• Muhammad Umer Shehzad

• Jawad Fakhir

• Sir Haissam Sattar

Introduction to Microwaves
Properties of Microwaves
Advantages/Disadvantages of Microwaves
Waveguide
Applications of Microwaves
Microwave oven
Radar
Wireless Mobile Charging
Others Applications
In physics, a wave is disturbance or oscillation that travels
through matter or space, accompanied by a transfer of
energy.

There are two main

types of waves.

Electromagnetic
Mechanical Waves
Waves

• Radio waves
• Microwaves
• Infrared radiation
• Visible light
• Ultraviolet radiation
 Microwaves are electromagnetic waves

Frequency range 300MHz-

300Ghz

Microwaves is the
shortest wavelength
Wavelengths range 100cm- region of the radio
in air 1mm spectrum and a part
of the
electromagnetic
The word microwave means “very short wave” spectrum

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Microwaves Frequency Bands

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 Properties of Microwaves

1.Electromagnetic 2.Can reflect by

radiation of short conducting surface
wavelength like optical waves.

3.M.W current flows

through outer layer
of conductor

5.They are not

4.Microwaves are
reflected by
easily attenuated
ionosphere

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 Improved Directive
Microwaves have large properties.Can be
bandwidths focused in a specified
direction

Fading effect and

Transmitter/Receiver
reliability.
power requirements are
Due to LOS and high
pretty low at microwave
frequency fading effect is
frequencies
very low

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Microwave band ranging from 300MHz-10GHz are capable of freely
propagating through atmosphere

This helps in astronomical research of space

in the study of microwave radiations from
the sun and stars

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 High
Because of high frequency, bandwidth,hi
more data can be sent. gher speeds

Smaller
Because of their short antennas
wavelength,microwaves use produce a
smaller antennas more focused
beam
 Functional Block Diagram of a
Communication System

Input signal Input Transducer

Transmitter
(Audio, Video, Data)

Wire
or Channel
Wireless

Output signal Output Transducer

Receiver
(Audio, Video, Data)

Electrical System
 Antenna and Wave Propagation
Microwave &
Millimeter Wave
Satellite
Ionsphere communication

Sky Wave Repeaters(Terrestrial communication)

50Km@25fts antenna
Direct Wave

Surface Wave
Receiving
Transmitting Antenna
Antenna
Earth
 A Hollow metallic tube of uniform cross section for transmitting
electromagnetic waves by successive reflections from the inner walls of the
tube is called waveguide.

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Electromagnetic waves at frequencies greater than
3GHz; transmission through cables becomes difficult.

Reason

This is due to losses in the solid cable and the

dielectric use to support the cable.

So, we use waveguide

which is a hollow
metallic
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 e.g. In Antennas
transmitter power
Waveguides are used to carry
to antenna and
energy from one equipment to
microwave signal
another
from antenna to
receiver

The metals are

Waveguides are made from copper, extruded into long
aluminum or brass rectangular or
circular pipes

The electric and

The energy to be transmitted is magnetic field of
injected from one end of the signals bounce off
waveguide through probes the walls back and
forth.

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 EM field configuration can be determined from
Maxwell’s equation.

There are number of configurations and each

configuration is known as mode.

Possible
modes

Transverse
Transverse Transverse
Electromag Hybrid
Electric Magnetic
netic
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Components of Electric and Magnetic
Field Intensities in an EM wave
Y

Ey, Hy
E z, H z
O Z
Ex,
Hx

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1.Transverse Electro Magnetic (TEM) wave:
Here both electric and magnetic
fields are directed components.(i.e.) Ez=0 and Hz=0

2. Transverse Electric (TE) wave: Here only the electric field is

2.Transverse
purely transverseElectric (TE) wave:
to the direction of propagation and the magnetic
field is not purely transverse. (i.e.) Hz ≠component
E z = 0,field
The electric 0 is
purely transverse to the direction of propagation.(i.e.) Ez=0 and Hz≠0

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3.Transverse Magnetic (TM) wave:
The magnetic field component is
purely transverse to the direction of propagation.(i.e.) Ez≠0 and Hz=0

4.Hybrid (HE) wave:

Here neither electric nor magnetic fields are
purely transverse to the direction of propagation.(i.e.) Ez≠0 and Hz≠0

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20
 Rectangular Waveguides

 Any shape of cross section of a waveguide

can support electromagnetic waves of
which rectangular and circular waveguides
have become more common.

 A waveguide having rectangular cross

section is known as Rectangular
waveguide

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 Rectangular waveguide

Dimensions of the waveguide which determines the operating

frequency range

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1.The size of the waveguide determines its
operating frequency

2.The frequency of operation is determined

by dimension ‘a’ which is usually made one
half the wavelength at lowest frequency of
operation.

3.At cutoff frequency and below, the

waveguide will not transmit energy.

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Wave paths in a waveguide at various frequencies

Angle of incidence(A) Angle of reflection (B)

(A = B) (a) At high
frequency

(b) At medium
frequency

( c ) At low frequency

(d) At cutoff
frequency

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 Wave propagation

 When a probe launches energy into the

waveguide, the electromagnetic fields bounce
off the side walls of the waveguide as shown in
the above diagram.

 The angles of incidence and reflection depend

upon the operating frequency. At high
frequencies, the angles are large and therefore,
the path between the opposite walls is relatively
long as shown in Fig.

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At lower frequency, the angles decrease and the path between the sides
shortens.

When the operating frequency is reaches the cutoff frequency of the

waveguide, the signal simply bounces back and forth directly between the side
walls of the waveguide and has no forward motion.

At cut off frequency and below, no energy will propagate.

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• It is used for bends, twists or in applications where certain criteria may not be
fulfilled by normal waveguides.
• Figure below shows some of the flexible waveguides:

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How a Microwave Oven Works?
 History

 Invented Accidentally By Dr. Percy Lebaron Spencer.

 Working Principle
Microwave radiations generated by a magnetron pass through the exposed food,
create dielectric heating within the food, this is the basic principle on which a
microwave oven works.

Dielectric Heating

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 How the Oven Works

 Electricity from the wall outlet travels through the power cord and enters the
microwave oven through a series of fuse and safety protection circuits

 When the oven door is closed, an electrical path is also established through a series
of safety interlock switches
 Sensing That All Systems Are Set To Go, The Signal Activates Triac Producing A Voltage Path
To The High-voltage Transformer.

 The High-voltage Transformer Along With A Special Diode And Capacitor Arrangement
Increases The Typical Household Voltage From ~220 Volts To ~3000 Volts
 The magnetron converts the high voltage into the microwave frequency for cooking.

 The microwave energy is transmitted into a waveguide.

 The waveguide feeds the energy to the stirrer blade and into the cooking area.

 When the door is opened, or the timer reaches zero, the microwave energy stops.
 How Foods Get Cooked
 The microwaves that penetrate the food have an electric field that oscillates 2.45
billion times a second, a frequency that is well absorbed by polar liquid molecules
such as water, sugars, fats and other food molecules.

 Water interacts with the microwave:

 flipping its orientation back and forth very rapidly
 bumping into one another and producing heat, cooking the food.
Radar

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 Introduction
Radar Radio Detection and Ranging

 A System For Detecting The Presence, Direction, Distance, And Speed Of Aircraft,
Ships, And Other Objects, By Sending Out Pulses Of Radio Waves Which Are
Reflected Off The Object Back To The Source.

 The Time Delay Between The Transmitted Pulse And The Received Echo Can Be
Used To Determine The Distance To The Target .

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Basic Principle and Operation Of Radar
 RADAR FUNCTIONS
TRANSMITTER:
 Generate radio waves
 Perform modulation
 Amplification to high power

RECIEVER:
 High sensitivity
 Very low noise
 Ability to discern a received signal from background noise

PROCESSING & CONTROL:

 It regulates the rate at which pulses are sent (PRF).
 Synchronizes the function between Transmitter, Receiver,
display, duplexer etc.
DUPLEXER:
 A switch to alternatively connect Tx and Rx to antenna.

ANTENNA:
 Takes radar pulses from transmitter and puts into the air.
 Focuses energy into the well designed beam.
 Antenna is of two types
1) Physically moving
2) Electronically steered

DISPLAY:
Display received information to the operator. It is of two types
1) PPI
 Used for surface search and navigation

2) A-Scan
 Used for gunfire control
 MAIN TYPES OF RADAR
There are two main types of radar:

1)Primary Radar

 Continuous wave Radar

 Pulse Radar

2)Secondary Radar SSR

1)CONTINUOS WAVE RADAR:

 Employs continual RADAR transmission

 Separate transmit and receive antennas

 Relies on the “DOPPLER SHIFT”

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2)PULSE RADAR:

 The PULSE radar is the more conventional radar, which transmits a

burst of radar energy and then waits for the energy (or echo) to be
reflected back to the antenna.

 Since radar waves travel at the speed of light, range from the return can
be calculated.

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Applications of Radar
 MILITARY

 Target Detection, Target Tracking & Weapon Control

 Tracks The Targets, Directs The Weapon To An Intercept And Assess

The Effectiveness Of Engagement
REMOTE SENSING
 Weather Observation

 Planetary Observation

 Below Ground Probing

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
 Used To Safely Control Air Traffic In The Vicinity Of The
Airports.
 Mapping Of Regions Of Rain In The Vicinity Of Airports &
Weather.
LAW ENFORCEMENT &
HIGHWAY SAFETY
 Radar Speed Meters Are Used By Police For Enforcing
Speed Limit.
 AIRCRAFT SAFETY &
NAVIGATION
• Airborne Weather Avoidance Radar Outlines The Regions
Of Precipitation & Dangerous Wind Shear
• Low Flying Military Aircrafts Rely On Terrain Avoidance &
Terrain Following Radars To Avoid Collision With High
Terrain & Obstructions
 SHIP SAFETY
• Radar Is Found On Ships & Boats For Collision Avoidance & To
Observe Navigation Buoys, When The Visibility Is Poor
• Shore Based Radars Are Used For Surveillance Of Harbours &
River Traffic
SPACE
• Space Vehicles Have Used Radar For Landing On The
Moon And Other Planets.
• Used For Planetary Exploration
• Ground Based Radars Are Used For Detection & Tracking
Of Satellites & Other Space Objects
• Used For Radio Astronomy
MINE INSPECTION
LOCATING UNDER GROUND PIPES
Wireless Charging of Mobile Phones Using
Microwaves

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 INTRODUCTION
 Objective—to Recharge Any Mobile Phone Independent Of Particular Mobile
Charger.

 Mobile Phones Becoming Basic Part Of Life

 Recharging Of Mobile Phones Is A Big Problem

 More You Talk More The Mobile Get Charged!

 No Separate Mobile Charger

 Additives To Mobile Handsets:

 Sensor
 Rectenna

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 Microwave region of electromagnetic spectrum
 We choose s –band of microwave region(2-4GHz)
 We Use License free 2.45 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM)
radio bands
Designation Frequency range
L Band 1 to 2 GHz

S Band 2 to 4 GHz
C Band 4 to 8 GHz
X Band 8 to 12 GHz
Ku Band 12 to 18 GHz
K Band 18 to 26 GHz
Ka Band 26 to 40 GHz
Q Band 30 to 50 GHz
U Band 40 to 60 GHz

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 Principle of Operation &
Block Diagram
Slotted waveguide mobile signal
Antenna

circulator

Transmitting sensor
station with the RF cable
microwave Rectenna
transmitter
waveguide

 Microwave signal is transmitted from transmitter along with

message signal using slotted waveguide antenna at frequency
2.45 GHZ.

 The sensor search for the mobile signal , in addition it has a

“RECTENNA”.

 Rectenna receives the transmitted power and converts the

microwave power to DC power.
 TRANSMITTER SECTION

Consists of two parts

Magnetron
Slotted waveguide antenna

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 MAGNETRON
• Magnetron is a vacuum tube oscillator that generates
high-power electromagnetic signals in the microwave
frequency range.

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 Working Principle
 When a charge/charge particle accelerates in space, it generates electromagnetic
waves.

 This statement is the derivation of Maxwell’s law which says that a classical
electromagnetic radiation is ultimately generated when a charged particle is
accelerated through space.

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Working

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 Slotted waveguide antenna
 It is an Omni-directional Antenna.

 It is used as ideal power transmitter

(because of its high aperture efficiency
>95%) .

 It has high power handling capacity .

 RECEIVER SECTION

 Basic additions to mobile phone

 Sensor
 Rectenna

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 SENSOR
 Simple circuit which detects whether the user is making a call

 Simple F to V converter, this would serve our purpose

 Operating frequency of mobile phone operators for GSM system for mobile
communication in Pakistan is 900MHZ to 1800MHZ

 Simple yet powerful F to V converter is LM2907

 On the reception of the microwave signal ,the sensor circuitry directs rectenna circuit to
ON

 Rectenna circuit converts microwave energy to dc output

 Mobile phone begins to charge using the microwave power as long as the user talks over
cell phone.
 RECTENNA
 A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted power
and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power.

 The Schottky diode rectifies the AC current induced in the antenna by

the microwaves, to produce DC power, which powers a load connected
across the diode.
 Schottky diodes are usually used because they have the lowest voltage
drop and highest speed and therefore have the lowest power losses
due to conduction and switching.

Circuit Design
 Implementation
 Recently NOKIA has launched this wireless charging technology
in its new recent mobile model “ NOKIA LUMIA 1020”.
 Advantages
The need of different types of chargers by different
manufacturers is totally eliminated

Lower risk of ELECTRICAL SHOCK or shorting.

Convenience.

Get Charged as we make call.

 Only one microwave transmitter can serve to all the

service providers in that area.
Disadvantages

 Wireless transmission of the energy causes some

drastic effects to human body, because of its radiation.

 Process is of high cost.

 Network Traffic may Cause Problem in charging

Other Applications Of Microwaves

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 Homeland Security Applications

Potential Security Applications

 Detection of hidden weapons and explosives
 Detecting non-metallic weapons
 Postal screening of envelopes for bacteria
 Chem/bio detection
Envelope
Postal screening

Explosives

Stand-off detection Security screening wand

Terahertz Images Can Reveal Objects Concealed
Under Cloth, Paper, Tape, Even Behind Walls

Objects Concealed Under clothes Knife Wrapped in Newspaper

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