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Antenna & Propagation

Introduction
by
Nor Hadzfizah Binti Mohd Radi
Faculty of Electric & Electronics Engineering
hadzfizah@ump.edu.my

Introduction of Antenna & Propagation by

Nor Hadzfizah Mohd Radi
 Syllabus Synopsis

In this course, the student will be exposed to

the parameters of antenna such as radiation
Antenna
pattern, impedance, directivity, gain, Theory
polarization. Design principles to design
various types of antenna are will be taught Antenna
throughout the course. Students will be Design

exposed to the techniques for estimating the

propagation performance of a communication
Propagation
channel.

Introduction of Antenna & Propagation by

Nor Hadzfizah Mohd Radi
 Course Outcome

At the end of this course student should be able to:

 Characterize the fundamentals of antenna operation and
radio propagation.

 Design and evaluate various antennas to meet application

requirements.

 Describe and analyze the characteristic of the atmospheric

and surrounding effects on radio wave propagation.

Introduction of Antenna & Propagation by

Nor Hadzfizah Mohd Radi
 Basic Communication Systems

Antenna Antenna

Transmitter Receiver

 Wireless communication systems consist of:

 Transmitter: converts the electrical signal into a signal
 Antennas: radiates electromagnetic energy (radio waves) travel
through the air
 Receiver: accepts the transmitted message from the channel and
converts it back
 In some cases, transmitter and receiver are on same device, that is called
as transceivers. Introduction of Antenna & Propagation by
Nor Hadzfizah Mohd Radi
Basic Knowledge of Antenna

 Every radio requires an antenna.

 Antennas come in all shapes and

sizes. Shapes and sizes depend
on the frequency the antenna is
trying to receive.

 Ranges from long stiff wire (as in

car radios) to large satellite dishes
(as used by NASA).

 For satellites that are millions of

miles away NASA uses antenna
dishes that 200 feet wide.
Introduction of Antenna & Propagation by
Nor Hadzfizah Mohd Radi
 Example of Antennas Image
Car Radio Antenna Satellite Dish Antenna

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org

By: Mark Wagner Source: pixabay.com

Introduction of Antenna & Propagation by
Nor Hadzfizah Mohd Radi
 Introduction of Antenna & Propagation by
Representative
applications
Transmission

Propagation
designations
Wavelength

Frequency
Frequency

Nor Hadzfizah Mohd Radi

modes
media
Optical Fiber

Laser beam

Ultraviolet 1015Hz
10-6m

Visible Wideband data

Frequency Spectrum

Infrared
1014Hz
Extra High Satellite-satellite 1G0Hz
Frequency Microwave relay
EHF
Waveguide
1cm

Earth-satellite
Line-of-sight

Super High Radar 10GHz

Frequency
10cm

SHF Broadband PCS

radio

Ultra High Wireless communication1GHz

Frequency Cellular, Pager
UHF
1m

UHF TV
Very High Mobil and Aeronautical
Frequency
Coaxial Cable

VHF TV and FM 100MHz

VHF
10m

Skywave
High Mobil radio

radio
Frequency CB radio
100m

HF 10MHz
Amateur radio
Medium
Frequency 1MHz
AM broadcasting
1km

MF

Groundwave
Low
Frequency 100kHz
Aeronautical
10km LF

radio
Twisted Pair
Submarine cable
Very Low Navigation
Frequency Transoceanic radio 10kHz

100km

Cable
VLF
Telephone
Audio Telegraph
1kHz
 Radio Frequencies Band Names

Band Name Abbr. Frequency Wavelength Examples of Usage

Extremely Low Frequency ELF 3-30 Hz 10-100 Mm Military application
Super Low Frequency SLF 30-300 Hz 1-10 Mm Power lines
Ultra Low Frequency ULF 0.3-3 kHz 0.1-1 Mm Monitoring earthquake
Very Low Frequency VLF 3-30 kHz 10-100 km Submarines
Low Frequency LF 30-300 kHz 1-10 km Beacons
Medium Frequency MF 0.3-3 MHz 0.1-1 km AM broadcast
High Frequency HF 3-30 MHz 10-100 m Short-wave radio
Very High Frequency VHF 30-300 MHz 1-10 m FM and TV broadcast
Ultra High Frequency UHF 0.3-3 GHz 0.1-1 m TV, WiFi, mobile phones, GPS
Super High Frequency SHF 3-30 GHz 10-100 mm Radar, satellites, WLAN data
Extremely High Frequency EHF 30-300 GHz 1-10 mm Radar, automotive, data

Introduction of Antenna & Propagation by

Nor Hadzfizah Mohd Radi
 Types of Antennas

Wire

Lens Aperture

Types of
Antennas

Reflector Microstrip

Array
Introduction of Antenna & Propagation by
Nor Hadzfizah Mohd Radi
 Basic of Wave Propagation

 There is very important circumstance in the wireless

communication, the physical environment over which radio
waves travel.

 Radio waves can take many different paths to get from

transmitter to receiver.

Introduction of Antenna & Propagation by

Nor Hadzfizah Mohd Radi
 Propagation Techniques

A signal can be propagated in THREE (3) ways:

1. Ground-Wave Propagation
• Frequency < 2 MHz

2. Sky-Wave Propagation
• Frequency between 2 MHz and 30 MHz

3. Space-Wave (L.O.S)* Propagation

• Frequency > 30 MHz
*L.O.S = Line of Sight
Introduction of Antenna & Propagation by
Nor Hadzfizah Mohd Radi
 Radio Wave & Transmission Environment

Source: http://www.globalsecurity.org Introduction of Antenna & Propagation by

By U.S Army Nor Hadzfizah Mohd Radi
 Propagation Mechanism

• Direct (L.O.S) Path

• Reflection
• Diffraction
• Scattering

Reflection

Introduction of Antenna & Propagation by

Nor Hadzfizah Mohd Radi
 Challenges of Travelling Waves

 Essentially, the radio waves interact with the physical

environment along each of these paths.

 There are typically (unless you are in free-space) many

paths from the transmitter to the receiver.

 Challenges occurred in travelling :

 Multipath
 Fading
 Distortion
Introduction of Antenna & Propagation by
Nor Hadzfizah Mohd Radi
 Summary

1. Basic Antenna Operation:

 Core component in radio system
 Works in both transmitter /receiver
 Design influenced heavily on operational frequency

2. Radio Propagation:
 physical environment over which radio waves travel
 Challenges – multipath, fading, distortion

Introduction of Antenna & Propagation by

Nor Hadzfizah Mohd Radi
 References

[1] C.A. Balanis:”Antenna Theory: Analysis &

Design”, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

[2] Stutzman and Thiele, Antenna Theory and

Design, John Wiley, 2012.

[3] T. A. Milligan, “Modern Antenna Design”

John Wiley, 2nd edition, 2005.
Introduction of Antenna & Propagation by
Nor Hadzfizah Mohd Radi
 Author Information

Nor Hadzfizah Binti Mohd Radi

Lecturer
FKEE, UMP
email
hadzfizah@ump.edu.my

Introduction of Antenna & Propagation by

Nor Hadzfizah Mohd Radi