Radio- is sound communication by radio waves, AMPLITUDE MODULATION

usually through the transmission of music, news, and

other types of programs.
-These programs came from a single broadcast station
to multitudes of individual listeners equipped with radio
receivers.
Ways of transmitting radio signals are Amplitude
Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM).
In the form of electromagnetic waves, both AM and FM
transmit information.
How Does Radio Station Works?
A radio show or program starts with the production of
audio from people who speak.
The sounds will then be captured, and the microphone
will turn them into an electrical signal.
The signal broadcast as electromagnetic waves from the
radio station’s antenna is then passed through a carrier
wave whose amplitude varies concerning time.
The signal’s power is also changed since amplitude
represents the signal’s strength. Some receivers cannot
pick up low amplitude signals at all.
AM radio operates from 535 kHz (kiloHertz) to 1705
kHz. When turning the dial on the radio, the number
changes by 10 kHz each time.
The quality of sound produced, performance, and
broadcast range of AM and FM can be associated with
the way radio signals are encoded.
COMPARISON OF AM AND FM

It should be combined in the radio wave called carrier

wave to broadcast an electrical signal. This mechanism
is called modulation.

There are two ways for the carrier wave to be

modulated or changed

1. By changing the amplitude or height of the

carrier wave (Amplitude Modulation).
2. By changing the frequency or how fast the
carrier wave travels (Frequency Modulation).

FREQUENCY MODULATION

The signal broadcast as electromagnetic waves from the

radio station’s antenna is then passed through a carrier
wave whose frequency varies concerning time.

Despite that radio waves continuously coming from

many stations surrounding us, the radio receiver does
not receive them simultaneously.

FM uses a higher frequency range and bandwidth than

AM. FM radio operates between 88 MHz and 108 MHz
and increments every 200 kHz.
EVALUATION

- How did Reginald Fessenden discover AM?

In 1906, Reginald Fessenden broadcast a message from
Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock, Massachusetts to ships at sea.
The broadcast was a version of O Holy Night on the
violin. This was the first use of amplitude modulation, or
what later became known as AM radio.

Amplitude Modulation
- AM is cheaper than FM.

-One of the first pre-vacuum tube AM radio

transmitters.

frequency Modulation
- It is known for having a larger signal-to-noise ratio

- Frequency Modulation is mostly used in music.

-Edwin Howard Armstrong (1890–1954)

;Edwin Howard Armstrong was an American electrical

engineer and inventor, who developed FM radio and
the superheterodyne receiver system

IMPORTANCE OF FM

It has a larger signal-to-noise ratio it will reject radio

frequency interferences much better than an equal
power (AM) signal.
It provides an efficient way to shift an acoustic or - Analog Signal
speech signal to a desirable frequency. - Digital Signal

RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) 6. Transmission

- is a device that tracks and fixes the location of targets - is the process of sending and propagating an analog or
at a distance using radio waves and operates on the digital signal using wired, optical, or wireless
theory of radio echoes. electromagnetic medium.

Principles of LASER 7. Transmitter

A LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of - a set of equipment used to generate and transmit
Radiation) is a device that emits light through a process electromagnetic waves carrying messages or signals,
of optical amplification based on the stimulated especially those of radio or television.
emission of electromagnetic radiation.
8. Modulation
three main components of a laser
- is the process of changing the parameters of the
- Lasing Medium carrier signal in accordance with the instantaneous
- Pump values of the modulating signal.
- Optical Resonator
9. Demodulation
Terms and Concept Captured
- is extracting the original information-bearing signal
1. Electromagnetic waves from a carrier wave.

- are usually holders of energy formed by the 10. Receiver

movement of charged particles such as electrons.
- uses electronic filters to separate the desired radio
2. Amplitude frequency signal from all the other signals picked up by
the antenna, an electronic amplifier to increase the
- is the maximum displacement or distance moved by a power of the signal for further processing, and finally
point on a vibrating body from its resting position. recovers the desired information through
demodulation.
3. Wavelength
Practical uses of lasers
- is the distance between successive crests of a wave.
 Lasers in medicine
4. Wave Frequency
 Lasers in communications
- is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in each  Lasers in industries
amount of time. A higher-frequency wave has more  Lasers in science and technology
energy than a lower-frequency wave with the same  Lasers in military
amplitude.
Lasers in Medicine
5. Radio waves
- Medical lasers are medical devices that use
- are a type of electromagnetic radiation with precisely focused light sources to treat or
wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer remove tissues.
than infrared light.  Cosmetic surgery
 Refractive eye surgery
Types of Radio Waves Signal  Dental procedures
  General surgery

Lasers in Communication

- Lasers are commonly used in space

communication, radars, and satellites.

Lasers in Industries
Circuit Diagram and Layout
- Industrial lasers are used to cut metals and
fabrics, mark tracking codes for industrial (AM / FM receiver)
traceability, weld metals with high precision,
AM Radio Parts and Functions
clean metal surfaces, change the surface
roughness, and measure part dimensions. ● Antenna - intercepts and collects the radio
signals coming from the transmitting radio
Lasers in Science & Technology
station
- is principally concerned with quantum
● Tuning Capacitor (Tuning Condenser) - selects
electronics, laser construction, optical cavity
which of the collected radio signals at the
design, the physics of producing a population
antenna should enter the radio tuner. Also
inversion in laser media, and the temporal
called VARIABLE CAPACITORS
evolution of the light field
- in the laser. ● Local Oscillator - produces the oscillator signal

● Mixer-Converter Transistor - mix the signals

coming from the antenna

Lasers in Military
Intermediate Frequency (IF) Section
- The first time that lasers accompanied US
military forces into combat was in the Vietnam
War, where they designated targets for laser-
guided bombs.
Transmission
- Is a process of sending information, signal and
data from one point to another.
- The IF section of the radio tuner is like an
electronic gate. When the 455 kHz IF signal
arrives, it automatically opens to permit this
455 kHz IF signal to pass through and enter the
radio tuner.
● Detector - The detector is also called the
DEMODULATOR. Its work is to detect and
recover the audio information from the radio
signal received by the radio tuner.

Parts and Functions

● Rf amplifier - converts a low-power radio-

frequency signal into a higher-power signal.
● Mixer - used to shift signals from one frequency
range to another
 ● Local oscillator - to produce the oscillator
signal.
● If amplifier - used to raise signal levels in radio
and television receivers.

Block diagram of an fm signal receiver