CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

WHAT IS FREQUENCY SPECTRUM ?

IT CONSISTS OF ALL FREQUENCIES

CONTAINED IN THE WAVEFORM
AND THEIR RESPECTIVE
AMPLITUDE IN THE FREQUENCY
DOMAIN.
 Representative
applications
Transmission

Propagation
designations
Frequency
Wavelength

modes

Frequency
media
Optical Fiber

1015Hz
Laser beam

Ultraviolet
10-6m

Wideband data
Visible
Infrared
1014Hz
Extra High
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

Satellite-satellite 1G0Hz
Frequency Microwave relay
EHF Earth-satellite
Waveguide
1cm

Line-of-sight

Super High Radar 10GHz

Frequency
radio

SHF
10cm

Broadband PCS
Ultra High Wireless communication 1GHz
Frequency Cellular, Pager
UHF
UHF TV
1m

Very High Mobil and Aeronautical

Frequency
VHF TV and FM 100MHz
Coaxial Cable

VHF
10m

Skywave
High Mobil radio

radio
Frequency
CB radio 10MHz
HF
100m

Amateur radio
Medium
Frequency
AM broadcasting 1MHz
MF
1km

Groundwave
Low
Frequency 100kHz

radio
LF Aeronautical
10km
Submarine cable

Twisted Pair
Very Low Navigation

Cable
Frequency Transoceanic radio 10kHz
100km
VLF
Audio Telephone
Telegraph
1kHz
CONVERT FROM FREQUENCY (F) TO WAVELENGTH

where c = speed of light.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

WHAT IS BANDWIDTH ?

IT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE

HIGHEST FREQUENCIES AND THE
LOWEST FREQUENCIES OF THE INPUT
SIGNAL FREQUENCIES (fB = 2fm ).

 The bandwidth of a communication

signal  bandwidth of the information
signal.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

 EXAMPLE 3:

If human voice frequencies contain signals

between 300 Hz and 3000 Hz, a voice
frequency channel should have bandwidth
equal or greater than 2700 Hz.

 a communication channel cannot

propagate a signal that contains a
frequency that is changing at a rate
greater than the Channel Bandwidth.
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION
 Simplex
One way transmission
 Half-Duplex
Two way transmission but only one user can
transmit the signal at one time.
 Full-Duplex
Two way transmission, both users can transmit the
signal at the same time.
DECIBEL
 decibel is a relative unit of measurement used frequently in
electronic communications to describe power gain or loss
 Equation 1 is commonly referred to as the power ratio form for
dB.

(Eq. 1)

(Eq. 3)

(Eq. 2)
 To calculate the ratio of 1 kW (one kilowatt, or
1000 watts) to 1 W in decibels, use the formula

 To calculate the ratio of 1 mW (one milliwatt) to

10 W in decibels, use the formula

 To find the power ratio corresponding to a 3 dB

change in level, use the formula