Justine’s Second Quarter Reviewer Collection…
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Electromagnetic Wave Spectrum
Electromagnetic Wave Theory
- James Clerk Maxwell (1856), realized
that a changing electric gives rise to a
changing magnetic field and developed
equations showing relationships of
electricity and magnetism.
- based on these equation, he found that
the net result of these interchanging
fields was to create a train of invisible
waves of electric and magnetic fields
that could propagate through space
called EM waves with speed of 3x108
m/s
Heinrich Hertz
- first created and defected EM waves
experimentally in 1887and gave
experimental evidence that light and EM
waves had exhibit the same properties
(reflection, refraction, interference).
Andre Ampere
- demonstrated the magnetic effect based
on the direction of current.
Michael Faraday
- formulated the principle behind
electromagnetic induction.
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Hans Christian Oersted - showed how a
current carrying wire behaves like a
magnet.
EM Waves
- disturbance of energy through a field
- can travel through mediums but can
also transmit through empty space or
vacuum without losing energy, so they
do not give up energy which enables EM
waves to cross great distance (sun to
earth).
- travel at speed of 3x108 m/s which
sun’s rays takes 8 minutes to reach the
earth.
The electric and magnetic field are
perpendicular to each other and to the
direction of propagation of the
traveling EM wave.
EM waves
V = ƛ/f where v = wave speed in m/s or
c(speed of light)
ƛ = wavelength in m
F = frequency in cycles/second or
Hertz(Hz).
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Hertz Disadvantages:
- is a unit of frequency (of change in 1. Communication devices that
state or cycle in a sound wave, make use of the same frequencies
alternating current, or other cyclical interfere with their transmission.
waveform) of one cycle per second. 2. It is easier to “eavesdrop” since
EM Spectrum signals are transmitted in space rather
- a continuum of EM waves arranged than a wire.
according to frequency and wavelength. 3. More costly than infrared.
The different types of WM waves are
defined by the amount of energy Receiving Radio Waves
carried/possessed by photons 1. The antenna of radio waves
receivers like that of a radio set, picks up
Photons all, frequencies but the radio’s tuner
- bundles of wave energy circuit selects the frequency received.
E = hf, h = Planck’s constant The tuner circuit of a radio receiver
(6.63x10-34j/s) consists of a coil of wore called an
inductor and a variable capacitor. The
Radiation capacitance of the capacitor changes
- term used to describe the transfer of when the tuner knob is turned. A certain
energy in the form of EM waves. combination of inductance and
capacitance is related to the frequency of
Radio Waves the received signals.
- type of EM wave with the longest 2. These received signals are weak
wavelength but they are of low which are strengthened in the amplifier
frequencies and carrying the lowest amplifier circuit which contains
energy transistors, resistors and other circuit
components.
Characteristics 3. The amplifies signals then passes
- Not line of sight, can pass through the demodulator, which removes the
walls, longer range and not light carrier wave, leaving only the original
sensitive. electrical audio signal placed on the
carrier wave at the station.

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4. The demodulated signals are

then fed into loud speakers, which
convert them back to sound waves.
Modulated Carrier Waves
- electric signals carried by radio waves
generated by an oscillator is called radio
carrier wave, transfer of information is
done in the modulator.

Modulation
- process by which the carrier wave is Microwaves

changed or varied in relation to the - used in satellite communications,

original sound’s loudness and pitch. RADARS, TV transmission, and

cooking(microwave oven).

Loudness and Intensity

- amplitude of a wave pitch-related to RADARS(radio detection and

frequency. ranging)
- consists of antenna, transmitter and

2 ways of modulating radio waves receiver.

1. Amplitude modulation (AM) Antenna - whirls around to scan

- 525, 000 to 1, 705, 000 cycles/second the surrounding area.

(Hz). Transmitter - sends out a narrow

- longer wavelength and can reach beam of microwaves in short

remote areas. pulses.

2. Frequency modulation (FM) Receiver - receives some of the

- 88, 000, 000 to 108, 000, 000 reflected signals from distant

cycles/seconds(Hz). objects in which the direction of

- it is better because the signal received the object can be detected

is almost free from static and has greater through the direction to which

fidelity in sound transmission. the signals was received. The

- wider range of audio frequencies. distance of the object can be

- antenna does not have to be exposed. calculated from the time lag
between the transmitted pulse
and the reflected pulse.

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Terrestrial Communications
- Television
- Cell phone a radio transmitter and
receiver that uses microwaves. Each cell
has its tower that receives and sends
microwave signal
Cooking
Microwave oven - a part of the oven
produces microwaves, and are sent to
the reflecting fan. The microwaves are
reflected in many directions by the fan
and the walls of the microwave oven. As
microwaves pass through the food, they
transfer energy to the water molecules in
the form of heat that will cook the food.
Infrared
- discovered by Sir Fredrick William
Herschel in 1800.
- It lies beyond the red end of the visible
light. The amount and wavelength of
radiation depend on the temperature.
Below 500℃, an object emits only
infrared radiation. Above 500℃, an
object glows and emits both infrared and
visible light.
Uses of IR:
1. Infrared photographs taken from
satellites with special film provide
details of vegetation on Earth’s surface.
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2. Infrared scanners used to show
the temp. Variation of the body and can
be used for medical diagnosis.
3. Infrared remote controls are used
in TV’s video, cassette recorders, and
other electronic devices.
4. Some night vision goggles uses
IR.
5. Some autofocus cameras have
transmitters that sends out infrared
pulses. The pulses are reflected by the
object to be photographed back to the
camera. The distance of the object is
calculated by the time lag between the
sending and receiving of pulses. The
lens is then driven by a built-in-motor to
adjust to get the correct focus of the
object.
Visible Light
- the spectrum of white light which is
called the visible spectrum. It ranges
from 4x10-7m to 7x10-7m, and separated
into different colors(ROYGBIV) when
pass through a prism. Though these
colors travel at the same speed, they
come in different wavelengths. Red has
the longest wavelength and violet has
the shortest.
Ultraviolet Radiation
- it’s the part of the EM spectrum that
consists of frequencies higher than that
of the visible light but lower than the
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x-rays. Having higher frequency, UV

rays carry higher amount of energy.
They can damage tissue, burn the skin
and damage the eyes. Gamma Rays
1. Gamma rays have the shortest
Uses of UV rays: wavelengths but have the highest
1. Production of vitamin D in our frequencies and energies.
skin. 2. Emitted by the sun and stars and
2. Sterilizations of water in can also be produced by radioactive
drinking fountains and medical substances.
instruments to kill harmful bacteria in 3. Can penetrate soft and hard body
hospitals. tissues. Can only be blocked with lead
3. Identifying original from fake and thick concrete.
banknotes. 4. Can cause cancer cells to
develop
X-Rays 5. Used in sterilizing medical
1. They are emitted when fast moving equipment.
electrons hit a metal target. It was 6. Used to kill cancer cells through
discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in the process radiotherapy.
1895. ________________________________
2. The frequencies of x-rays ranges from Module in a Nutshell:
3x1016 to 3x1019 Hz. - James Clerk Maxwell formulated the
3. Long wavelength x-rays can pass Electromagnetic Wave Theory
through soft tissues but are filtered by which says that an oscillating electric
dense matter such as the bones. This current should be capable of
makes x-rays suitable for diagnosing radiating energy in the form of
bone fractures and dense tumors. electromagnetic waves.
4. Short wavelength x-rays • Heinrich Hertz discovered the Hertzian
penetrate through metals and are used to waves which is now known as
inspect welded joints for faults. radio waves.
5. It can damage body tissues. • Hertz is the unit used to measure the
6. Frequent/overexposure can cause frequency of waves.
cancer over time. • Electromagnetic (EM) waves have
unique properties.

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► EM waves can travel through a production.

vacuum. • The regions in the EM spectrum have
► EM waves travel at the speed which various uses and applications as
is constant in a given medium follows:
and has a value of c = 3.0 x 108 m/s in EM Wave
vacuum. Applications / Uses
► EM waves are disturbances in a field Radio waves
rather than in a medium. Radio and television communication
► EM waves have an electric field that Microwaves
travels perpendicular with - Satellite television and communication
the magnetic field. Infrared waves Remote control,
► EM waves form when moving household electrical
charged particles transfer energy appliances
through a field. Visible light
• Most EM waves are invisible to the - Artificial lighting, optical fibers in
eye but detectable. Only the visible medical uses, screen of electronic
light is seen by humans. devices
• Waves in the EM spectrum include the Ultraviolet
following from the longest - Sterilization, Fluorescence
wavelength to the shortest wavelength. X-rays
► Radio waves - Medical use, engineering applications
► Microwaves Gamma rays
► Infrared waves - Medical treatment
► Visible light • Each type of EM wave poses a certain
► Ultraviolet degree of risk and danger to
► X-rays people and environment
► Gamma rays
The order also shows the increasing
frequency and energy of the EM
waves.
The waves in the various regions in the
EM spectrum share similar
properties but differ in wavelength,
frequency, energy, and method of

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