EE2252- POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

2 Marks and 16 Marks-Question Bank

UNIT -1
THERMAL POWER PLANTS
TWO MARKS
1. Define pH.Why high pH value is preferred to prevent the corrosion?(APRIL/MAY 2015)

2. What is the function of super heaters in a thermal plant?(APRIL/MAY 2015)

Super heaters are a part of boiler system which increases the efficiency of
thermal power plants or any plant using heat recovery steam generation
HRSG technique.
A super heater is a device which removes the last traces of moisture from the steam which is
saturated and on its way to furnace by leaving the boiler tubes and it also increases its
temperature above the saturation temperature used in thermal power plants
There are three types of superheaters namely: radiant, convection, and separately fired
3. Explain basic Thermodynamic cycles.(NOV/DEC 2014)
A thermodynamic cycle consists of a linked sequence of thermodynamic processes that involve
transfer of heat and work into and out of the system, while varying pressure, temperature, and
 other state variables within the system, and that eventually returns the system to its initial
state
4. What are the methods of controlling fans?What are the disadvantages of fd fans? (NOV/DEC

2014)
Supplies secondary air to the furnace through APH to assist in combustion.
Supply total air flow to the furnace except where an independent atmospheric P.A fan is used.
Provides air for sealing requirement and excess air requirement in the furnace.
Axial fan-reaction type with blade pitch control is use in the Pulverized fired
boiler(210/250/500 MW).

5. In a thermal power plant employing ideal Rankine cycle,superheated steam at 20 bar and
400°C is produced in the boiler and the condenser is operated at 0.2 bar.Calculate the
quality of steam at the turbine outlet and the thermal efficiency of the
cycle(MAY/JUNE 2014)
Thermal efficiency =29.9%
6. Describe the steps invoved in the inplant handling of coal? (MAY/JUNE 2014)
The huge amount of coal is usually supplied through railways. A railway siding line is taken
into the power station and the coal is delivered in the storage yard. The coal is unloaded from
the point of delivery by means of wagon tippler. It is rack and pinion type. The coal is taken
from the unloading site to dead storage by belt conveyors. The belt deliver the coal to 0m level
to the pent house and further moves to transfer point 8.

The transfer points are used to transfer coal to the next belt. The belt elevates the coal to
breaker house. It consists of a rotary machine, which rotates the coal and separates the light
dust from it through the action of gravity and transfer this dust to reject bin house through belt.

The belt further elevates the coal to the transfer point 7 and it reaches the crusher through belt.
In the crusher a high-speed 3-phase induction motor is used to crush the coal to a size of
50mm so as to be suitable for milling system. Coal rises from crusher house and reaches the
dead storage by passing through transfer point 8.

7. What are the four main circuits of a Thermal power plant? (NOV/DEC 2013)
8. Write the use of water level indicator in boiler. (NOV/DEC 2013)
Water level Indicator Water level indicator is located in front of boiler
in such a position that the level of water can easily be seen by attendant. Two
water level indicators are used on all boilers.
The function of water level indicator is to indicate the level of water in the boiler constantly.

9. What is the function of hot primary air? (APRIL/MAY 2013)

An air preheater (APH) is a general term used to describe any device designed to heat air
before another process (for example, combustion in a boiler) with the primary objective of
increasing the thermal efficiency of the process. They may be used alone or to replace a
recuperative heat system or to replace a steam coil.
10. What is super –critical boiler?Give any two advantages. (APRIL/MAY 2013)
“Supercritical” is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there
is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (i.e. they are a homogenous
fluid). Water reaches this state at a pressure above 22.1 MPa. The efficiency of the
thermodynamic process of a coal-fired power describes how much of the energy that is fed into
the cycle is converted into electrical energy.

Some of the benefits of advanced supercritical power plants include:

(a) Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency;

(b) Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions;

(c) Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology and less than other clean coal
technologies;
 (d) Much reduced NOx, SOx and particulate emissions;

(e) Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology.

11. What are superheaters used in steam power plants? (NOV/DEC 2012)
12. Comment on the thermal efficiency of a steam power plant. (NOV/DEC 2012)
power station (a heat engine) shows that the maximum efficiency of such a device is given by
(THOT – TCOLD)/THOT. In this equation T is in K, the absolute temperature.
13. What is the function of deaerator in a thermal power plant? (May/June 2012)
A deaerator is a device that is widely used for the removal of oxygen and other
dissolved gases from the feed water to steam-generating boilers. In particular,
dissolved oxygen in boiler feed waters will cause serious corrosion damage in steam
systems
14.Why thermal plants are not suitable for supplying fluctuating loads? (May/June
2012)
Because change in load demand requires corresponding change in the output
energy. In the thermal plants thermal energy is produced by burning of coal and
hence there is always a large time lapse between the change in energy at output
and input, which is not desirable and hence such power stations are used only as
base load stations, supplying constant power.
15.State and explain the carnot cycle process. (April/May2011)
It is the most efficient cycle for converting a given amount of thermal energy
into work, or conversely, creating a temperature difference (e.g. refrigeration) by
doing a given amount of work.
16.Define boiler mountings and boiler accessories. . (April/May2011)
I. Boiler mountings
Boiler mountings are defined as the components generally mounted on the
surface of the boiler to have safety during operation.
II. Boiler Accessories
It is defined as the devices which are installed with a boiler and its neighboring
area to increase the efficiency of the boiler.
17.Mention the various modern ash handling systems. (April/May 2010)
a. Pneumatic Ash Handling system
b. Hydraulic Ash Handling system
18.What are the factors affecting cooling of water in cooling tower? (April/May 2010)
a. Temperature of the air.
b. Humidity of the air.
c. Velocity of air entering the tower.
d. Size and height of the tower.
19.What are the processes in a Rankine cycle? (Nov/Dec 2010)
The Rankine cycle is an idealised thermodynamic cycle of a heat engine that converts
heat into mechanical work.

a.
20.Define FBC. (Nov/Dec 2010)
Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is a combustion technology used in power
plants. Fluidized beds suspend solid fuels in upward-blowing jets of air during the
combustion process. The result is a turbulent mixing of gas and solids. The tumbling
action, much like a bubbling fluid, provides more effective chemical reactions and heat
transfer.
 21.Name the four major circuits in steam power plant.
a. Coal and ash circuit
b. Air and flue gas circuit
c. Feed water and steam circuit
d. Cooling water circuit
22.Name important high pressure boilers?
a. La Mont boiler
b. Benson boiler
c. Loeffler boiler
d. Velox boiler.
23.What consists of air and flue gas circuit?
Air and flue gas circuit consists of forced draught fan, air-pre-heater,
boiler, furnace, super heater, economiser, dust collector, induced draught fan
and chimney.
24.What consists of feed water and steam flow circuit in steam power?
The feed water and steam flow circuit consists of feed pump, economiser
boiler drum, super heater, turbine and condenser.
25.What consists of cooling water circuit and coal & ash circuit in steam power plant?
The cooling water circuit consists of a pump, condenser and cooling tower.
The coal and ash circuit consists of coal delivery, preparation of coal,
handling of coal to the boiler furnace, ash handling and ash storage.
26.What is the main purpose of high-pressure boilers?
The high-pressure boilers are used to increase the efficiency of the plant and to
reduce the cost of electricity production.
27.State important advantages of high-pressure boilers?
The amount of scale formation is less, since the velocity of water through pipes
are more. All parts of the system are heated uniformly, so there is no danger of
overheating

Unit-1
Sixteen Marks
1. Explain the construction and working of Steam power plant with a layout. (16)
(April/May 2010) (Nov/Dec 2010)
2. Describe the operation of a balanced draught system with neat sketch.(6) (Nov/Dec
2010)
3. Name the various methods of ash handling. Describe the pneumatic system of ash
handling.(8) (Nov/Dec 2010) (May/June 2012)
4. Draw a Rankine cycle for a coal fired and steam thermal power plant. State the means of
increasing the efficiency of the plant.(16) (April/May 2011)
5. Explain the aid sketches of forced draft and induced draft system.(8) (May/June 2012)
6. How are cooling towers classified? Explain any one of them with a neat sketch.(16)
(April/May 2010)

UNIT-2
 HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
TWO MARKS
1. What are the mini and micro hydel plant?Why are they in the news recently? (APRIL/MAY
2015)

2. What are the different factors to be considered while selecting the site for hydro electric power
plants? ?(APRIL/MAY 2015)

3. Write about types of turbines(NOV/DEC 2014)

Francis turbine
The most commonly used turbine in Hydro-Québec's power system. Water strikes the
edge of the runner, pushes the blades and then flows toward the axis of the turbine. It
escapes through the draft tube located under the turbine. It was named after James
Bicheno Francis (1815-1892), the American engineer who invented the apparatus in
1849.

Kaplan turbine
Austrian engineer Viktor Kaplan (1876-1934) invented this turbine. It's similar to the
propeller turbine, except that its blades are adjustable; their position can be set
according to the available flow. This turbine is therefore suitable for certain run-of-river
generating stations where the river flow varies considerably.

Each Kaplan turbine at Brisay generating station weighs 300 tonnes... That's the
weight of 50 African elephants.

Propeller turbine
Since they can reach very high rotation speeds, propeller turbines are effective for low
heads. Consequently, this type of turbine is suitable for run-of-river power stations.
 Pelton turbine
Named after its American inventor, Lester Pelton (1829-1908), this turbine uses spoon-
shaped buckets to harness the energy of falling water.

1. Pelton turbines - It is impulse turbine which is normally used for more than 250 m of water
head.
2. Francis - This is a reaction turbine which is used for head varying between 2.5m to 450m.
3. Kaplan - It is propeller type of plant with adjustable blades which are used for heads varying
between1.5m to 70m.
4. Propeller - It is used for head between 1.5 to 30m.
5. Tubular - This is used for low and medium height projects. Normally for head less than 15 m.

4. What is a surge tank?Why it is important in hydro power plant? (NOV/DEC 2014)

Whenever the requirement of Water suddenly decreased, the Valve must suddenly close,
resulting a very High Pressure developed in entire pipe line between the Reservoir and the
Turbine. This is happened due to Water Hammer.

To overcome this problem, a Storage Reservoir called as “Pen Stock” is fitted at some opening
made on the pipe line in order to store Water when the Valve is suddenly closed, or to
discharge Water when increased discharged is required. Such a Storage Reservoir is known as
“Surge Tank”.

Functions of Surge Tank.

01) To control the Pressure Variations, due to rapid changes in the pipeline flow, thus
eliminating Water Hammer possibilities.

02) To regulate the flow of Water to the Turbine by providing necessary retarding Head of
Water.

The Surge Tanks are placed near to the Turbine. The Height of Surge Tank is generally kept
above the maximum Water Level in the supply Level Reservoir.

There are three important types of Surge Tanks used in Hydro Electric Power Plant.

01) Simple Surge Tank

02) Restricted Orifice type Surge Tank

03) Differential Surge Tank

 5. Differentiate storage with pondage. (MAY/JUNE 2014)

6. What do you mean by water hammer? (MAY/JUNE 2014)

The water hammer is defined as the change in pressure rapidly above or below normal
pressure caused by sudden change in the rate of water flow through the pipe, according to the
demand of prime mover i.e. turbine

7. For which purpose Hydro projects are developed? (NOV/DEC 2013)

The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable
electricity.
8. Define Run-off. (NOV/DEC 2013)

9. What is the function of draft tube? (APRIL/MAY 2013)

In a Reaction turbine such as a Francis turbine or Kaplan turbine, a diffuser tube is installed at
the exit of the runner, known as Draft Tube
A draft tube at the end of the turbine increases the pressure of the exiting fluid at the expense
of its velocity. This means that the turbine can reduce pressure to a higher extent without fear
of back flow from tail race. The Draft tube gives an advantage of placing the turbine above the
tail race so that any required inspections can be made easily. Moreover, it also converts the
wasteful kinetic energy at the exit of the runner into the useful pressure energy.

10. List any four advantages of hydro-electric power plant. (APRIL/MAY 2013)
1. Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at a constant rate.
2. If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut, stopping electricity generation. The water can be
saved for use another time when electricity demand is high.
3. Dams are designed to last many decades and so can contribute to the generation of electricity for many years
decades.
4. The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for water sports and leisure / pleasure activities. Often large
dams become tourist attractions in their own right.
5. The lake's water can be used for irrigation purposes.
6. The build up of water in the lake means that energy can be stored until needed, when the water is released to
produce electricity.
7. When in use, electricity produced by dam systems do not produce green house gases. They do not pollute the
atmosphere.

11. What is the purpose of using of dams? (NOV/DEC 2012)

12.The purposes of dams

13.

14.Most of the dams are single-purpose dams, but there is now a growing number of
multipurpose dams. Using the most recent publication of the World Register of Dams,
irrigation is by far the most common purpose of dams. Among the single purpose dams,
48 % are for irrigation, 17% for hydropower (production of electricity), 13% for water
supply , 10% for flood control, 5% for recreation and less than 1% for navigation and
fish farming.

15. What are the types of water turbines? (NOV/DEC 2012)

16.Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of hydropower plants. (April/May
2010) . (April/May2011)
Advantages
a. Does not depend on costs of uranium, oil, or other fuels
b. Pollution is rarely created
c. It doesn't require as many employees
d. It can be set up in many sizes
e. Stations can operate and run for long periods of time
f. Reduces greenhouse emissions
g. Relatively low maintenance costs
h. Can be used throughout the world
i. It is renewable
j. Hydroelectricity produces no gas emissions or waste.
 Disadvantages
1. High investment costs
2. Dependent on precipitation
3. Sometimes messes up wildlife
4. Loss of fish species
5. Change in river or stream quality
6. Cost for construction

17.What is a surge tank? (April/May 2010)

A surge tank (or surge drum) is a standpipe or storage reservoir at the
downstream end of a closed aqueduct or feeder or a dam or barrage pipe to
absorb sudden rises of pressure, as well as to quickly provide extra water during
a brief drop in pressure.
18.What is the function of a surge tank in the hydro electric power plant? (May/June
2012) (Nov/Dec 2010)
It is used to maintain the constant pressure inside the penstock.
19.What is the purpose of trash rack?
It is used to prevent the debris entry in to the penstock.
20.Classify the hydro electric turbines with respect to high medium and low head. .
(April/May2011)
a. Low Head- Francis, Propeller or Kaplan type turbines.
b. Medium Head- Francis, Propeller or Kaplan type turbines.
c. High Head- Francis turbine.
21.On what factors does the selection of a water turbine for hydel plants depend on?
(May/June 2012)
a. Rotational speed.
b. Specific speed .
c. Part load efficiency.
d. Maximum possible efficiency.
22.What is the main purpose of the dam?
 The main purpose of the dam is to increase the h eight of water level and
also to increase the working head of the hydraulic power plant.
23.Why trash rack is used?
The trash rack is used to prevent the entr y of debris, which might
damage the turbine runners and chock up the nozzle of impulse turbine.
24.What is the use of surge tank?
The surge tank is used to provide better regulation of water pressure in
the system. The surge tank controls the water when the load on the turbine
decreases and supplies water when the load on the turbine increases. Thus, surge
tank controls the pressure variations resulting from the rapid changes in water
flow in penstock and hence prevents water hammer.
25.Explain about penstock?
The pipe between surge tank and prime mover is known as penstock. It
is designed to withstand high pressure. It is made up of reinforced concrete.
In very cold areas, the penstock is buried to prevent ice formation and to
reduce the expansion joints.
26.What is the use of spill Ways?
Spillway is like a safety valve of the dam. It discharges major flood without
damaging the dam. It keeps the reservoir level below the maximum level
allowed.
27.Write about prime movers?
Prime mover converts the kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy
to produce electrical energy. pelton wheel, turbine, Francis turbine, Kaplan
turbine and Propeller turbine are prime movers used in hydraulic power plants.
28.What are-the different types of stockers?
a. Over feed stockers
b. Travelling grate stockers
c. Spread stockers
d. Under feed stockers
e. Single retort stocker and Multi retort stocker
29.What is the use of pulverizer and name different types of pulverizing mills?
 a. The pulverizer is used to pulverize the coal in order to increase the
surface exposure.
b. Pulverized coal enables rapid combustion. The different types o f pulverising
mills are
c. Ball mill
d. Hammer mill
e. Ball and race mill.
30.What are advantages of unit (or) direct system of pulverised fuel firing?
a. The layout is simple and economical
b. It gives direct control of combustion
c. Coal transportation system is simple

Unit-2
Sixteen Marks
1. Explain the construction and working of hydel power plant with a layout. (16)
(April/May 2011) (May/June 2012)
2. Explain with a neat sketch a pumped storage power plant. (16) (April/May 2010)
(May/June 2012)
3. What is the function of a hydraulic turbine? How are the turbines classified? Explain
any one with a suitable sketch.(16) (April/May 2010)
4. What are the factors to be considered while selecting a site for hydroelectric power
plant?(8) (Nov/Dec 2010)
5. Describe the selection factors for a hydraulic turbines.(8) (Nov/Dec 2010)
 UNIT-3
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
TWO MARKS
1. What do you understand by moderation?why it is essential?(APRIL/MAY 2015)
Moderator. Material in the core which slows down the neutrons released from fission so that they
cause more fission. It is usually water, but may be heavy water or graphite.
The problem lies in the fact that whenever a thermal neutron causes fission it also leads to the
release of fast neutrons. Now these fast neutrons have to be slowed down and brought to lower
energy levels if they have to cause successful fission in turn. It is here that the concept of a
moderator comes in the picture.

2. Distinguish between fertile and fissile materials? (APRIL/MAY 2015)

The fissile material is the one which undergoes nuclear fission (splitting of atom) upon
bombardment by slow/fast neutrons. The fissile materials used are Uranium 235, Plutonium239
and Uranium233. (India is the only country in the world to use U 233 fuel, used in Purnima &
Kamini Reactors. Fertile material is the one which by itself is not fissionable but will capture the
neutron and will get converted to a fissile material. Examples are Uranium 238 becoming Plutonium
239. Thorium 232 becoming Uranium 233 etc.
3. What is a nuclear fission? (NOV/DEC 2014)
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is either a nuclear reaction or a
radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts (lighter
nuclei). The fission process often produces free neutrons and photons (in the form of gamma
rays), and releases a very large amount of energy even by the energetic standards of radioactive
decay

4. What do you understand by Radioactive decay? (NOV/DEC 2014)

Radioactive decay is a process that occurs amongst atomic nuclei that are too large and are unstable in
their naturally occuring state. The large atomic nucleus emits radiation in the form of an alpha particle,
a beta particle, or gamma radiation, where it emits a part of itself, and in so doing, decays to a more
stable element. A good example would be the element carbon-14, where it emits radiation to its decay
daughter element nitrogen. Radioactive decay was first discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel in his
experiments with a phosphorescent uranium salt.

5. Compare Nuclear fission with fusion processes. (MAY/JUNE 2014)

Nuclear
Nuclear Fusion
Fission
Fission is the splitting of a large atom into Fusion is the fusing of two or more
Definition
two or more smaller ones. lighter atoms into a larger one.

Natural
Fission reaction does not normally occur in
occurrence of the Fusion occurs in stars, such as the sun.
nature.
process

Few radioactive particles are produced

Byproducts of the Fission produces many highly radioactive by fusion reaction, but if a fission
reaction particles. "trigger" is used, radioactive particles will
result from that.

Critical mass of the substance and high- High density, high temperature
Conditions
speed neutrons are required. environment is required.

Extremely high energy is required to

Energy Takes little energy to split two atoms in a bring two or more protons close enough
Requirement fission reaction. that nuclear forces overcome their
electrostatic repulsion.

Energy Released The energy released by fission is a million The energy released by fusion is three to
times greater than that released in four times greater than the energy
chemical reactions, but lower than the released by fission.
 Nuclear
Nuclear Fusion
Fission
energy released by nuclear fusion.

One class of nuclear weapon is a fission One class of nuclear weapon is the
Nuclear weapon bomb, also known as an atomic bomb or hydrogen bomb, which uses a fission
atom bomb. reaction to "trigger" a fusion reaction.

Energy Fusion is an experimental technology for

Fission is used in nuclear power plants.
production producing power.

Hydrogen isotopes (Deuterium and

Uranium is the primary fuel used in power
Fuel Tritium) are the primary fuel used in
plants.
experimental fusion power plants.

6. What are the desirable properties of a good moderator? (MAY/JUNE 2014)

7. Define Demand for Electricity. (NOV/DEC 2013)

Electricity demand is the amount of electricity being consumed at any given time

8. What are isotopes? (NOV/DEC 2013)

An isotope is a form of a chemical element whose atomic nucleus contains a specific number of
neutron s, in addition to the number of proton s that uniquely defines the element. The nuclei of
most atom s contain neutrons as well as protons. (An exception is the common form of hydrogen,
whose nucleus consists of a lone proton.) Every chemical element has more than one isotope.

9. What is an LMBFR?Why is a liquid metal the preferred coolant in a fast breeder reactor?
(APRIL/MAY 2013)

LiquidMetalFastBreederReactor
The most common coolants like water and heavy water cannot be used as coolants in
a fast reactor. Non-moderating materials like Helium and liquid metals like sodium, lead, lead-bismuth
eutectic qualify to be coolants owing to their non-moderating nature.
10. What do you mean by mass defect? (APRIL/MAY 2013)

11. Name the different types of fuels used in a nuclear reactors. (NOV/DEC 2012)

Reactor Type Coolant Moderator Fuel Comment

Pressurised water Light water Light water Enriched
Steam gener-ated in
reactors (PWR, uranium
secondary loop
VVER)
Boiling water reactors Light water Light water Enriched Steam from boiling
(BWR) uranium water fed to turbine
Pressurised heavy Heavy water Heavy Natural
water reactor (PHWR) water uranium
Gas-cooled reactors CO2 Graphite Natural or
(Magnox, AGR, enriched
UNGG) uranium
Light water graphite Press-urised Graphite Enriched Soviet design
reactors (RBMK) boiling water uranium

12. What is the purpose of moderator in a nuclear reactor? (NOV/DEC 2012)

13.Write about atomic number?
The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. The number of protons in a given atom is
an atomic number (Z). The atomic number for H is 1 and He -is 2.
14.What is meant by nuclear fission? (May/June 2012)
Uranium exists in different isotopes of U238, tP34 and U235. Out of these, EP35 is
most unstable. When unstable heavy nucleus is bombarded with high- energy
neutrons, it splits up roughly into two equal fragments and about 2.5 neutrons are
released and a large amount of energy is produced. This process is called nuclear
fission
15.What are the requirements of fission process? (April/May 2010) (Nov/Dec 2010)
An induced fission reaction. A neutronis absorbed by a uranium-235 nucleus, turning it
briefly into an excited uranium-236 nucleus, with the excitation energy provided by the
kinetic energy of the neutron plus the forces that bind the neutron. The uranium-236, in
turn, splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and releases three free
neutrons.
16.What are the essential components of a nuclear reactor? (April/May 2010)
a. Control rods.
b. Moderator.
c. Heavy Water
d. Shielding
17. What is the function of a moderator? (Nov/Dec 2010)
It is used to control the speed of the fast moving neutrons.
18. What is nuclear fission? . (April/May2011)
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is either a nuclear reaction or
a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts
(lighter nuclei), often producing free neutrons and photons (in the form of gamma rays),
and releasing a very large amount of energy, even by the energetic standards of radioactive
decay.
19. State the fuels used in the gas turbine power plants. . (April/May2011)
a) Liquid fuels
b) Gaseous fuels (Natural gas, manufactured generator gas)
20. Name the three moderators commonly used in nuclear power reactor. (May/June
2012)
Commonly used moderators include regular (light) water (roughly 75% of the world's
reactors), solid graphite (20% of reactors) and heavy water (5% of reactors).
[1]
Beryllium has also been used in some experimental types, and hydrocarbons have been
suggested as another possibility.
21. What are the advantages of gas cooled reactor nuclear power plant?
a. Fuel processing is simple
b. The use of C02 as coolant completely eliminates the possibility of explosion in
reactor.
c. No corrosion problem
22. What is breeding in nuclear reactor?
The process of producing fissionable material from a fertile material such as uranium 238
(U238) and thorium 232 (Th 232 ) by neutron absorption is known as breeding.
23. Write about isotopes of an element?
 Some elements have th e same number of protons in the nucleus but different
number- of neutrons. As a result, these elements have the same atomic number but
different mass number. such type of elements which ' have the same atomic
number – same number of protons - the -same chemical properties but different
mass numbers due to different number of neutrons, are known as I the isotopes of an
element.
24. What are the requirements to sustain fission process?
a. The bombarded neutrons must have sufficient energy to cause fission
b. The number of neutrons produced must be able to create the r ate of fission
c. The fission process must generate energy
d. The fission process must be controlled
25. Define fertile materials and breeding in reactors
There are materials like U 235 and Th 232 which are not fissile but can be
converted into fissile materials by the bombardment of neutrons. Such materials are known
as fertile materials. The process of converting mo re fertile material into fissile material in a
reaction is known as breeding.
26. What are the desirable properties of a good moderator?
a. It must be as light as possible. It must slowdown the neutron as quick as possible
b. It must have resistance to corrosion
c. It must have good machinability
d. It must have good conductivity and high melting point.
27. Name few types of reactors.
Fast reactors, Thermal reactors, natural fuel reactors, Enriched Uranium reactors,
water moderated reactors, heavy water moderated reactor, graphite moderated reactor,
gas cooled reactors and Sodium cooled reactors.
28. What are the advantages using CO as coolant?
a. Gases do not react ch emically with the structural materials
b. Gas can attain any temperature fo r a particular pressure
c. They do not absorb neutron
d. The leakage of gas will not affect the reactivity
e. The gas coolant provides best neutron economy
Unit-3
Sixteen Marks
1. Explain the construction and working of Nuclear power plant with a layout. (16)
(April/May 2010)
2. (a) With neat sketch explain the boiling water reactor power plant. (8) (April/May 2011)
(b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power plant? (8)
3. Explain the following terms: (April/May 2010)
Fission of nuclear fuel.
Distribution of fission energy.
The chain reaction. (May/June 2012)
4. Explain with neat sketch the working of fast breeder reactor plant.(8) (Nov/Dec 2010)
5. Discuss why?
a. Nuclear power plants are used only as base load plants.(4) (May/June 2012)
 b. A nuclear reactor needs a moderator material.(6) (May/June 2012)
c. Control rods are used in nuclear power reactor.(6) (May/June 2012)

UNIT-4
GAS AND DIESEL POWER PLANTS
TWO MARKS

1. What do you mean by super charging of diesel engines? (APRIL/MAY 2015)

A supercharger is an air compressor that increases the pressure or density of air supplied to an
internal combustion engine. This gives each intake cycle of the engine more oxygen, letting it
burn more fuel and do more work, thus increasing power.
2. Why is gas turbine best suited for peak load? (APRIL/MAY 2015)
3. What are the main differences in work output and thermal efficiency of gas turbine? (NOV/DEC
2014)
4. What types of cycle is used in Gas Turbine? (NOV/DEC 2014)
The ideal cycle for the simple gas turbine is the Joule or Brayton cycle which is represented by the
cycle 1234 in the p-v and T-S diagram (Figure 4.3). The cycle comprises of the following process.

5. Compare gas turbine with diesel egine power plant. (MAY/JUNE 2014)
6. Air enters the compressor of a Brayton cycle at 100kPa,3ooK,with a volumetric flow rate of
5m3/s.The compressor pressure ratio is 10.The turbine inlet temperature is 1400°K.Determine
the thermal efficiency for the cycle. (MAY/JUNE 2014)
7. Write the classification of gas turbine. (NOV/DEC 2013)

8. Write two advantages of diesel powr plants. (NOV/DEC 2013)

9. How the solid injection system is classified? (APRIL/MAY 2013)

10.Unit injector system.

11.Individual pump and nozzle system.

12.Distributor system.

13.Common rail system.

14. What do you mean by regeneration in gas turbine power plant? (APRIL/MAY 2013)

Here, the hot exhaust gases from the turbine are passed through a heat exchanger, or regenerator,
to increase the temperature of the air leaving the compressor prior to combustion. This reduces
the amount of fuel needed to reach the desired turbine-inlet temperature. The increase in
 efficiency is, however, tied to a large increase in initial cost and will be economical only for units
that are run almost continuously.
15. What are the methods by which thermal efficiency of a gas turbine power plant be improved?
(NOV/DEC 2012)
stationary gas turbines where components may be added to increase efficiency. Improvements
could include (1) decreasing compression work by intermediate cooling, (2) increasing turbine
output by reheating after partial expansion, or (3) decreasing fuel consumption by regeneration.
16. What is the basic difference between a diesel engine and a steam turbine? (NOV/DEC 2012)
01) The combustion of fuel (petrol or diesel), taken place inside the engine cylinder in case
of internal combustion engine, while in steam engine fuel is burnt in a boiler to raise the
steam which in turns is used in the engine cylinder.

02) The working temperature and pressure inside the internal combustion engines are
much higher than those in the steam engines.

03) Material with better resistance are required for I. C. Engine as there are very high
temperature and pressure in internal combustion engine comparing to steam engine.

04) Stuffing box glands for connecting rod are avoided in internal combustion engine as
these are mostly single acting cylinder engine. In steam engine stuffing box glands are
required for piston rod.

05) The efficiency of internal combustion engine is as high as 35 to 40 % as compared

to that of steam engines which have efficiency is near about 10 to 15%.

Advantages of internal combustion engine over steam engine.

01) It can be started instantaneously, in steam engine boiler has to be fired and steam
raised before the engine can be started.

02) It has low weight to power ratio because of its compact design.

03) It has higher efficiency.

13. State the applications of diesel power plant.

As such these plants are installed where supply of coal and water is not available in sufficient
quantity or where the power is to be generated in small quantity or where stand by sets are
required for continuity of supply such as in hospitals, telephone exchanges, radio-stations and
cinemas.
14. What are the applications of gas turbine plant? (April/May 2010) (Nov/Dec 2010)
a. Gas turbine power plants are used to supply peak loads in steam or hydro-plants.
 b. They are used as standby plants for hydro-electric power plants.
c. Gas turbines are used in jet, aircraft and ships.
15. List the various components in a diesel engine power plant. (Nov/Dec 2010)
a. Fuel Tank.
b. Lubricating Tank.
c. Jack Water
d. Cooling tower
16. Distinguish between PHWR and LMFBR. . (April/May2011)
PHWR (Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor)
Breeder reactor is a nuclear reactor capable of generating more fissile material than it consumes
because its neutron economy is high enough to breed fissile fuel from fertile material like
uranium-238 orthorium-232. Breeders were at first considered attractive because of their
superior fuel economy compared to light water reactors.
LMFBR. (Liquid metal fast breeder reactor)
Liquid metal fast breeder reactors (LMFBR) cooled by liquid sodium. These have been of one
of two designs:
Loop type, in which the primary coolant is circulated through primary heat exchangers outside
the reactor tank (but inside the biological shield due to radioactive sodium-24 in the primary
coolant)
Pool type, in which the primary heat exchangers and pumps are immersed in the reactor tank.
17. What is combined cycle power plant?. (April/May2011)
In electric power generation a combined cycle is an assembly of heat engines that work
in tandem off the same source of heat, converting it into mechanical energy, which in turn
usually drives electrical generators. The principle is that the exhaust of one heat engine is used
as the heat source for another, thus extracting more useful energy from the heat, increasing the
system's overall efficiency. In an ordinary (non combined cycle) heat engine the remaining heat
(e.g., hot exhaust fumes) from combustion is generally wasted.
Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles results in improved overall efficiency,
reducing fuel costs. In stationary power plants, a widely used combination is a gas turbine
(operating by the Brayton cycle) burning natural gas or synthesis gas from coal, whose hot
exhaust powers a steam power plant (operating by the Rankine cycle). This is called a
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) plant, and can achieve thermal efficiency of around
60%, in contrast to a single cycle steam power plant which is limited to efficiencies of around
35-42%. Many new gas power plants in North America and Europe are of this type. Such an
arrangement is also used for marine propulsion, and is called a combined gas and steam
(COGAS) plant. Multiple stage turbine or steam cycles are also common.

18. What are the methods by which the efficiency of an open cycle gas plant can be
improved? (May/June 2012)

By increasing the efficiency of compressor, turbine and combustion chamber we can increase
the efficiency of open cycle gas plant
19. What is meant by regeneration? (May/June 2012)
Regeneration helps improve the Rankine cycle efficiency by preheating the feed water into the
boiler. Regeneration can be achieved by open feed water heaters or closed feed water heaters. In
open feed water heaters, a fraction of the steam exiting a high pressure turbine is mixed with the
feed water at the same pressure. In closed system, the steam bled from the turbine is not directly
mixed with the feed water, and therefore, the two streams can be at different pressures.
20. State the merits and demerits of closed cycle gas turbine over open cycle gas
turbine power plant. (April/May 2010)
Advantages of Closed Cycle Gas Turbine:
 For a given output the size of the Compressor and the Turbine are very small. This is all
happened due to Low Specific Volume of Air which enters into Compressor, as Air is
pre cooled in Pre coolers also the Pressure at the inlet to the Compressor can be kept
well above the Atmospheric and maintained around the whole cycle.
  There is no Corrosion and Accumulation of Deposits of Carbon or Tar on the Blade and
Nozzles of the turbine no internal cleaning required.
 Any Fuel of High Calorific Value may be used, as the products of combustion do not
mix with the working fluid.
 By making an Inert Gas like Helium as the working medium, use can be made for
materials in the Turbine Design, like Molybdenum Alloys. This has High Stress
Properties at elevated Temperature above 1000 degree centigrade. By such means the
Turbine Plant efficiency at over 50% can be achieved.
 The waste Heat of the Combustion Gases from the Heat and Re-heaters can be further
used for Heating Water. This can be used for Hot Water supply for Industrial or
Domestic purpose.
Disadvantages of Closed Cycle Gas Turbine:
 External furnace for combustion process
 More complicated and costly
 System must be strong enough to resist high pressures.
 Coolant is used for pre-cooling whereas no coolant is required in open cycle gas .

21. What is the use of draft tube?

The draft tube is used to regain the kinetic energy of water coming out of reaction turbine. It
enables the reaction turbine to be placed over tailrace level.
22. What is the function-of cooling system in Diesel power plant?
The function of cooling system is to remove heat from the engine cylinder to keep the
temperature of the cylinder in low range and extend engine life.
23. Define turbo charging in combined gas turbine and diesel cycles?
In the combined cycle, the exhaust gas from the diesel engine is expanded in the turbine,
which is coupled with compressor which supplies pressurized air to the diesel engine.
This increases diesel engine output. This arrangement is known as turbo charging.
24. What are the important advantages of Re-heating?
a. Due to reheating, network done increases
b. Heat supply increases
c. Thermal efficiency increases
 d. Due to reheating, the turbine exit dryness fraction increases so moisture
decreases - so blade erosion becomes minimum - so life of the turbine will be
increased.
25. Name different methods of reheating?
a. Gas Reheating
b. Live - steam reheating
c. Combined gas live steam re heater.
26. Define bleeding in steam power plant?
Assume I kg o f steam is expanded in the turbine. Before complete amount of steam
-is expanded, some amount of steam (m kg) is extracted ' Extracting the steam in the turbine
before exhaust is called bleeding. This bled steam is used to heat the feed water.
27. Explain the term Regeneration?
Regeneration means heating the feed water by steam taken from the turbine. The steam is
exhausted (bled) from the turbine at several locations before exhaust and is supplied to
regenerator (feed water heater) to heat the feed water.
Unit-4
Sixteen Marks
1. Discuss briefly the methods employed for improvement of thermal efficiency of open gas
turbine power plant.(16) (April/May 2010)
2. State the advantages and disadvantages of gas turbine power plants over diesel and thermal
power plants.(16) (Nov/Dec 2010)
3. Draw the layout of diesel engine power plant and explain the various functions of various
components of diesel engine power plant.(16) (Nov/Dec 2010) (April/May 2011) (May/June
2012)
4. Write in detailed technical note on the following: (April/May 2011)
i) Reheating ii) Regeneration.
5. Draw diagrams and explain the difference between open cycle and closed cycle gas turbine
plants.(16) (May/June 2012)
 UNIT 5
NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER GENERATION
TWO MARKS
1. Enumerate the factors affecting the suitability of the site for tidal power plant. (APRIL/MAY 2015)
 They can increase silt deposits, which can block out sunlight and prevent plants from
growing
 They can change the structure of the coast and lead to erosion of dunes and other critical
habitat
 They prevent access to rivers and cut off shipping
 Costly to build
 Locations are highly limited

2. What is the principle of operation of MHD generators? (APRIL/MAY 2015)

The MHD generation or, also known as magneto hydrodynamic power generation is a direct energy
conversion system which converts the heat energy directly into electrical energy, without any
intermediate mechanical energy conversion, as opposed to the case in all other power generating
plants. Therefore, in this process, substantial fuel economy can be achieved due to the elimination of
the link process of producing mechanical energy and then again converting it to electrical energy .

3. What are the types of Solar collector? (NOV/DEC 2014)

4. Give example of geothermal resources? (NOV/DEC 2014)

Geothermal energy uses the heat of the earth to provide direct heat or electricity production.
Direct heat geothermal uses low to moderate temperature water to heat structures, grow
plants in greenhouses, and in industrial processes such as drying food or fish farming .
5. What is the principle of OTEC plant? (MAY/JUNE 2014)
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature difference between cooler deep and
warmer shallow or surface ocean waters to run a heat engine and produce useful work, usually in the
form of electricity. OTEC is a base load electricity generation system, i.e. 24hrs/day all year long.
However, since the temperature differential is small, the efficiency is low, decreasing the economic
feasibility of ocean thermal energy for electricity generation.

6. Specify the significance of power production using MHD plant. (MAY/JUNE 2014)
In the MHD generator the advantage of having no moving parts allows to work at higher
temperatures than a conventional energy conversion. It is possible to work with temperature
around 3000K, and a these temperature the maximum theoretical efficiency would be near
90%. In the section of near future MHD power generation system the plant efficiency can be
increased by increasing the working temperature, do notuse condenser of steam-turbine to
reduce exhaust heat, and to construct energy re-circulating type system.

7. Define Law of conservation of Energy. (NOV/DEC 2013)

The law of conservation of energy is a law of science that states that energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but only changed from one form into another or transferred from one object to another

8. Write the use of thermionic converter. (NOV/DEC 2013)

Thermionic converters have several advantages over traditional electromechanical converters: the
absence of moving parts, compactness, high reliability, and the possibility of operation without regular
servicing. As of the mid–1970’s, a continuous operating life of over 40,000 hours had been achieved for
an individual thermionic converter. A promising application of thermionic converters is their use as
high-temperature units of multistage energy converters—for example, in combination with
thermoelectric converters operating at lower temperatures

9. What do you understand by zero energy houses? (APRIL/MAY 2013)

10. What are the classification of geothermal energy?(APRIL/MAY 2013)

11. What is a solar cell? (NOV/DEC 2012)

12. List out the types of geothermal resources? (NOV/DEC 2012)
Hydrothermal resources
Low Temperature: "Direct Use" or Heating
High Temperature: Producing Electricity

Two main types of hydrothermal resources are used to generate electricity:

 dry steam (vapor-dominated) reservoirs, and

 hot water (liquid-dominated) reservoirs.
13.What is a fuel cell? (April/May 2010)
A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through
a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent.[1] Hydrogen is the most
common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are
sometimes used.
14. What are the advantages and limitations of tidal power plant? (April/May 2010)
Advantages:
 The energy produced is clean and non polluting.
 There is no carbon dioxide or any other by-products released
 It is a renewable energy that will help reduce our reliance on the burning of fossil .
Disadvantages:
 Holding back the tide allows silt to build up on the river bed.
 The dams and barrages sometimes interfere with shipping.
 You will need to find a way to connect the electricity to the grid.
 Pose same threats as large dams, altering the flow of saltwater in and out of estuaries,
which changes the hydrology and salinity and possibly negatively affects the marine
mammals that use the estuaries as their habitat
15. Define photovoltaic cell. (Nov/Dec 2010)
A photovoltaic cell (PV cell) is a specialized semiconductor diode that converts visible light
into direct current (DC). Some PV cells can also convert infrared (IR) or ultraviolet (UV)
radiation into DC electricity. Photovoltaic cells are an integral part of solar-electric energy
systems, which are becoming increasingly important as alternative sources of utility power.
16. Define MHD power generation. (Nov/Dec 2010)
The MHD (magneto hydrodynamic) generator transforms thermal energy and kinetic
energy directly into electricity. MHD generators are different from traditional electric
generators in that they operate at high temperatures without moving parts. MHD was
developed because the hot exhaust gas of an MHD generator can heat the boilers of
a steam power plant, increasing overall efficiency. MHD was developed as a topping
cycle to increase the efficiency of electric generation, especially when burning coal
or natural gas. MHD dynamos are the complement of MHD propulsions’, which have been
applied to pump liquid metals and in several experimental ship engines.
17. State the applications of solar thermal system. . (April/May2011)
Solar Thermal System is different from and much more efficient than[1][2][3] photo voltaics,
which converts solar energy directly into electricity. While existing generation facilities
provide only 600 megawatts of solar thermal power worldwide in October 2009,[note 1] plants
for an additional 400 megawatts are under construction and development is underway
for concentrated solar power projects totaling 14,000 megawatts.[4]
18. What are the different types of geothermal fluid and give its temperature range? .
(April/May2011)
 Geochemical studies of the geothermal fluids clarify the following:
 Most geothermal fluids obtained from reservoirs developed for geothermal power
generation are of the neutral Na-CI type.
 Geothermal fluids originate from a combination of meteoric water/air (i.e. deeply
circulated subsurface water) and magmatic/volcanic emanations (or "fossil
seawater" altered from deeply circulated subsurface seawater, formation water or
connate water).
 As concentrations and compositions of geothermal fluids become equilibrated
chemically and isotopically with the surrounding rocks and minerals of geothermal
reservoirs, geochemical thermometers (silica concentration-, alkali ratio-, gas
composition- and isotopic composition- geo thermometers) are used to record these
processes.
19. What is a solar cell? (May/June 2012)
A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic cell) is an electrical device that converts the energy
of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. It is a form of photoelectric
cell (in that its electrical characteristics—e.g. current, voltage, or resistance—vary when
light is incident upon it) which, when exposed to light, can generate and support an electric
current without being attached to any external voltage source.
20. What is the principle of a thermoelectric power generator? (May/June 2012)
Thermoelectric generators (also called Seebeck generators) are devices which convert
heat (temperature differences) directly into electrical energy, using a phenomenon called the
"Seebeck effect" (or "thermoelectric effect"). Their typical efficiencies are around 5-8%.
Older Seebeck-based devices used bimetallic junctions and were bulky while more recent
devices use semiconductor p-n junctions made from bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), lead
telluride (PbTe),[1] calcium manganese oxide, or combinations thereof,[2] depending on
temperature. These are solid state devices and unlike dynamos have no moving parts, with
the occasional exception of a fan or pump.
21. What includes fixed cost?
 Fixed cost includes the following cost.
 Cost of land
 Cost of building
 Cost of equipment
 Cost of installati6n
 Interest
 Depreciation cost
 Insurance
 Management cost
22. What includes operating cost?
 Operating cost includes the following cost.
 Cost of fuel
 Cost of operating labour,
 Cost of maintenance labours and materials.
 Cost of supplier like
 Water for feeding boilers, for condenser and for general use.
 Lubrication oil and, grease. Water treatment chemicals.
23. What are the waste materials, which can be used for fuel for power generation?
 Municipal waste
 Industrial waste
 Paper waste
 Rubber waste.
24. Define the term waste heat recovery?
 Waste heat is the heat which is not at all used and ex hausted out as a waste
product. Waste heat is normally available from the industry in the form of process
steam and water at high temperature. Also, the waste heat is discharged with the
exhaust gases in so many industries. This heat can be recovered for useful purpose.
This process is known-as waste heat recovery.
25. What is the need of depreciation cost?
Depreciation cost is the amount to be set aside per year from the income of the
plant to meet the depreciation caused by the age of service, wear and tear of the
machinery and equipments. Depreciation amount collected ever y year helps in
replacing and repairing the equipment.
26. What is meant by 'Desulphurization' and name the methods adopted for
Desulphurization?
 Desulphurisation of fuel is the process of reducing the sulphur content in the
fuel. The following methods are adopted for desulphurisation.
 Chemical treatment
 Forth flotation
 Magnetic separation
27. What are the methods adopted to remove' S02 flue gases?
 Wet scrubbing
 Solid absorbent
 Catalytic oxidation

Sixteen Marks
1. Explain with a neat diagram of wind electric generating power plant.(16) (April/May 2010)
2. Describe open cycle MHD system with suitable sketch.(16) (April/May 2010)
3. Discuss the three types of direct energy conversion devices.(16) (Nov/Dec 2010)
4. Classify and explain in detail about the Tidal Energy Conversion System.(16) (April/May
2011)
5. Write a technical note on the following: (May/June 2012)
Fuel Cell
Thermionic converter.
Geothermal power generation.(16)

Part 2: Introduction & Key

This lesson will compare the four widely used power stations (steam, hydro, diesel and nuclear)
with regard to the following aspects:

 Location & space required

 Initial & running cost

 Overal efficiency & stand-by losses

 Maintenance costs

 Limit of power source

 Cost of Fuel & Clean emissions

 Starting

 Transmission & distribution costs

For the above comparison, sortable lists will be used with the following key of merit:

1 -- Highest merit (Highly desirable)

3 -- Second lowest merit (Tolerable)

2 -- Second highest merit (Acceptable)

4 -- Lowest merit (Not desirable)
You can click on the sorting icon to sort lists by the item you are interested in. This information
is vital in deciding the type of power station that would be suitable in different situations.

help | edit

Part 4: By Location & Space required

Power
Rank Location Rank Space required
Station

Steam
Where there is ample supply of water Needs sufficient space for all
Power 2 3
and coal. equipment.
station

Hydro Power Where large reservoirs can be obtained Needs very large space for
4 4
station by dam construction. constructing a dam

Diesel Power Where there is required space & water, Needs very little space for all
1 2
station thus can be located anywhere. equipment

Nuclear Where there is enough supply of water, Needs the least space, compared
Power 3 but must not be too far away from 1 any other power station of equal
station populated areas. capacity

help | edit

Part 6: By Limit of source of power

Power Station Rank Limit of source of power

Steam Power station 4 Has most Limited fuel Reserves.

Hydro Power station 2 Has undependable water source due to weather variations.

Diesel Power station 3 Has Limited fuel Reserves.

Nuclear Power station 1 Has sufficient fuel Reserves.

help | edit
Part 8: By Maintenance costs

Power Station Rank Maintenance costs Justification

Steam Power station 3 High. Skilled staff required.

Hydro Power station 1 Lowest.

Diesel Power station 2 Low.

Nuclear Power station 4 Highest. Highly skilled and specialised staff required.

help | edit

Part 10: By Starting

Power Station Rank Starting Justification

Steam Power station 4 Longest starting time.

Hydro Power station 1 Shortest starting time.

Diesel Power station 2 Short starting time.

Nuclear Power station 3 Long starting time

Part 3: By Initial Cost & Running cost

Power Station Rank Initial Cost Rank Running cost

Higher than hydro &

Steam Power station 2 Are lower than those of Hydro & Nuclear. 3
nuclear.

Are very high because of dam Practically NIL; no fuel

Hydro Power station 3 1
construction. needed

Lowest compared to all other power

Diesel Power station 1 4 Highest due to Diesel prices
stations.

Nuclear Power
4 Highest due to complex nuclear reactors. 2 Second lowest
station

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Part 5: By Overal Efficiency & Stand-by losses

Power Station Rank Efficiency Rank Losses

Steam Power This is plant is ≈ 25% This is due to Boiler remaining in operation even
4 4
station efficient. if turbine is switched off.

Hydro Power This is plant is ≈ 85%

1 1 This Plant has no stand-by losses
station efficient.

Diesel Power This is plant is ≈ 35%

3 2 This Plant has lesser stand-by losses
station efficient.

Nuclear Power This is plant is ≈ 55%

2 3 This Plant has less stand-by losses
station efficient

help | edit

Part 7: By Cost of Fuel & Clean emissions

Power
Rank Cost of Fuel Justification Rank Clean emissions Justification
Station

Steam Maximum, due to constant

Power 4 demand of coal & 4 Has highest polluting emissions.
station transportation.

Hydro
Power 1 Practically nil. 1 Practically no emission
station

Diesel
Higher than Hydro and Has cleaner emissions compared to steam &
Power 3 2
Nuclear power stations. nuclear power stations.
station

Nuclear Has cleaner emissions compared to steam

Minimum, due to small
Power 2 3 power stations but produces nuclear waste,
quantities of fuel required.
station which is currently an unsolved problem.

help | edit
Part 9: By Transmission & Distribution costs

Power Station Rank Transmission & Distribution costs Justification

Steam Power station 2 Low. Plant is close to load center.

Hydro Power station 4 Highest. Plant is furthest from load center.

Diesel Power station 1 Lowest. Plant is at load center.

Nuclear Power station 3 High. Plant is far from load center.