Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Unit 1
Relations and Functions
Lesson 1
1. Relations
Definition: Relation is a set whose elements are ordered pairs.
Example: 𝑅 = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,6)}
Definition: If A and B are sets, a relation R from A to B is any subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵. In
other words, R is a relation from A to B if and only if 𝑅 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐵.
Definition: If R is a relation from A to A, then R is a relation on A. i.e. 𝑅 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐴
Examples:
1. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,4,6,7} and 𝐵 = {5,12,7,8,9,3}. List all ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦)which satisfies
each of the following where 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵.
a) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): x is greater than y}
𝑅 = {(4,3), (6,5), (6,3), (7,5), (7,3)}
b) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): y is a multiple of x}
𝑅 = {(1,5), (1,12), (1,7), (1,8), (1,9)(1,3), (2,12), (2,8), (4,12), (4,8), (6,12), (7,7)}
2. Let 𝐴 = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}. List all ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦)which satisfies each of the
following where 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴.
c) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): x is the square of y}
𝑅 = {(0,0), (1,1), (4,2), (9,3)}
d) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): x is the prime factors of y}
𝑅 = {(2,2), (2,4), (2,6), (2,8), (3,3)(3,6), (3,9), (5,5), (7,7)}
3. Let = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} , 𝐵 = {2,4,6,8} and 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4}.
List all the elements of R.
𝑅 = {(3,2), (4,4), (5,6), (6,8)}
4. Let 𝐴 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑁, 𝑥 ≤ 4 } and 𝐵 = {1,4,9,16}. Then:
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵}
Lesson 2
Domain and Range
Definition: Let R be a relation from A to B. Then
i. Domain: the set of all first coordinates of elements of R.
i.e. Domain:𝑅 = {𝑥: (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑦}
Examples:
Lesson 3
Graphs of Relations
Examples:
4. Specify the relation and determine the domain and the range.
3
i) For 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 = −6, putting as 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 3. Since the boundary line is solid and
3
above it is shaded, we use:𝑦 ≥ 2 𝑥 − 3 or 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 ≥ −6.
ii) For 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 2, putting as 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2. Since the boundary line is broken and
below it is shaded, we use:𝑦 < −𝑥 + 2 or 𝑦 + 𝑥 < 2.
iii) The shaded part is at the right of y-axis (𝑥 = 0) means 𝑥 ≥ 0.
Therefore, the of the graph the relation is:
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 + 𝑥 < 2, 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 ≥ −6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≥ 0}
Use vertical line test to check the domain. Domain= {x: 0 < x < 2}
Use Horizontal line test to check the range. Range= {y: −3 ≤ y < 2}
Lesson 4
2. Functions
Definition: A function is a relation in which no two ordered pairs have the same first
component.
Lesson 5
Finding functional value
A function 𝑓 is mapping of a relation from set A to set B, we write, 𝑓: 𝐴 ⟶ 𝐵 if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴
and ∈ 𝐵 , 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)read as “𝑦 is a function of 𝑥”, “ 𝑓 of 𝑥”, “𝑓 at 𝑥”.
If (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑓 means 𝑓 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)}
Examples:
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 4
𝑓(8) = √8 − 4 = 2
𝑓(4) = √4 − 4 = 0
𝑓(2) = √2 − 4 = √−2 ∉ ℝ
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 4}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 0}
2. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + √𝑥 − 3
𝑓(4) = 3(4) + √4 − 3 = 13
𝑓(2) = 3(2) + √2 − 3 ∉ ℝ
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 3}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 9}
2𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < −4
3. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥 2 + 2 𝑖𝑓 − 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
𝑥 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 5
𝑓(3) = 32 + 2 = 11
𝑓(−6) = 2(−6) + 3 = −9
𝑓(7) = 73 = 343
1
4. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 , then
Lesson 6
Combination of functions
Functions like numbers can be added, subtracted multiplied and divided. If 𝑓 and 𝑔
𝑓
are functions, then 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔, 𝑓. 𝑔 and are the function denoted by:
𝑔
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
iv) 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) , 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
The domain of: 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔 and 𝑓. 𝑔 is the intersection of the domain of 𝑓 and the
domain of 𝑔
𝑓
The domain of is the intersection of the domain of 𝑓 and the domain of 𝑔, but
𝑔
𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0.
Examples:
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2
i) Find (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 2 = 2𝑥 + 4
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 − (3𝑥 + 2) = −4𝑥
(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) = (2 − 𝑥)(3𝑥 + 2) = −3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4
Domain of 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔 and 𝑓. 𝑔 is ℝ
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 2−𝑥
ii) 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥+2
𝑓 2
Domain of = ℝ\ {− 3}
𝑔
𝑥 𝑥−3
2. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥
𝑥 𝑥−3
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = +
𝑥−2 2𝑥
2𝑥 2 +(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
= 2𝑥(𝑥−2)
2𝑥 2 +𝑥 2 −3𝑥−2𝑥+6
= 2𝑥(𝑥−2)
3𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
= 2𝑥(𝑥−2)
𝑥 𝑥−3
(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) = .
𝑥−2 2𝑥
𝑥−3
= 2𝑥−4
Lesson 7
Evaluating functional values of combined functions
Examples:
𝑓 𝑓(8) 9
g) (2𝑓 − 𝑔) (8) = 2𝑓(8) − 𝑔(8) = 2 × 9 − 1 = 9