ELECTRONCIS REVIEWER

RADAR OBSERVATION
Amplitude ( 535kHz – 1705 kHz)

Frequency ( 88MHz - 108MHz)

Three reason why Modulation is needed

1. To reduce the size of antenna

2. To reduce interference

3. To allow multiplexing of signal.

Three Types of Modulation

1. AM

2. FM

3. PM

RADAR ( RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING)

RADAR – It is a device used for detecting, locating, tracking, and recognizing objects of various kinds at
considerable distances.

Radar operates on the theory of radio echoes. These radio echoes are like the soundwaves used by bats
and dolphins that bounce back once the wave hits an object and reflects on the animals. This process is
called echolocation.

RADAR DO

1. TRANSMIT
2. REFLECT
3. RECIEVE

APPLICATION OF A RADAR

1. Meteoreorology and weather

2. Healthcare
3. Mapping and astronomy
4. Law enforcement
5. Military and defense
AM AND FM
Voice Signal – is equivalent of the voices of singers, musical instrument, etc.
Audio Signal - produced by the microphone which convert the voices of singers to
their electrical signal equivalents.

Modulation- is the process of adding information to the radio carrier signal, either
amplitude or frequency modulation.

Carrier Signal – is the signal produced by the oscillator circuit of the radio
transmitting station.

Modulated Radio Signal - is produced after the carrier signal and the audio signal
are combined. Modulated radio signal is also called a signal that contains
information.

Amplitude Modulation – Modulation by changing the amplitude or height of the

carrier wave.

Over Modulated Signal - - is when the value of the audio signal (Modulating
signal) is bigger than the value or amplitude of the carrier signal, over modulation
will occur. This will cause distortion of the modulated signal.

Under Modulated Signal - is when the amplitude or value of the audio signal
(modulating signal) is smaller than the value of the carrier signal under
modulation will occur. The produced modulated signal will be weak.

Frequency Modulation – Modulation by changing the frequency or how fast the

carrier wave travels
Laser
Electromagnetic waves – are usually holders of energy formed by the movement
of charged particles such as electrons.
Wavelength – is the distance between successive crests of a wave.
Amplitude – is the maximum displacement or distance moved by a point on a
vibrating body from its resting position.
Transmission – is the process of sending and propagating an analog or digital
signal using wired, optical, or wireless electromagnetic medium.
Transmitter – a set of equipment used to generate and transmit
electromagnetic waves carrying messages or signals, especially those of radio
or television.
Receiver – uses electronic filters to separate the desired radio frequency signal
from all the other signals picked up by the antenna, an electronic amplifier to
increase the power of the signal for further processing, and finally recovers the
desired information through demodulation.
Modulation- is the process of changing the parameters of the carrier signal in
accordance with the instantaneous values of the modulating signal.
Demodulation- is extracting the original information-bearing signal from a carrier
wave.
RADAR- Radio Detection and Ranging) is a system that uses radio waves to detect
and to fix the position of targets at a distance that works on the principle of radio
echoes.
LASER ( LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED BY EMISSION OF RADIATION)
LASER - - is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification
based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation
Laser transmission – The process of transmission and reception of light where in
the laser transmitter contains a circuit for signal processing and a laser that is used
to produce the laser signal. To ensure consistent performance, laser diodes
provide photodiodes for feedback.
Radio Receiver Circuit

Radio Receiver – is an electronic device that recieve and converts the desired
radio waves back to audio or visual information.
Antenna – It is a piece or length of wire
RF Amplifier – it is a sensitive amplifier that amplifies the very weak radio.
Tuner – it extract signals of a particular frequency from deferent frequencies
Detector – it is for radio information to be separated from the carrier signal wave.
Audio amplifier – the weak signal that comes from the detector is amplified by
this component.
Selectivity – Measures a radio receiver.
Sensitivity – Identifies and amplifies signals at the input of the receiver
Fidelity – is the ability to accurately reproduce, in its output, the signal that
appears at its input.
Tuned Radio Frequency – this was the first radio receiver used.
Signal Detector – the detector enables the audio from the amplitude modulation.
Audio Amplifier – this is where the audio amplifies
Tuning – changes the frequency though mechanical or electrical means
Detector – increased selectivity
TRF – are easier to design
Supersonic Heterodyne wireless receiver – it was developed to provide an
additional level of selectivity.
Intermediate Frequency – It align the intermediate frequency transformers.
Radio frequency – also known as tracking
Radio wave – act as a carrier of information.