Power Station Fans

STEAG POWER PLANT
LEARNING CENTRE
Engineer Trainees Reading Material 2
(An ISO 9001:2008 certified Company)
STEAG Energy Services India Pvt. Ltd.
(A wholly owned subsidiary of Steag Energy Services GmbH, Germany)

A-29, Sector-16, NOIDA-201301, India
Website: www.steag.in
STEAG POWER PLANT
LEARNING CENTRE
READING MATERIAL 2
S. No Name of the topic
1 Power Station Fans
2 Power Station Pump

Power Stations Fans
THERMAL POWER PLANT FAMILIARISATION
POWER STATION FANS
Steag Power Plant Learning Centre

Steag Energy Services India Pvt. Ltd.
A-29- 30 Sector 16,
Noida, (U.P)

Power Stations Fans

Power Stations Fans
1. BASIC PRINCIPLE
Fans can be classified primarily into two different types: axial and centrifugal. Axial
fans act like propellers, generating airflow along the direction of the fan’s axis.
Centrifugal fans generate airflow by accelerating the air stream radially and
converting the kinetic energy into pressure. Axial and centrifugal fans have
overlapping capabilities in terms of pressure, airflow, and efficiency; however, usually
they are not interchangeable.
Key impacts that determine which fan type is the most appropriate include technical
and no technical attributes. Technical considerations include pressure, airflow rate,
efficiency, space constraints, noise generation, drive configuration, temperature
range, variations in operating conditions, and tolerance to corrosive or particulate-
laden airstreams. No technical reasons include cost, delivery time, availability, and
designer/operator familiarity with a fan model. Understanding the principles of fan
selection can be helpful in correcting poor system performance, especially during
retrofit or upgrade opportunities. If noise levels, energy costs, maintenance
requirements, or fan performance do not meet expectations, then a different type of
fan may need to be considered.
2. CENTRIFUGAL FANS
Centrifugal fans are the most commonly used type of industrial fan. Centrifugal fans
are capable of generating high pressures with high efficiencies, and they can be
constructed to accommodate harsh operating conditions. Centrifugal fans have
several types of blade shapes, including forward curved, radial-blade, radial-tip;
backward-inclined, back ward curved and air foil. Some centrifugal fan types are
capable of serving widely varying operating conditions, which can be a significant
advantage.
3. FORWARD CURVED BLADES

This fan type, shown in Figure 1(a & b), has blades that curve in the direction of
rotation. This fan type is typically used in applications that require low to medium air
volumes at low pressure. It is characterized by relatively low efficiency (between 55
and 65 percent).This fan type can operate at relatively low speeds, which translates
to low levels of noise. Forward curved fans are commonly selected because of their
small size relative to other fan types. Stress levels in fans are closely related to
operating speed; consequently, forward-curved fans do not require high-strength
design attributes. Their low operating speed also makes them quiet and well suited
for residential heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) applications. A typical
performance curve is shown in Figure 2. The dip in the performance curve
represents stall regions that can create operating problems at low airflow rates.
Forward-curved fans are usually limited to clean service applications. These fans are
typically not constructed for high pressures or harsh service. Also, fan output is
difficult to adjust accurately (note how the fan curve is somewhat horizontal), and
these fans are not used where airflow must be closely controlled. Forward-curved

Power Stations Fans
fans have a power curve that increases steadily with airflow toward free delivery;
consequently, careful driver selection is required to avoid overloading the fan motor.
Figure 1(a)
Figure 1(b)

Power Stations Fans
Figure 2 Forward curve fan characteristic
4. RADIAL BLADE
Shown in Figure 3, this type is commonly used in applications with low to medium
airflow rates at high pressures. The flat blade shape limits material build-up;
consequently, these fans are capable of handling high-particulate airstreams,
including dust, wood chips, and metal scrap. This fan type is characteristically
rugged. The simple design of these fans allows many small metalworking shops to
custom build units for special applications. In many cases, the blades can be
inexpensively coated with protective compounds to improve erosion and corrosion
resistance. The large clearances between the blades also allow this fan to operate at

Power Stations Fans
low airflows without the vibration problems that usually accompany operating in stall.
The characteristic durability of this fan type is a key reason why it is considered an
industry workhorse.
5. RADIAL TIP
This fan type fills the gap between clean-air fans and the more rugged radial-blade
fans. Radial-tip fans are characterized by a low angle of attack between the blades
and the incoming air, which promotes low turbulence. A radial tip fan is shown in
Figure 3.
Radial-tip fans have many of the characteristics of radial-blade fans and are well-
suited for use with airstreams that have small particulates at moderate
concentrations and airstreams with high moisture contents. Radial-tip fans can have
efficiencies up to 75 percent. These fans are commonly used in airborne-solids
handling services because they have large running clearances. A typical fan curve
for radial fans is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 3 Radial blades
Figure 4 Radial tip blades

Power Stations Fans
Figure 5 Radial flow fans curves
6. BACKWARD INCLINED FANS

This fan type is characterized by blades that tilt away from the direction of rotation.
Within backward-inclined fans are three different blade shapes: flat, curved, and
airfoil. Flat blade types, shown in Fig 6, are more robust. Curved-blade fans tend to
be more efficient. Airfoil blades, shown in Figure 7, are the most efficient of all,
capable of achieving efficiencies exceeding85 percent. Because airfoil blades rely on
the lift created by each blade, this fan type is highly susceptible to unstable operation
because of stall.
A consequence of backward-incline blade orientation is a low angle of impingement
with the air streams. This promotes the accumulation of particulates on the fan
blades, which can create performance problems. Thin airfoil blades are more efficient
than the other blade types because of their lower rotating mass. However, this thin
walled characteristic makes this fan type highly susceptible to erosion problems.
Loss of blade wall thickness can lead to cavity formation in the blades, which can
severely interfere with fan performance.

Power Stations Fans
Figure 6 Backward inclined centrifugal flow fan
Figure 7 Backward inclined fan

Power Stations Fans
Figure Backward flow fans

7. AXIAL FANS
The key advantages of axial airflow fans are compactness, low cost, and light weight.
Axial fans are frequently used in exhaust applications where airborne particulate size
is small, such as dust streams, smoke, and steam. Axial fans are also useful in
ventilation applications that require the ability to generate reverse airflow. Although
the fans are typically designed to generate flow in one direction, they can operate in
the reverse direction.
This characteristic is useful when a space may require contaminated air to be
exhausted or fresh air to be supplied. Axial fans have a severe stall region that
makes them particularly unsuitable for systems with widely varying operating
conditions. In this stall region, airflow is insufficient to fill the blades, causing the fan
to operate unstably. The consequences of unstable operation include annoying noise
patterns, inefficient performance, and accelerated drive train wear. This problem of
stall can be solved in many axial fans by selecting a fan with an anti-stall device.
These devices alter the airflow patterns around the fan blades, allowing stable fan
operation over the entire range of airflow and pressure.
A common application for backward-inclined fans is forced-draft service. In these

applications, the fan is exposed to the relatively clean airstreams on the upstream
side of the process. The high operating efficiencies available from this fan type can
provide low system life-cycle costs. A typical performance curve is shown in Figure 8.
The motor brake horsepower increases with airflow for most of the performance
curve but drops off at high airflow rates because of this non-overloading motor
characteristic, this fan type is often selected when system behavior at high airflow
rates is uncertain.

Power Stations Fans
Figure 8 Backward inclined fan curves
Axial fan with vane control
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Power Stations Fans
8. PROPELLER FANS
The simplest version of an axial fan is the propeller type, shown in Figure 9. Propeller
fans generate high airflow rates at low pressures. Because propeller fans do not
generate much pressure, they are usually not combined with extensive ductwork.
Propeller fans tend to have relatively low efficiencies, but they are inexpensive
because of their simple construction. Propeller fans tend to be comparatively noisy,
reflecting their inefficient operation. As shown in Figure 10, the power requirements
of propeller fans decrease with increases in airflow. They achieve maximum
efficiency, near-free delivery, and are often used in rooftop ventilation applications.
Figure 9 Propeller fans
Figure 10 Propeller fan curve
9. TUBE AXIAL FANS

A more complex version of a propeller fan is the tube axial fan. This type, shown in
Figure 11 (a & b), is essentially a propeller fan placed inside a cylinder. By improving
the airflow characteristics, tube axial fans achieve higher pressures and better
operating efficiencies than propeller fans. Tube axial fans are used in medium-
pressure, high airflow rate applications and are well-suited for ducted HVAC
installations. The airflow profile down stream of the fan is uneven, with a large
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Power Stations Fans
rotational component. This airflow characteristic is accompanied by moderate airflow
noise. Tube axial fans are frequently used in exhaust applications because they
create sufficient pressure to overcome duct losses and are relatively space efficient.
Also, because of their low rotating mass, they can quickly accelerate to rated speed,
which is useful in many ventilation applications.
The performance curve for tube axial fans is shown in Figure 12. Much like propeller
fans, tube axial fans have a pronounced instability region that should be avoided.
Figure 11 (a) Turbine Axial Fans
Figure 11 (b) Tube axial flow fan
Tube axial fans can be either connected directly to a motor or driven through a belt
configuration. Because of the high operating speeds of 2-, 4, and 6-pole motors,
most tube axial fans use belt drives to achieve fan speeds below 1,100 revolutions
per minute.
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Power Stations Fans
Figure 12Tube axial flow curve fig 12
10 VANE AXIAL FANS

A further refinement of the axial fan is the vane axial fan. As shown in Figure 13, a
vane axial fan is essentially a tube axial fan without let vanes that improve the airflow
pattern, converting the airstream’s kinetic energy to pressure.
These vanes create an airflow profile that is comparatively uniform. Vane axial fans
are typically used in medium- to high-pressure applications, such as induced draft
service for a boiler exhaust. Like tube axial fans, vane axial fans tend to have a low
rotating mass, which allows them to achieve operating speed relatively quickly. This
characteristic is useful in emergency ventilation applications where quick air removal
or supply is required. Also, like other axial fans, vane axial fans can generate flow in
reverse direction, which is also helpful in ventilation applications. Depending on the
circumstances, these applications may require the supply of fresh air or the removal
of contaminated air.
Figure 13 Vane Axial Fan
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Power Stations Fans
Figure 14 Vane axial fan curves

Airflow Vane axial fans are often equipped with variable pitch blades, which can be
adjusted to change the angle of attack to the incoming air stream. Variable pitch
blades can change the load on the fan, providing an effective and efficient method of
airflow control.
As shown in Figure 14, vane axial fans have performance curves that have unstable
regions to the left of the peak pressure. These fans are highly efficient. When
equipped with airfoil blades and built with small clearances, they can achieve
efficiencies up to 85 percent. Vane axial fans are frequently connected directly to a
motor shaft.
11. FAN PERFORMANCE CURVES
Fan performance is typically defined by a plot of developed pressure and power
required over a range of fan-generated airflow. Understanding this relationship is
essential to designing, sourcing, and operating a fan system and is the key to
optimum fan selection.
12. BEST EFFICIENCY POINT
Fan efficiency is the ratio of the power imparted to the airstreams to the power
delivered by the motor. The power of the airflow is the product of the pressure and
the flow, corrected for unit’s consistency. The equation for total efficiency is:
An important aspect of a fan performance curve is the best efficiency point (BEP),
where a fan operates most cost-effectively in terms of both energy efficiency and
maintenance considerations.
Operating a fan near its BEP improves its performance and reduces wear, allowing
longer intervals between repairs. Moving a fan’s operating point away from its BEP
increases bearing loads and noise.
Another term for efficiency that is often used with fans is static efficiency, which uses
static pressure instead of total pressure in the above equation.
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Power Stations Fans
When evaluating fan performance, it is important to know which efficiency term is
being used.
13. REGION OF INSTABILITY
In general, fan curves arc downward from the zero flow condition—that is, as the
backpressure on the fan decreases, the airflow increases. Most fans have an
operating region in which their fan performance curve slopes in the same direction as
the system resistance curve.
A fan operating in this region can have unstable operation figure15 Instability results
from the fan’s interaction with the system; the fan attempts to generate more airflow,
which causes the system pressure to increase, reducing the generated airflow.
As airflow decreases, the system pressure also decreases, and the fan responds by
generating more airflow. This cyclic behavior results in a searching action that
creates a sound similar to breathing. This operating instability promotes poor fan
efficiency and increases wear on the fan components.
15

Power Stations Fans
Figure 15 Region of Instability
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Power Stations Fans
Figure 16 Fan Characteristic curves
Fan Efficiency: The air power static divided by impeller power
Static Fan Efficiency % = Volume in m3/ Sec X total pressure in mmwe

102 X Power input to the shaft in (kW)
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Power Stations Fans
14. INDUCED DRAFT FANS

Once the cross-sectional area of the duct is measure, the flow can be calculated as
follows:
Flow, (m3/s) = Area (m2) x Velocity (m/s)
Volume (flow) = A x Cp x
Power Input fan Shaft = Power Input to the motor * if motor at the Corresponding
loading * transmission system
15. SYSTEM EFFECT
The system effect is the change in system performance that results from the
interaction of system components. Typically, during the design process, the system
curve is calculated by adding the losses of each system component (dampers, ducts,
baffles, filters, tees, wyes, elbows, grills, louvers, etc.).
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Power Stations Fans
Figure 17 System Curve

16. CONTROLLING FANS WITH VARIABLE LOADS
Fans often serve over a wide range of operating conditions. For example, many
industrial ventilation systems see variable loads because of changes in ambient
conditions, occupancy, and production demands. To accommodate demand
changes, flow is controlled by three principal methods: inlet vanes, outlet dampers,
and fan speed control.
Each method has a set of advantages and drawbacks in terms of initial cost, flow
control effectiveness, and energy efficiency. In fan systems that are used relatively
infrequently (for example, less than 500 hours annually), initial cost may be the
dominant factor. In high run-time applications, flow control effectiveness and energy
efficiency may be the key determinants.
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Power Stations Fans
17. VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES

Fans that operate over a wide range of their performance curves are often attractive
candidates for ASDs. The most popular type of ASD is the VFD. VFDs use electronic
controls to regulate motor speed which, in turn, adjusts the fan output more
effectively than changing pulley diameters. The principal advantage offered by VFDs
is a closer match between the fluid energy required by the system and the energy
delivered to the system by the fan. As the system demand changes, the VFD adjusts
fan speed to meet this demand, reducing the energy lost across dampers or in
excess airflow.
18. FAN ROTATIONAL SPEED ADJUSTMENTS.
Fan rotational speed adjustments provide the most efficient means of controlling fan
flow. By reducing fan rotational speed, less energy is imparted to the air stream,
which means less energy must be dissipated by the system airflow-control devices.
There are two primary devices used to control fan rotational speed: multiple-speed
motors and adjustable speed
drives (ASDs). Although both directly control fan output, multiple-speed motors and
ASDs typically serve separate applications.
Figure 18 Variable Flow

Variable flow can be provided by varying fan RPM to precisely match process
operating conditions. The adjustable speed drive provides variable speed. Figure 1
shows how varying fan speed is used to select the proper operating points A through
E of the ID fan system. Notice how fan input power falls sharply with speed.
Elimination of the mechanical losses is usually the most compelling and easily
quantified reason for apply drives. Figure 2 shows a system using
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Power Stations Fans
Figure 2 shows a system using mechanical dampers to achieve flow control. Pairs of
flow and pressure operating points corresponding to points A through E of Figure 1
are shown in Figure 2. Power level percentages shown are total input power
including all motor, transformer and system losses as percentages of required fan
output power. The energy deltas for a series of such operating points allow
calculation of energy savings and drive cost justification. A table of expected annual
operating times and power level differences are developed.
19. DISC THROTTLE

In some centrifugal fan designs, the generated airflow can be controlled by changing
the effective width of the impeller using a sliding throttle plate. As the plate moves, it
changes the amount of impeller width that is exposed to the air stream. Although this
fan design characteristic is not common, its simple design may be feasible in some
applications.
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Power Stations Fans
20 VARIABLE-PITCH FANS
An option with some types of axial fans is the incorporation of a variable-pitch feature
for the fan blades. Variable-pitch fans allow the fan blades to tilt, changing the angle
of attack between the incoming airflow and the blade. Reducing the angle of attack
reduces both the airflow and the load on the motor. Consequently, variable-pitch fans
can keep fan efficiency high over a range of operating conditions.
21. USE OF FAN CURVES
Method of determining fan power consumption is to measure the static pressure
generated by the fan and to determine the corresponding brake horsepower as
shown in Figure 2-15. To determine electrical power, the brake horsepower value
must be divided by motor efficiency. Also, the static pressure measurement must be
corrected for any difference between the density of the air streams and the density
used to define the performance curve. Most fan performance curves assume air
density of 0.075 pounds
per cubic foot, which is the density of air at standard conditions. Also, because fan
performance is highly sensitive to operating speed, fan rotational speed should be
measured and the affinity law.
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Power Stations Fans
22. FAN LAWS
Flow α Speed Pressure α (Speed)

2
Power α (Speed)
3
Varying the RPM by 10% Reducing the RPM by 10% Reducing the RPM by 10%
decreases or increases air decreases the static decrease the power
delivery by 10%. increase in RPM by 10% requirement by 27% by
increases the static 10% increases the power
pressure by 21% requirement by 33%
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Power Stations Fans
Centrifugal Fans Axial – flow Fans

Type Characteristics Typical Type Characteristics Typical
Application Application
Radial High pressure, Various Propeller Low pressure, high Air –
medium flow, industrial flow, low efficiency circulation,
efficiency close to applications, close to point of ventilation,
tube-axial fans, suitable for dust free air delivery exhaust
power increases laden moist (zero static
continuously air/gases pressure)
Forward Medium pressure, Low pressure Tube –axial Medium pressure, HAVC,
– curved high flow, dip in HVAC, higher efficiency drying ovens,
blades pressure curve, packaged units, than propeller type, exhaust
efficiency higher suitable for clean dip in pressure – systems
than radial fans, and dust laden flow curve before
power rises air/gases peak pressure point
continuously
Backward High pressure, HAVC, various Vane – axial High pressure, High pressure
curved high flow, high industrial medium flow, dip applications
blades efficiency, power applications in pressure - flow including
reduces as flow forced draft fans, curve, use of guide HVAC
increases beyond etc. vanes improves systems
point of highest efficiency exhaust
efficiency
Airfoil Same as backward Same as
type curved type, backward
highest efficiency curved, but for
clean air
applications
Pressure measurement in ducts by Pitot Tube
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Power Stations Fans
Measurement of pressures
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Power Stations Fans
Induced Draft Fan
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Power Stations Fans
Centrifugal fan
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Variable pitch control FD fan
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Power Stations Fans
Radial vane control system for a centrifugal fan
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Performance curve with vane control for a centrifugal fan
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Power Stations Fans
Hydraulic coupling for the speed variation of ID fan
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Power Stations Fans
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Power Stations Fans
Efficiency curves for variable pitch axial fan, below- bearing of ID fan
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Power Stations Pumps
THERMAL POWER PLANT FAMILIARISATION
POWER STATION PUMPS

Steag Energy Services India Pvt. Ltd.
A- 29- 30, Sector 16,
Noida, (U.P)

1. INTRODUCTION
A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids or slurries.
A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action. Pumps fall into five
major groups: direct lift, displacement, velocity, buoyancy and gravity pumps.
Their names describe the method for moving a fluid.
2. TYPE OF PUMPS
Pumps can be classified according to their basic operating principles dynamic or
positive displacement pumps.
Pumps
Others (e.g. Positive

Dynamic Impulse, Buoyancy) Displacement
Centrifugal Special effect Rotary Reciprocating
Internal External Slide

Lobe
gear gear vane
3. DIFFERENT TYPES OF PUMPS

3.1 In principle, any liquid can be handled by any of the pump designs. Where
different pump designs could be used, the centrifugal pump is generally the most
economical followed by rotary and reciprocating pumps. Although, positive
displacement pumps are generally more efficient than centrifugal pumps, the
benefit of higher efficiency tends to be offset by increased maintenance costs.
3.2. Positive displacement pumps
Positive displacement pumps are distinguished by the way they operate: liquid is
taken from one end and positively discharged at the other end for every
revolution. Positive displacement pumps are widely used for pumping fluids other
than water, mostly viscous fluids.
Positive displacement pumps are further classified based upon the mode of
displacement:

• Reciprocating pump if the displacement is by reciprocation of a piston

plunger. Reciprocating pumps are used only for pumping viscous liquids
and oil wells.
• Rotary pumps if the displacement is by rotary action of a gear, cam or
vanes in a chamber of diaphragm in a fixed casing. Rotary pumps are
further classified such as internal gear, external gear, lobe and slide vane
etc. These pumps are used for special services with particular conditions
existing in industrial sites.
In all positive displacement type pumps, a fixed quantity of liquid is pumped after
each revolution. So if the delivery pipe is blocked, the pressure rises to a very
high value, which can damage the pump.
3.3 Dynamic pumps
Dynamic pumps are also characterized by their mode of operation: a rotating
impeller converts kinetic energy into pressure or velocity that is needed to pump
the fluid.
There are two types of dynamic pumps:
• Centrifugal pumps are the most common pumps used for pumping water
in industrial applications. Typically, more than 75% of the pumps installed
in an industry are centrifugal pumps.
• Special effect pumps are particularly used for specialized conditions at
an industrial site.
4. HOW A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP WORKS
4.1 A centrifugal pump is one of the simplest pieces of equipment in any process
plant. Figure 1 below shows how this type of pump operates:
• Liquid is forced into an impeller either by atmospheric pressure or in case
of a jet pump by artificial pressure.
• The vanes of impeller pass kinetic energy to the liquid, thereby causing the
liquid to rotate. The liquid leaves the impeller at high velocity.
• The impeller is surrounded by a volute casing or in case of a turbine pump
a stationary diffuser ring. The volute or stationary diffuser ring converts the
kinetic energy into pressure energy

Figure 1 Liquid Flow Path of a Centrifugal Pump

4.2 Centrifugal Pumps consist of a set of rotating vanes, enclosed within a
housing or casing, used to impart energy to a fluid through centrifugal force. The
pump has two main parts: a rotating element which includes an impeller and a
shaft, and a stationary element made up of a casing (volute or solid), stuffing
box, and bearings. Centrifugal pumps operate using kinetic energy to move fluid
utilizing an impeller and a circular pump casing. The impeller produces liquid
velocity and the casing forces the liquid to discharge from the pump converting
velocity to pressure.
This is accomplished by offsetting the impeller in the casing, and by maintaining
a close clearance between the impeller and the casing at the cutwater. The fluid
enters the pump near the center of the impeller and is moved to its outside
diameter by the rotating motion of the impeller. The vanes on the impeller
progressively widen from the center of the impeller that reduces speed and
increases pressure. This allows centrifugal pumps to produce continuous flows at
high pressure. By forcing the fluid through without cupping it, centrifugal pumps
can achieve a very high flow rate. Centrifugal pumps are used in many
industries.
Some of their most common applications /media transferred include: general
purpose fluids, pure water, sludge and sewage, slurry, high viscosity fluids,
power generation, the paper industry, the petroleum industry, chemicals and
corrosives, gravel and solid materials, high temperature materials, and marine
applications. Centrifugal pumps generate flow by using one of three actions:
radial flow, mixed flow, and axial flow. These classifications do not rate the
performance quality of the pump, they are merely groupings based upon the
pump’s action. Radial flow pumps are centrifugal pumps in which the pressure is
4

developed wholly by centrifugal force. In mixed flow pumps, the pressure is

developed partly by centrifugal force and partly by the lift of the vanes of the
impeller on the liquid. Axial flow centrifugal pumps develop pressure by the
propelling or lifting action of the vanes of the impeller on the liquid.
4.3 Components of a centrifugal pump
4.3.1 The main components of a centrifugal pump are shown in Figure 2 given
below and described below:
• Rotating components: an impeller coupled to a shaft
• Stationary components: casing, casing cover, and bearings.
Figure 2 Main Components of a Centrifugal Pump
Main Components of a Centrifugal Pump

a) Impeller
An impeller is a circular metallic disc with a built-in passage for the flow of fluid.
Impellers are generally made of bronze, polycarbonate, cast iron or stainless
steel, but other materials are also used. As the performance of the pump
depends on the type of impeller, it is important to select a suitable design and to
maintain the impeller in good condition. The number of impellers determines the
number of stages of the pump. A single stage pump has one impeller and is best
suited for low head (= pressure) service. A two-stage pump has two impellers in
series for medium head service. A multi-stage pump has three or more impellers
in series for high head service.
Impellers can be classified on the basis of:
• Major direction of flow from the rotation axis: radial flow, axial flow, mixed
flow
• Suction type: single suction and double suction
• Shape or mechanical construction:
5

Closed impellers have vanes enclosed by shrouds (= covers) on both sides

(Figure 3 below) They are generally used for water pumps as the vanes totally
enclose the water. This prevents the water from moving from the delivery side to
the suction side, which would reduce the pump efficiency. In order to separate
the discharge chamber from the suction chamber, a running joint is necessary
between the impeller and pump casing. This joint is provided by wearing rings,
which are mounted either overextended portion of impeller shroud or inside the
cylindrical surface of pump casing.
A disadvantage of closed impellers is the higher risk of blockage.
Open and semi-open impellers (Figure 3 below) are less likely to clog. But to
avoid clogging through internal re-circulation, the volute or back-plate of the
pump must be manually adjusted to get the proper impeller setting.
Vortex pump impellers are suitable for solid and "stringy" materials but they are
up to 50% less efficient than conventional designs.
Figure 3 Closed and Open Impeller Types
b) Shaft
The shaft transfers the torque from the motor to the impeller during the startup
and operation of the pump.
c) Casing
The main function of casing is to enclose the impeller at suction and delivery
ends and thereby form a pressure vessel. The pressure at suction end may be as
little as one-tenth of atmospheric pressure and at delivery end may be twenty
times the atmospheric pressure in a single-stage pump. For multi-stage pumps
the pressure difference is much higher. The casing is designed to withstand at
least twice this pressure to ensure a large enough safety margin.

A second function of casing is to provide a supporting and bearing medium for

the shaft and impeller. Therefore the pump casing should be designed to
• Provide easy access to all parts of pump for inspection, maintenance and
repair
• Make the casing leak-proof by providing stuffing boxes
• Connect the suction and delivery pipes directly to the flanges
• Be coupled easily to its prime mover (i.e. electric motor) without any power
loss.
There are two types of casings
Volute casing (Figure 4) has impellers that are fitted inside the casings. One of
the main purpose is to help balance the hydraulic pressure on the shaft of the
pump. However, operating pumps with volute casings at a lower capacity than
the manufacturer’s recommended capacity can result in lateral stress on the
shaft of the pump. This can cause increased wearing of the seals, bearings, and
the shaft itself. Double-volute casings are used when the radial force becomes
significant at reduced capacities.
Circular casing has stationary diffusion vanes surrounding the impeller
periphery that convert speed into pressure energy. These casings are mostly
used for multi-stage pumps.
The casings can be designed as:
Solid casing (Figure 5): the entire casing and the discharge nozzle are
contained in one casting or fabricated piece.
Split casing: two or more parts are joined together. When the casing parts are
divided by horizontal plane, the casing is called horizontally split or axially split
casing.
Figure 4 Cut-away of a pump showing Volute Casing

7

Figure 5 Solid Casing
4.4 Principles of Centrifugal Pumps (Figures 6 (a & b)
 Centrifugal pumps add

energy by increasing the
kinetic energy of the fluid –
V2/2g
 Higher impeller tip speeds
increase kinetic energy
 Impeller diameter
 Impeller speed
 Higher flows through impeller

decrease kinetic energy
Figure 6 (a)

Figure 6 (b) Principal of Centrifugal Pumps
4.5 SPECIFIC SPEED OF PUMPS

Specific speed (Ns) is a non-dimensional design index used to classify pump
impellers as to their type and proportions. It is defined as the speed in revolutions
per minute at which a geometrically similar impeller would operate if it were of
such a size as to deliver one gallon per minute against one foot head.
The understanding of this definition is of design engineering significance only,
however, and specific speed should be thought of only as an index used to
predict certain pump characteristics. The following formula is used to determine
specific speed:
Ns = N√𝑄𝑄
3/4
H
Where
N = Pump speed in RPM
Q = Capacity in cubic meter/ sec at the best efficiency point
H = Total head per stage at the best efficiency point in meters.
The specific speed determines the general shape or class of the impeller as
depicted in Fig. As the specific speed increases, the ratio of the impeller outlet
diameter, D2, to the inlet or eye diameter, Di, decreases. This ratio becomes 1.0
for a true axial flow impeller.
Radial flow impellers develop head principally through centrifugal force. Pumps
of higher specific speeds develop head partly by centrifugal force and partly by
axial force. A higher specific speed indicates a pump design with head
9

generation more by axial forces and less by centrifugal forces. An axial flow or
propeller pump with a specific speed of 10,000 or greater generates it's head
exclusively through axial forces.
Radial impellers are generally low flow high head designs whereas axial flow
impellers are high flow low head designs. (Figure 7 below)
Values of Specific Speed, Ns
Figure 7 Impeller Design vs Specific Speed
4.6 PUMPING SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

Resistance of the system: head
Pressure is needed to pump the liquid through the system at a certain rate. This
pressure has to be high enough to overcome the resistance of the system, which
is also called “head”. The total head is the sum of static head and friction head:
a) Static head
Static head is the difference in height between the source and destination of the
pumped liquid (see Figure 2a). Static head is independent of flow (see Figure 8
b). The static head at a certain pressure depends on the weight of the liquid and
can be calculated with this equation:
Head (in feet) = Pressure (psi) X 2.31
Specific gravity
Static head consists of:

• Static suction head (hS): resulting from lifting the liquid relative to the pump
center line. The hS is positive if the liquid level is above pump centerline,
and negative if the liquid level is below pump centerline (also called
“suction lift)
• Static discharge head (hd): the vertical distance between the pump
centerline and the surface of the liquid in the destination tank.
10

Figure 8 (a) Static Head Figure 8 (b) Static Head vs Flow
b) Friction head (hf)

This is the loss needed to overcome that is caused by the resistance to flow in
the pipe and fittings. It is dependent on size, condition and type of pipe, number
and type of pipe fittings, flow rate, and nature of the liquid. The friction head is
proportional to the square of the flow rate as shown in figure 9. A closed loop
circulating system only exhibits friction head (i.e. not static head).
Figure 9 Frictional Head versus Flow

In most cases the total head of a system is a combination of static head and
friction head as shown in Figures 10 (a & b)
11

Figures 10 a System with High Static Head Figures 10 b System with Low Static Head
4.7 PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE

The head and flow rate determine the performance of a pump, which is
graphically shown in Figure 11 as the performance curve or pump characteristic
curve. The figure shows a typical curve of a centrifugal pump where the head
gradually decreases with increasing flow. As the resistance of a system
increases, the head will also increase. This in turn causes the flow rate to
decrease and will eventually reach zero. A zero flow rate is only acceptable for a
short period without causing to the pump to burn out.
Figure 11 Performance Curve of a Pump
4.8 PUMP OPERATING POINT

The rate of flow at a certain head is called the duty point. The pump performance
curve is made up of many duty points. The pump operating point is determined
by the intersection of the system curve and the pump curve as shown in Figure
12.
12

Figure 12 Pump Operating Point
4.9 Cavitation
Cavitations or vaporization is the formation of bubbles inside the pump. This may
occur when at the fluid’s local static pressure becomes lower than the liquid’s
vapor pressure (at the actual temperature). A possible cause is when the fluid
accelerates in a control valve or around a pump impeller.
Vaporization itself does not cause any damage. However, when the velocity is
decreased and pressure increased, the vapor will evaporate and collapse. This
has three undesirable effects figures 13 a & b:
• Erosion of vane surfaces, especially when pumping water-based liquids
• Increase of noise and vibration, resulting in shorter seal and bearing life
• Partially choking of the impeller passages, which reduces the pump
performance and can lead to loss of total head in extreme cases.
The Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA) indicates how much the pump
suction exceeds the liquid vapor pressure, and is a characteristic of the system
design. The NPSH Required (NPSHR) is the pump suction needed to avoid
cavitation, and is a characteristic of the pump design figure 13 (c)
13

Figure 13 (a) Cavitation Damage
Figure 13 (b) Cavitation Damage
14

Figure 13 (c) Cavitation Process
4.10 Booster Pumps
Booster Pumps are used in applications where the normal system pressure is
low and needs to be increased. Priming introduces fluid into the pumping
chamber to create the pressure differential needed for pumping at a rated
service. Self-priming pumps create and maintain a sufficient vacuum level to
draw fluid into an inlet with no external assistance.
Typically, booster pumps are used in water systems or applications that have low
contamination. They have a variety of commercial, municipal, and military
applications and are used in a range of industries that includes aerospace,
mining, and food processing. Booster pumps can transport different types of
media. Some booster pumps use abrasive, acidic, corrosive, combustible, or
hazardous materials. Others use wastewater, salt water, sewage, sludge, ash, or
rendering wastes from food processing. Liquids, liquids with solids (slurry), and
liquid metal are also used to increase system pressure. Depending on the
application, other media used include gasoline, diesel fuel, oil, lubricants,
chemicals, and coolants. Booster pumps are made of aluminum, brass, bronze,
cast iron, plastic, or stainless steel. Power sources include AC or DC voltage;
pneumatic or hydraulic systems; gasoline, diesel fuel, or natural gas; steam or
water; and solar power. Booster pumps include a pump stator / rotor assembly
that is mounted either vertically or horizontally, depending on the orientation of
the media. Close-coupled pumps mount the pump end on the motor shaft.
15

Frame-mounted pumps mount the pump end on a bearing frame that is coupled
to the motor.
Booster pumps provide a variety of optional features. Some include thermal
overload protection or are rated to run continuously. Others are self-priming or
can operate without pumped fluid or external lubrication for an extended period of
time. Multi-stage pumps move compressed fluid from an initial stage to
successive chambers or stages of pressurization in order to generate higher
levels of pressure than are possible with single- stage pumping. Typically, both
single-stage and multi-stage pumps have a pressure gage. Some booster pumps
are designed to function in special environments. For example, explosion-proof
pumps enclose parts that could cause the transfer media or surrounding
atmosphere to ignite. Hygienic pumps are fully sealed to eliminate leakage and
contamination, and corrosion-resistant pumps are constructed of materials such
as stainless steel. Non-clog pumps are configured to pump sticky or stringy
materials that could clog other types of pumps.
Cantilever Pumps are centrifugal pumps commonly used in sump pump
applications. They are available in horizontal and vertical configurations, and
many styles including submersible motors. They are frequently used in slurry and
solids handling applications. Cantilever pumps offer a number of advantages
specifically for use in watery or other liquid-filled environments. They have no
submerged seals, bearings, bushings, or suction check valves. The cantilever or
overhung shaft is supported by heavy-duty ball bearings that are located above
the pumped liquid. Many varieties of cantilever pumps are designed with
additional features to allow for long service life in demanding conditions. Some
employ a shaft-mounted agitator to stir settled solids, helping to maintain a clean
and maintenance free sump. Pump life is increased due to this reduction of
cycling. Other types are designed to operate continuously, even when dry,
without wearing out. There are also a variety of material options for corrosion and
abrasion resistance. Cantilever pumps are available with a number of different
impeller types, which change the nature of the flow through the pump.
16

Figure 14 Centrifugal Pump
Single stage impeller pumps have one rotor to impart motion to the fluid. Double
stage pumps have two impellers, and perform like two pumps linked in a series.
Large, multiple stage pumps are also available, which offer the functionality of a
number of pumps in a series. Aside from sump pump applications, cantilever
pumps are widely used in other industrial applications where liquids or slurries
are passed and processed. They can be found in chemical processing plants,
waste treatment facilities, in food processing, paper and pulp making, steel and
other metal processing, mining, and in power generation including coal, nuclear
and electrical generating stations. See figure 14
4.11 Condensate Pumps

Condensate Pumps are used to collect and transport condensate back into a
steam system for reheating and reuse, important specifications for condensate
pumps include power source, maximum discharge flow, maximum discharge
pressure, media temperature, tank or reservoir size, and pumps per assembly.
Power sources for condensate pumps include AC voltage,. Maximum discharge
flow is a function of the system or pressure head that a pump must enter. Units of
measure include gallons per hour (GPM), gallons per minute (GPM), and gallons
per day (GPD).
Maximum discharge pressure is measured in pounds per square inch (psi), feet
or inches of water, and bars or millibars. Tank or reservoir size can be measured
in gallons, liters, cubic inches, cubic feet, cubic meters or cubic yards. Pumps-
per-assembly is the number of pumps in or near the pump assembly.
17

Figure 15 Condensate pump for 500 MW unit
4.12 Diaphragm Pumps

Diaphragm Pumps are common industrial pumps that use positive displacement
to move liquids. These devices typically include a single diaphragm and
chamber, as well as suction and discharge check valves to prevent backflow.
Pistons are either coupled to the diaphragm, or used to force hydraulic oil to drive
the diaphragm.(See Figure 16 below)
Diaphragm pumps are highly reliable because they do not include internal parts
that rub against each other. In fact, prolonged diaphragm life may be possible if
the diaphragm pump is run dry to prime. Typically, wear on the diaphragm or flap
is due to the corrosive properties of media fluids or gases and/or excessive air
supply pressures. Diaphragm materials such as ethylene propylene (EPDM),
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), plastic, rubber, and elastomers provide
resistance to chemicals, sunlight, weathering, and ozone. Housing materials
include aluminum, brass or bronze, cast iron, plastic and stainless steel. Rugged
diaphragm pump housings can withstand high temperatures and may be
exposed to various grades of water, oils, and other solvents.
18

Figure 16 Diaphragm Pumps
Diaphragm pumps can handle a range of media that includes abrasive materials,
acids, chemicals, concrete or grout, coolants, combustible or corrosive materials,
effluents, ground water, and gasoline or diesel fuel. Some diaphragm pumps can
handle hazardous materials, highly viscous fluids, liquids with solids, or liquids
with oil. Other diaphragm pumps can handle lubricants, oil, potable water, salt
water, wastewater, powder or solids, sewage, sludge, and slurry or ash slurry.
Important specifications for diaphragm pumps include maximum discharge flow,
maximum pressure discharge, inlet size, discharge size, and media temperature.
Power sources include AC voltage, DC voltage,
Some devices are used in aerospace or defense, agriculture or horticulture,
automotive, brewery or distillery, construction, cryogenic, dairy, or flood control
applications. Other diaphragm pumps are used in food service, food processing,
HVAC, machine tool, maritime, mining, and municipal applications. Diaphragm
pumps for oil and gas production include special petrochemical and hydrocarbon
devices that can transport large quantities of crude oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel
oil, lubricating oil, paraffin wax, asphalt, chemical raw material, and petroleum
solvents. Diaphragm pumps are also used in medical, pharmaceutical, and
biotechnology applications; power generation; the pulp and paper industries; and
in the production of semiconductors.
19

4.13 Axial Flow Pumps:

Axial Flow Pumps or Propeller Pumps allow fluid to enter the impeller axially.
They discharge fluid nearly axially figure 17 (a & b), pumping the liquid in a
direction that is parallel to the pump shaft. An axial flow pump is also called a
propeller pump because the impeller works much like the propeller of a boat. The
propeller is driven by a motor that is either sealed directly in the pump body or by
a drive shaft that enters the pump tube from the side. Axial flow pumps use the
propelling action of the impellers vanes on the liquid to develop pressure. Axial
flow pumps can be adjusted by changing the pitch of the blades on the propeller.
This makes them useful for either high-flow/low-pressure applications or low-
flow/high-pressure applications. Axial flow pumps are frequently used in industrial
settings as circulation pumps that work in conjunction with sewage digesters or
evaporators. Axial flow pumps are also used in heat recovery systems, nuclear
reactor water circulation, and high volume mixing applications. Axial flow pumps
can also be used as a liquid pump for ballast control in marine applications. Axial
flow pumps use the propeller action to draw water into the pump by suction. An
axial flow pump can be designed as a suction pump that draws water in through
one end and discharges it out the top of the pump. However, axial flow pumps
are not typically used for suction lift applications. Axial flow pumps used for
pumping clear water or storm water may also be submersible. A submersible
pump that uses an axial flow design is common in irrigation and drainage
applications. Axial flow pumps may also be used as a sump pump in some
industrial applications to circulate slurries or wastewater or to drain storm water
from sump pits or waste storage lagoons. Axial flow pumps are typically used in
high flow rate, low lift applications. A mixed flow pump similar to a turbine pump
may be used as a well pump provided the well is not too deep.
Figure 17(a) Axial Pumps
20

Figure 17 (b) An axial flow pump
21

In an axial flow pump, the impeller pushes the liquid in a direction parallel to the
pump shaft. Axial flow pumps are sometimes called propeller pumps because
they operate essentially the same as the propeller of a boat.
4.14 Mixed Flow Pumps:
These pumps are axial flow pumps added with a centrifugal component figure 18
(a & b). This component addition increases the discharge head by sacrificing
some flow capacity. This makes these pumps suitable for Condenser Circulating
Water Pumps where heavy flow of water is required at comparatively low head.
As these pumps are combination of axial as well as centrifugal pump that is why
we say mixed flow pumps. Widely used in thermal power stations as CCW
pumps and cooling water pumps.
Mixed flow pumps
22

Figure 18 mixed flow pumps

4.15 Dosing Pumps
Dosing Pumps are low-volume pumps with controllable discharge rates that are
used to inject additives or difficult-to-mix fluids into mixing, pumping, or
batch/tank systems. Dosing pumps are usually made from plastic, thermoplastic,
or stainless steel and feature mounting holes or accessories. Single and double
diaphragm models are available. Some dosing pumps are designed to move
abrasive materials, acids, adhesives, chemicals, concrete and grout, coolants,
hazardous materials, liquid metal, or lubricants. Other devices are rated for
combustible, corrosive, high viscosity, or high temperature media.
23

Figure 19 Dosing Pumps
Dosing pumps are also used to move gasoline, diesel fuel, and oil; ground water,
potable water, salt water, and wastewater; sewage, sludge, slurry and ash slurry;
gas and air; powders, solids, and rendering wastes; and a variety of liquids and
liquids with solids. Dosing pumps are available with many features and can move
media either vertically or horizontally, depending on the direction of the pump
stator and rotor assembly. Adjustable speed pumps can operate at speeds
selected by an operator while continuous duty pumps maintain performance
specifications at 100% duty cycle. Run dry capable pumps can operate without
pumped fluid or external lubrication for an extended period of time. Self-priming
pumps are designed to create and maintain a vacuum level that is sufficient to
draw fluid into the inlet without external assistance
Some dosing pumps include a control panel, battery backup, grinding
mechanism, pressure gauge, level control device, thermal overload protection, or
suction. Other dosing pumps are explosion-proof, corrosion resistant, reversible,
plug-in, portable, close-coupled, hygienic, or sanitary. Non-clog pumps can move
sticky or stringy materials. Pumps with a strainer or filter can collect solids. With
frame-mounted devices, the pump end is mounted on a bearing frame that is
coupled to the motor. Sealless, jacketed, belt driven, multi-stage, and wash down
capable dosing pumps are also available. Important specifications for dosing
pumps include maximum discharge flow, maximum discharge pressure, inlet
size, discharge size, and media temperature. Power sources include alternating
current(AC),Dosing pumps are used in a variety of commercial, industrial,
municipal, and maritime applications. Examples include agriculture and
horticulture, dairy farms, breweries and distilleries, construction, food service and
24

food processing, power generation, and oil and gas production. Dosing pumps
are also used in the aerospace and defense, automotive, machine tool, mining,
medical, pharmaceutical, semiconductor, and paper industries. Cryogenic pumps
are rated for conditions where temperatures are low enough for gases to
condense to become liquids or solids.
4.16 Gear Pumps
Gear Pumps are positive displacement rotary pumps used to transport high
pressure and high volume flows figure 20. They function through the use of two
or more internal gears that create vacuum pressure, propelling the fluid media.
Typically a rotating assembly includes a driving gear and a driven gear. As each
tooth of the gear makes contact, the load moves to the next tooth and fluid
moves with each contact. Internal gear pumps or "gear within a gear" pumps may
have their smaller gear turning in the same direction as the larger gear, creating
suction to move the pumped fluid media. At various points during the process of
turning, the gears create a seal between the inlet and outlet sides of the rotation
assembly chamber or body. Gear pumps provide a comparably continuous, non-
pulsating flow in relation to diaphragm pumps or peristaltic pumps.
Figure 20 Gear Pumps
4.17 Sump Pumps

Sump Pumps are used in applications where excess water must be pumped
away from a particular area. They generally sit in a basin or sump that collects
this excess water, hence the name basin sump pump, or simply sump pump.
While most people are familiar with sump pumps due to their high level of
residential use, Sump Pumps in this context purely refers to the industrial styles.
A sump pump, in general, is a category that encompasses a number of styles of
pumps that are used to pump out collected fluid. This classification includes bilge
and ballast pumps, centrifugal pumps, cantilever pumps, sewage pump pumps,
submersible sump pumps and utility pumps, among others. All of these styles
may be driven by any of the following power sources, AC power, DC power,
hydraulically actuation or water powered sump pumps figure 21.
25

Figure 21 Sump Pumps
When selecting between the available styles of sump pumps, the most important
specifications to consider include the size of the pump and the size of the sump
pump pit into which it will be placed, as well as maximum discharge flow,
maximum discharge pressure, discharge size, and media temperature. In general
sump pumps are known for their reliability, as they are the first line of defense
against the potential disasters associated flooding. Sometimes, however, sump
pumps do break down and the resultant damage to equipment and the time and
money lost due to clean-up and down-time can be staggering. To solve this
problem, there are battery back-up sump pumps, which can function if the main
power system breaks down. Back-up sump pumps are a wise choice if one thinks
of the potential disasters.
DOUBLE ENTRY CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

These type of pumps are used in turbine main oil pump.
26

1. Casing half, lower

2. Casing half, upper 3. Casing wear ring
4. Neck bush
5. Lantern ring
6. Stuffing gland
7. Bearing housing
8. Bearing cower I.
9. Bearing cover II.
10. Cooling cover
11. Shaft
12. Impeller
13. Impeller ring
14. Shaft protecting sleeve
15. Shaft nut
16. Lock nut
17. Labyrinth ring
18. Shoulder ring
19. Distance sleeve
20. Lubrication ring
21. Bearing
27

28

29

Other pumps like Boiler feed pump and vacuum pumps will be dealt in another
write ups.
4.18 Net Positive Suction Head (Npsh)
The NPSH required by a pump is the head of the liquid pumped, measured at the
suction nozzle of the pump, necessary to overcome all energy requirements at
the inlet of the pump (these included friction losses, acceleration, Δ P to lift
values, heating effect of internally circulated liquid etc.) and thereby avoid any
vaporization of liquid in the pump suction. The NPSH required is thus the head of
the liquid required at the pump suction nozzle above the vapor pressure of the
liquid at that point.
For any pump the NPSH required for a design performance is a function of the
type of pump, the liquid characteristics, the system pressure-temperature
conditions, the capacity and the operating speed.
The NPSH required is expressed in terms of head of liquid pumped, and not
pressure. This means that for a pump which requires 5 meters head of water
when pumping water requires 5 meter of head when pumping other liquid too at
the same capacity and speed. Of course the effect of internal re circulation effect
is neglected
At any fixed speed, the NPSH required by a centrifugal pump will increase with
increase in flow from rated flow. At substantially increased flow from design flow
the increase in NPSH (R) is very rapid.
NPSH (av) is the net head of liquid after all losses are considered at the pump
suction nozzle. Above the vapor pressure of the liquid at the pump inlet
conditions. NPSH (av) must always be above NPSH (R) of the pump for
satisfactory performance of the pump.
30

For the computation of NPSH (av) the points to be considered are:-

--- Datum Elevation
--- Liquid head
--- Operating conditions
--- Type of pump
If the available NPSH is not greater than that required by the pump many serious
problems can result. The problems start with partial vaporization of the liquid at
the leading edges of the vanes. This phenomenon is also called CAVITATION.
The vapour formed as small bubbles at the suction side collapse more or less
suddenly when the liquid moves through the impeller to a high-pressure region.
The formation of vapor has a marked reduction in total head and capacity of the
pump. The loss in capacity is due to pumping a mixture of liquid & vapor. Water
at 22°C increases in volume 54000 times when vapor. Thus slight cavitations will
reduce duty. Under worse situation a complete failure of pump operation can
result. Excessive noise & vibration can result when a section of the impeller
handles vapor and the other section handling liquid.Continued CAVITATION can
result in a serious pitting and erosion of the pump parts leading to premature
failure of impellers.
9000 = __N√𝑄𝑄___
3
(NPSG)
4
From above mentioned equation it can be seen that NPSH is proportional to the
speed of the pump, more RPM more requirement of NPSH. From above
mentioned equation NPSH of boiler feed pump may be calculated.
31

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STEAG POWER PLANT

(An ISO 9001:2008 certified Company)

STEAG Energy Services India Pvt. Ltd.

(A wholly owned subsidiary of Steag Energy Services GmbH, Germany)

S. No Name of the topic

1 Power Station Fans

2 Power Station Pump

THERMAL POWER PLANT FAMILIARISATION

POWER STATION FANS

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3. FORWARD CURVED BLADES

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Figure 2 Forward curve fan characteristic

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Figure 3 Radial blades

Figure 4 Radial tip blades

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Figure 5 Radial flow fans curves

6. BACKWARD INCLINED FANS

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Figure 6 Backward inclined centrifugal flow fan

Figure 7 Backward inclined fan

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Figure Backward flow fans

A common application for backward-inclined fans is forced-draft service. In these

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Figure 8 Backward inclined fan curves

Axial fan with vane control

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Figure 9 Propeller fans

Figure 10 Propeller fan curve

9. TUBE AXIAL FANS

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Figure 11 (a) Turbine Axial Fans

Figure 11 (b) Tube axial flow fan

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Figure 12Tube axial flow curve fig 12

10 VANE AXIAL FANS

Figure 13 Vane Axial Fan

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Figure 14 Vane axial fan curves

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Figure 15 Region of Instability

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Figure 16 Fan Characteristic curves

Fan Efficiency: The air power static divided by impeller power

Static Fan Efficiency % = Volume in m3/ Sec X total pressure in mmwe

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14. INDUCED DRAFT FANS

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Figure 17 System Curve

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17. VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES

Figure 18 Variable Flow

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19. DISC THROTTLE

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22. FAN LAWS