the
Federal University
of Rio de Janeiro
Niemeyer was
best known for his
design of civic
buildings
for Brasília, a
planned city that
became Brazil's
capital in 1960
Niemeyer was
most famous for
his use of
abstract forms
and curves
The Church of
Saint Francis of
Assisi
a church in Pampulha
region of Belo
Horizonte, in the
state of Minas Gerais,
southeastern Brazil
organic modern
style
consists of four
undulating
concrete
parabolas with
outdoor mosaics
The Cathedral of
Brasília
the Roman
Catholic
cathedral
serving Brasília,
Brazil
The cathedral is a
hyperboloid
structure
constructed from
16 concrete
columns, weighing
90 tons each
concrete‐framed
hyperboloid
structure, appears
with its glass roof
to be reaching up,
open, to heaven
The Palácio da
Alvorada
the official
residence of
the President of
Brazil
designed in
modernist style
Jørn Utzon (9 April 1918 – 29 November 2008)
Jørn Oberg Utzon
Danish architect,
studied at Royal
Danish Academy
of Fine Arts
Utzon had a Nordic
sense of concern for
nature which, in his
design, emphasized
the synthesis of
form, material and
function for social
values.
His fascination with
the architectural
legacies of the
ancient Mayas, the
Islamic world, China,
and Japan also
informed his practice.
The Sydney
Opera House
a multi‐venue
performing arts
center at Sydney
Harbour in
Sydney, New
South Wales,
Australia
He replaced the
original elliptical shells
with a design based on
complex sections of a
sphere. Utzon says his
design was inspired
by the simple act of
peeling an orange:
the 14 shells of the
building, if combined,
would form a perfect
sphere.
The Kuwait
National
Assembly Building
Utzon based his
competition design
on a walled
miniature city
consisting of
departments
arranged around
courtyards and
accessed through a
central hall, rather
like a souk.
Norman Foster (born 1 June 1935)
Norman Foster,
Baron Foster of
Thames Bank
an English architect
Foster + Partners,
international design
practice famous for
high‐tech
architecture
Studied at the
School of
Architecture and
City Planning, part
of the University of
Manchester, 1961
1999, he was
awarded the Pritzker
Architecture Prize
1994, he received
the AIA (American
Institute of
Architects) gold
medal
30 St Mary Axe
(informally known
as The Gherkin)
a commercial
skyscraper
in London's primary
financial district,
the City of London
The building has
become a recognizable
landmark of London,
and it is one of the
city's most widely
recognized examples
of contemporary
architecture.
The building used
diagrid system
(framework of
diagonally
intersecting metal,
concrete or wooden
beams)
The Hearst
Tower
It is the world
headquarters of
Hearst
Communications
is 46 stories tall,
standing 182m
with 80,000
square meters of
office space
use of diagrid
system –
structural steel
HSBC Main
Building
a headquarters
building of The
Hongkong and
Shanghai Banking
Corporation
The building is 180
meters high with
47 storeys and four
basement levels.
The building has a
modular design
consisting of five
steel modules
prefabricated.
The main
characteristic of
HSBC headquarters
is its absence of
internal
supporting
structure.
Another notable
feature is that
natural sunlight is
the major source
of lighting inside
the building.
was a Finnish‐
Eero
American Saarinen
architect and
industrial designer (August 20, 1910
noted for his neo‐ – September 1,
futuristic style 1961)
Studied at Yale
School of
Architecture, US
Eero
Saarinen
(August 20, 1910
– September 1,
1961)
He was the son of
noted Finnish
architect Eliel
Saarinen
Washington
Dulles
International
Airport
international
airport in
the eastern United
States
highly regarded for
its graceful
beauty, suggestive
of flight
The TWA Flight
Center, (Trans
World Flight
Center)
an airport
terminal at New
York City's John F.
Kennedy
International
Airport
served to define and
convey TWA's brand
identity with its bird‐
shaped, emblematic
structure and a
harmoniously
coordinated interior
featuring references
to TWA's corporate
identity
Ingalls Rink
(David S. Ingalls
Rink)
a hockey rink
in New Haven,
Connecticut for
Yale University
commonly referred
to as The Whale,
due to its whale‐like
design
The rink employs an
innovative
structural system
employing a 90‐
meter reinforced
concrete arch,
a catenary arch
form for which
Saarinen's projects
became known
Eero Saarinen (August 20, 1910 – September 1, 1961)
Santiago Calatrava (born 28 July 1951)
Santiago
Calatrava Valls
is a Spanish
architect, structural
engineer, sculptor
and painter
particularly known for
his bridges supported
by single leaning
pylons, and his
railway stations,
stadiums, and
museums, whose
sculptural forms
often resemble living
organisms
He enrolled in the
Higher School of
Architecture at
the Polytechnic
University of
Valencia.
He received his
diploma as an
architect and then
did higher studies in
urbanism
The Milwaukee
Art Museum
(MAM)
is an art museum
in Milwaukee,
Wisconsin
The Quadracci
Pavilion contains a
movable, wing‐
like brise soleil that
opens up for a
wingspan 66m
during the day,
folding over the tall,
arched structure at
night or during
inclement weather.
Turning Torso
a neo‐futurist
residential
skyscraper in
Sweden and the
tallest building in
Scandinavia.
Turning Torso is
based on a
sculpture by
Calatrava,
called Twisting
Torso, which is a
white marble piece
based on the form of
a twisting human
being. It is the first
"twisting" tower.
Each floor consists of
an irregular
pentagonal shape
rotating around the
vertical core, which is
supported by an
exterior steel
framework.
the topmost
segment is twisted
90 degrees
clockwise with
respect to the
ground floor
World Trade
Center
Transportation
Hub
new PATH station
and the associated
transit and retail
complex
composed of a train
station with a large
and open
mezzanine under
the National
September 11
Memorial plaza
The roof was
originally designed
to mechanically
open to increase
light and ventilation
to the enclosed
space.
Masters of
Architecture
part_04
Walter Gropius (18 May 1883 – 5 July 1969)
Walter Adolph
Georg Gropius
was a German
architect and
founder of the
Bauhaus School
He studied at the
Technical
Universities in
Munich and Berlin.
He joined the office of
Peter Behrens in 1910
and three years later
established a practice
with Adolph Meyer.
widely regarded as
one of the
pioneering masters
of modernist
architecture
also a leading
architect of the
International Style
Bauhaus
(The Staatliches
Bauhaus)
was a German art
school that combined
crafts and the fine
arts, and was famous
for the approach to
design that it
publicized and taught
the Bauhaus style,
also known as
the International
Style, was marked by
the absence of
ornamentation and
by harmony between
the function of an
object or a building
and its design
Gropius created
innovative designs that
borrowed materials and
methods of construction
from modern
technology. This
advocacy of
industrialized building
carried with it a belief in
teamwork and an
acceptance of
standardization and
prefabrication.
John Fitzgerald
Kennedy Federal
Building
a United States
Federal
government office
building in Boston,
Massachusetts
a complex that
consists of two
offset 26‐floor
towers that sit on‐
axis to each other
and a low rise
building of four
floors that connects
to the two towers
through an enclosed
glass corridor
Primary Materials:
Steel, Reinforced
Concrete, and
Glass
(The two towers
and The low‐rise
building)
The Fagus Factory
a shoe last factory
in Germany, 1925
an important
example of
early modern
architecture
use of floor‐to‐
ceiling glass
windows on steel
frames that go
around the corners
of the buildings
without a visible
structural support
Remment Lucas Rem Koolhaas
Koolhaas
(born 17
November 1944)
a Dutch architect,
architectural
theorist, urbanist
Rem Koolhaas
Koolhaas studied at
the Architectural (born 17
Association School November 1944)
of Architecture in
London and at
Cornell University
in Ithaca, New York.
Rem Koolhaas
Professor in
Practice of (born 17
Architecture and November 1944)
Urban Design at
the Graduate
School of
Design at Harvard
University
Rem Koolhaas
(born 17
He founded The November 1944)
Office for
Metropolitan
Architecture
(OMA) in 1975
Rem Koolhaas
(born 17
November 1944)
2000, Rem
Koolhaas won
the Pritzker Prize
The CMG
Headquarters
is a 234‐metre, 51‐
storey skyscraper,
in the Beijing
Central Business
District
a loop of six
horizontal and
vertical sections
covering 473,000m2
of floor space,
creating an
irregular grid on the
building's facade
with an open center
The Garage
Museum of
Contemporary Art
(The Garage
Museum)
a privately funded
art gallery in
Moscow
Casa da Música
is the first building in
Portugal aimed from
its conception to be
exclusively dedicated
to music, either in
public performances,
or in the field of
artistic training and
creation
The building is
shaped as a nine‐
floor‐high
asymmetrical
polyhedron
covered in plaques
of white cement,
cut by large
undulated or plane
glass windows.
Rem Koolhaas (born 17 November 1944)
Philip Johnson (July 8, 1906 – January 25, 2005)
Philip Cortelyou
Johnson
was an American
architect, best
known for his
works of Modern
and Postmodern
architecture
Harvard
University (1927),
Harvard University
Graduate School Of
Design, Hackley
School
1979, the
first Pritzker
Architecture
Prize
The Glass House,
or Johnson house
a historic house
museum on Ponus
Ridge Road in New
Canaan,
Connecticut
an essay in minimal
structure, geometry,
proportion, and the
effects of
transparency and
reflection
use of industrial
materials such as
glass and steel
550 Madison
Avenue
an iconic
postmodern 197m
tall, 37‐storey high‐
rise skyscraper
enjoyed for its
spectacular arched
entrance way,
measuring about
seven stories in height
Christ Cathedral,
formerly known as
the Crystal
Cathedral
an American church
building of the
Roman Catholic
Diocese of Orange
in California
The church was
touted as "the
largest glass
building in the
world" when it was
completed in 1981
Robert Venturi (June 25, 1925 – September 18, 2018)
Robert Charles
Venturi Jr.
was an American
architect, one of the
major architectural
figures of the 20th
century
graduated summa
cum laude from
Princeton University
in 1947 where he
was a member‐elect
of Phi Beta Kappa
and won the
D'Amato Prize in
Architecture
founding principal of
the firm Venturi,
Scott Brown and
Associates
awarded the
Pritzker Prize in
Architecture in
1991
The Vanna Venturi
House
one of the first
prominent works
of the postmodern
architecture
movement
Guild House
a residential
building in
Philadelphia
was the first major
work by Robert
Venturi
the architects used
red clay brick and
double‐hung
windows, along
with a subtle use of
ironic ornamental
details

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