A.

Antidifferentiation
 Algebraic Functions
Indefinite
 Transcendental Functions
B. Integration by Substitution Integrals
C. Integration by Parts

D. Definite Integrals
Learning Objectives
1. APPROXIMATE the area of the
region 𝑅 bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 ,
𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏 and the 𝑥-axis.
2. FIND the exact area of the
region 𝑅.
Ancient Greek Mathematician
Antiphon of Athens
This technique is called the
Method of Exhaustion.
 Antiphon covered
the area of a circle
by inscribing 𝑛-gons
to approximate the
area of a circle.
Ancient Greek Mathematician
Antiphon of Athens
RIEMANN SUMS

What is
the area
of region
𝑅?
RIEMANN SUMS
Assume that function 𝑓 is positive and
continuous on the closed and bounded
interval 𝑎, 𝑏 .
RIEMANN SUMS
Step 1: Divide equally the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] into 𝑛
subintervals.
• Compute the step size Δ𝑥, the length of
each subinterval.
• We call the collection of points
𝒫𝑛 = {𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 } as the set of partition
points of 𝑎, 𝑏 .
RIEMANN SUMS
RIEMANN SUMS
Step 1: Divide equally the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] into 𝑛
subintervals.
Step 2: Fill 𝑅 with rectangles of equal widths.
RIEMANN SUMS
RIEMANN SUMS
Step 1: Partition 𝑎, 𝑏 regularly, that is , into
congruent subintervals.
Step 2: Fill 𝑅 with rectangles of equal widths.
Step 3: Add the areas of the rectangles to
obtain an approximation to the area of region
𝑅.
RIEMANN SUMS

The sum of the

areas of these
rectangles is
called the
Riemann sum
of 𝑓 .
RIEMANN SUMS
BASIC TYPES OF RIEMANN SUMS
1. Left Riemann Sum
2. Right Riemann Sum
3. Midpoint Riemann Sum
RIEMANN SUMS
BASIC TYPES OF RIEMANN SUMS
1. Left Riemann Sum
LEFT RIEMANN SUM
Def: The 𝑛𝑡ℎ left Riemann sum 𝐿𝑛 is the sum
of the areas of the rectangles whose heights
are the functional values of the left endpoints
of each subinterval.
RIEMANN SUMS
Step 1: Partition 𝑎, 𝑏 regularly, that is , into
congruent subintervals.
Step 2: Fill 𝑅 with rectangles of equal widths.
Step 3: Add the areas of the rectangles to
obtain an approximation to the area of region
𝑅.
LEFT RIEMANN SUM
LEFT RIEMANN SUM
LEFT RIEMANN SUM

…
If 𝑎, 𝑏 is subdivided equally into 𝑛 subintervals with partition
points {𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 }, then the 𝒏th left Riemann sum is
𝑛

𝐿𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑥0 Δ𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥1 Δ𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑓 𝑥𝑛−1 Δ𝑥 = ෍ 𝑓 𝑥𝑘−1 Δ𝑥 .
𝑘=1
LEFT RIEMANN SUM
Remark: To get Riemann sums relative to irregular
partitions, the idea is the same, you just have to be
careful about the step sizes.

Consider an irregular partition 𝒫 = {𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 }

of an interval. For each 𝑘 ∈ {1,2, … , 𝑛}, define the step
sizes 𝜟𝒙𝒌 to be the length of the 𝑘𝑡ℎ subinterval, i.e.
Δ𝑥𝑘 = 𝑥𝑘 − 𝑥𝑘−1 .
LEFT RIEMANN SUM
LEFT RIEMANN SUM
With this notation, the left Riemann sum with
respect to the irregular partition 𝒫 is
𝐿𝒫 = 𝑓 𝑥0 Δ𝑥1 + 𝑓 𝑥1 Δ𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑓 𝑥𝑛−1 Δ𝑥𝑛
𝑛

= ෍ 𝑓 𝑥𝑘−1 Δ𝑥𝑘
𝑘=1
RIEMANN SUMS
BASIC TYPES OF RIEMANN SUMS
1. Left Riemann Sum
2. Right Riemann Sum
RIGHT RIEMANN SUM
Def: The 𝑛𝑡ℎ right Riemann sum 𝑅𝑛 is the
sum of the areas of the rectangles whose
heights are the functional values of the right
endpoints of each subinterval.
RIGHT RIEMANN SUM
RIGHT RIEMANN SUM
RIGHT RIEMANN SUM

…
If 𝑎, 𝑏 is subdivided equally into 𝑛 subintervals with partition
points {𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 }, then the 𝒏th right Riemann sum is
𝑛

𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑥1 Δ𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥2 Δ𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑓 𝑥𝑛 Δ𝑥 = ෍ 𝑓 𝑥𝑘 Δ𝑥 .
𝑘=1
RIGHT RIEMANN SUM
The right Riemann sum with respect to the
irregular partition 𝒫 = {𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 } is
𝑅𝒫 = 𝑓 𝑥1 Δ𝑥1 + 𝑓 𝑥2 Δ𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑓 𝑥𝑛 Δ𝑥𝑛
𝑛

= ෍ 𝑓 𝑥𝑘 Δ𝑥𝑘 .
𝑘=1
RIGHT RIEMANN SUM
RIEMANN SUMS
BASIC TYPES OF RIEMANN SUMS
1. Left Riemann Sum
2. Right Riemann Sum
3. Midpoint Riemann Sum
MIDPOINT RIEMANN SUM
Def: The 𝑛𝑡ℎ midpoint Riemann sum 𝑀𝑛 is
the sum of the areas of the rectangles whose
heights are the functional values of the
midpoints of the endpoints of each
subinterval.
MIDPOINT RIEMANN SUM
MIDPOINT RIEMANN SUM
If 𝑎, 𝑏 is subdivided equally into 𝑛 subintervals
with partition points {𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 }, then the 𝑛th
midpoint Riemann sum is
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑚1 Δ𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑚2 Δ𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑓 𝑚𝑛 Δ𝑥
𝑛
𝑥𝑘−1 + 𝑥𝑘
= ෍ 𝑓 𝑚𝑘 Δ𝑥 , 𝑚𝑘 = .
2
𝑘=1
MIDPOINT RIEMANN SUM
The midpoint Riemann sum with respect to
the irregular partition 𝒫 = {𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 } is
𝑀𝒫 = 𝑓 𝑚1 Δ𝑥1 + 𝑓 𝑚2 Δ𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑓 𝑚𝑛 Δ𝑥𝑛
𝑛

= ෍ 𝑓 𝑚𝑘 Δ𝑥𝑘 ,
𝑘=1
𝑥𝑘−1 +𝑥𝑘
where 𝑚𝑘 = , the midpoint of the 𝑘𝑡ℎ interval.
2
MIDPOINT RIEMANN SUM
Formal Definition of a Definite Integral

The Riemann
sum of 𝑓
gives an
approximation
of region 𝑅.
 If the graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is
increasing, which kind of
Riemann sum
underestimates the exact
area of the region?
 If the graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is
increasing, which kind of
Riemann sum
overestimates the exact
area of the region?
 If the graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is
decreasing, which kind of
Riemann sum
underestimates the exact
area of the region?
 If the graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is
decreasing, which kind of
Riemann sum
overestimates the exact
area of the region?
Learning Objectives
1. APPROXIMATE the area of the
region 𝑅 bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 ,
𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏 and the 𝑥-axis.
2. FIND the exact area of the
region 𝑅.
Formal Definition of a Definite Integral

The Riemann
sum of 𝑓
gives an
approximation
of region 𝑅.
RIEMANN SUMS

What is
the exact
area of
region 𝑅?
Formal Definition of a Definite Integral
The
approximation
of the exact
area gets better
as we increase
the partition
points.
RIEMANN SUMS
As the number of
rectangles
increases, the
Riemann sum
approximation of
the exact area of
𝑅 becomes better
and better.
Formal Definition of a Definite Integral

What is
the exact
area of the
region 𝑅?
Formal Definition of a Definite Integral
∗
Let 𝑥𝑘 be any point in the 𝑘𝑡ℎ subinterval
[𝑥𝑘−1 , 𝑥𝑘 ]. Then, the Riemann sum relative to
the partition 𝒫 = 𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 is
∗ ∗ ∗
𝑓 𝑥1 Δ𝑥1 + 𝑓 𝑥2 Δ𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑓 𝑥𝑛 Δ𝑥𝑛
𝑛
∗
= ෍𝑓 𝑥𝑘 Δ𝑥𝑘 .
𝑘=1
Formal Definition of a Definite Integral
Given a positive continuous function 𝑓
on the closed and bounded interval
𝑎, 𝑏 . We define the definite integral
of 𝑓 from 𝑎 to 𝑏 as
𝑏 𝑛
∗
න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim ෍ 𝑓 𝑥𝑘 Δ𝑥𝑘 .
𝑎 𝑛→+∞
𝑘=1
Formal Definition of a Definite Integral

What is
the exact
area of the
region 𝑅?
Formal Definition of a Definite Integral

The exact
area of the
region 𝑅 is
𝑏
‫𝑥𝑑 )𝑥(𝑓 𝑎׬‬.
Formal Definition of a Definite Integral
Terminologies and Notations:

𝑏
න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

integral sign
Formal Definition of a Definite Integral
Terminologies and Notations:

𝑏
න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
Formal Definition of a Definite Integral
Terminologies and Notations:
upper limit
𝑏
න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

lower limit
A. Antidifferentiation
 Algebraic Functions
Indefinite
 Transcendental Functions
B. Integration by Substitution Integrals
C. Integration by Parts
D. Definite Integrals

E. Properties of Definite Integrals

Formal Definition of a Definite Integral
PROPERTIES OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Theorem (Linearity of the Definite Integral):
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be positive continuous function
on [𝑎, 𝑏] and let 𝑐 ∈ ℝ. Then

 
b b

a. cf ( x) dx  c f ( x) dx
a a

  
b b b

b.  f ( x)  g ( x)dx  f ( x) dx  g ( x) dx
a a a
Formal Definition of a Definite Integral

WARNING!
The integral is not distributive over products nor
over quotients. This means
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ≠ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⋅ න 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏
𝑓 𝑥 ‫𝑓 𝑎׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
and න 𝑑𝑥 ≠ 𝑏
𝑎 𝑔 𝑥 ‫𝑔 𝑎׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Formal Definition of a Definite Integral
PROPERTIES OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Theorem (Additivity of the Definite Integral):
Let 𝑓 be a positive continuous function on a
closed and bounded interval 𝐼 containing distinct
numbers 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 such that 𝑎 < 𝑏 < 𝑐. Then
𝑐 𝑏 𝑐
න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏
Formal Definition of a Definite Integral
A. Antidifferentiation
 Algebraic Functions
Indefinite
 Transcendental Functions
B. Integration by Substitution Integrals
C. Integration by Parts
D. Definite Integrals
E. Properties of Definite Integrals

F. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FToC)

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FToC)

Let 𝑓 be a continuous function on [𝑎, 𝑏] and
let 𝐹 be an antiderivative of 𝑓. Then
𝑏 𝑏
න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 ቚ = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎 .
𝑎 𝑎