51.

Climate change is any significant long-term change in the expected patterns of average weather
of a region (or the whole Earth) over a significant period of time. Climate change is about abnormal
variations to the climate, and the effects of these variations on other parts of the Earth.

Effects of climate change include rising sea levels due to thermal expansion and melting of glaciers
and ice sheets, and warming of the ocean surface, leading to increased temperature stratification.
Other possible effects include large-scale changes in ocean circulation.

52. Bangladesh experiences different types of Natural Disasters almost every year because of the
Global Warming as well as Climate Change impacts, these are:

Floods / Flash Floods (Almost 80% of the total area of the country is prone to flooding).

Cyclones and Storm Surges (South and South-eastern Parts of the country were hit by Tropical
Cyclones during the last few years).

Salinity Intrusion (Almost the whole Coastal Belt along the Bay of Bengal is experiencing Salinity
problem).

Extreme Temperature and Drought (North and North-western regions of the country are suffering
because of the Extreme Temperature problem).

53. According to Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI) officials the standard size of
a brick is 10x5x3 inches.

54. Following are the properties/characteristics of a first-class brick:

1. First-class bricks are table molded and they are burnt in Kilns.

2. These are well burnt in kilns.

3. The surface of the first-class brick should be smooth and rectangular.

4. Scratch with finger nails leaves no mark

5. They are regular in shape and size with sharp edges and corners.

6. They shall be of uniform deep red color.

7. They should be free from any cracks.

8. They should be free from chips, efflorescence, flaws and lumps of any kind.

9. These do not absorb more than 15% of their weight of water when kept immersed for 24 hours.

10. They emit a clear ringing sound when two bricks are struck each other.

11. The average compressive strength of the first-class bricks should not be less
than 100kg/sq.cm and not more than 125 kg/sq.cm.

55. TMT 500W is a reinforcement bar which possesses yield strength of 500 Mega Pascals. ‘W’
means this bar is weldable. TMT means Thermo Mechanically Treated. This is a new generation high
strength steel having superior properties. In this technology, steel bars are passed through a water
cooling system where these are kept for such a period that outer surface of bars becomes cool while
the core remains hot. This creates a temperature gradient in the bars. When the bars are taken out
of the cooling system, the heat flows from the core to the outer surface causing further tempering of
steel bars thereby helping them in attaining a higher yield strength.

56. The size of Re-bar found available in market are:

8mm,10mm,12mm,16mm,20mm,22mm,25mm,28mm,32mm,40mm

57. Ductility is a measure of a metal's ability to withstand tensile stress i.e. any force that pulls the
two ends of an object away from each other. Benefit of using ductile steel is that ductility makes it
easy to work with and gives the buildings the ability to withstand shocks such as earthquakes.
Such rebars also have the advantage of being thinner, thereby reducing the quantity of steel
required and saving space.

58.

End bearing pile Friction pile

The load of the building is transferred through
the pile onto the hard layer of rock or very
dense soil and gravel
Driven through loose sand or weak clay and
into dense sand or rock.
End-bearing piles develop most of their load-
bearing capacity at the toe of the pile
The pile transmits the load through soft,
compressible strata directly onto firm strata.
The whole structure load transferred by the toe
of the pile.
The pile transfers the load of the building to the
soil across the full height of the pile, by friction.
driven into a moderately stiff clay
Friction (or floating) piles develop most of
the pile-bearing capacity by shear stresses
along the sides of the pile
The pile transmits the load to
surrounding soil by adhesion or friction
between the surface of the pile and soil,
Whole surface of the pile works to
transfer load to the soil.