SIGNAL CONTROL,

COMPONENTS AND
APPLICATIONS OF
RADIOS
GAME TIME!
H_ _ NR_ _ H H _T_
HEINRICH HERTZ
T_A_S_ _T_ER
TRANSMITTER
A_ _EN _A
ANTENNA
AM_L_F_ER
AMPLIFIER
 RECAP
Radio waves are waves of energy that are found
on the electronic spectrum. Radio waves were
proven by Heinrich Hertz in 1887. Radio waves
are measured in hertz and most often known and
classified as megahertz and gigahertz.
 RECAP
Like all other electromagnetic waves, radio waves travel
at the speed of light in vacuum at the same speed (and
close to the speed of light in the Earth's atmosphere,
which acts as the transmission media for the vast
majority of naturally occurring radio waves are emitted
by lightning and astronomical objects.
 RECAP
The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all types
of EM radiation. Radiation is an energy that travels and
spreads out as it goes – the visible light that comes from a
lamp in your house and the radio waves that come from a
radio station are two types of electromagnetic radiation.
Microwave, infrared light, ultraviolet light, X-rays and
gamma rays are the other types of electromagnetic radiation.
 RECAP
The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all types
of EM radiation. Radiation is an energy that travels and
spreads out as it goes – the visible light that comes from a
lamp in your house and the radio waves that come from a
radio station are two types of electromagnetic radiation.
Microwave, infrared light, ultraviolet light, X-rays and
gamma rays are the other types of electromagnetic radiation.
RECAP
TRANSMITTERS
AND RECEIVERS
 Radio waves are very widely used in modern technology
for fixed and mobile radio communication, broadcasting,
radar and radio navigation systems, communications
satellites, wireless computer networks and many other
applications.
Different frequencies of radio waves have different
propagation characteristics in the Earth's atmosphere; long
waves can diffract around obstacles like mountains and
follow the contour of the earth (ground waves),
Shorter waves can reflect off the ionosphere
and return to earth beyond the horizon
(skywaves), while much shorter
wavelengths bend or diffract very little and
travel on a line of sight, so their propagation
distances are limited to the visual horizon.
 what is a Radio transmitter?

A radio transmitter consists of several

elements that work together to generate
radio waves that contain useful
information such as audio, video, or
digital data.
Power supply: Provides the necessary electrical power
to operate the transmitter.
Oscillator: Creates alternating current at the
frequency on which the transmitter will transmit. The
oscillator usually generates a sine wave, which is
referred to as a carrier wave.
 Modulator: Adds useful information to the carrier wave.
There are two main ways to add this information. The first,
called amplitude modulation or AM, makes slight
increases or decreases to the intensity of the carrier wave.
The second, called frequency modulation or FM, makes
slight increases or decreases the frequency of the carrier
wave.

Amplifier: Amplifies the modulated carrier wave to

increase its power. The more powerful the amplifier, the
more powerful the broadcast.
Antenna: Converts the amplified signal to radio waves.
The antenna plays a crucial role in the transmission
process by radiating the modulated radio frequency
signal into space, turning it into electromagnetic waves
that can travel through the air.
RADIO RECEIVERS.
A radio receiver is the opposite of a radio transmitter. It uses an
antenna to capture radio waves, processes those waves to
extract only those waves that are vibrating at the desired
frequency, extracts the audio signals that were added to those
waves, amplifies the audio signals, and finally plays them on a
speaker.
 Elements of a Radio Receiver:

Antenna: Captures the radio waves. Typically, the

antenna is simply a length of wire. When this wire is
exposed to radio waves, the waves induce a very
small alternating current in the antenna.
 Elements of a Radio Receiver:
RF amplifier: It is a sensitive amplifier that amplifies the
very weak radio frequency (RF) signal from the antenna
so that the signal can be processed by the tuner. It is a
type of electronic amplifier that converts a low-power
radio-frequency (RF) signal into a higher-power signal.
Typically, RF power amplifiers are used in the final stage
of a radio transmitter, their output driving the antenna.
 Elements of a Radio Receiver:
Tuner: It is a circuit that can extract signals of a particular
frequency from a mix of signals of different frequencies. On its
own, the antenna captures radio waves of all frequencies and
sends them to the RF amplifier, which dutifully amplifies them
all.
Unless you want to listen to every radio channel at the same time,
you need a circuit that can pick out just the signals for the
channel you want to hear. That’s the role of the tuner.
 Elements of a Radio Receiver:
Tuner: It is a circuit that can extract signals of a particular
frequency from a mix of signals of different frequencies.
On its own, the antenna captures radio waves of all
frequencies and sends them to the RF amplifier, which
dutifully amplifies them all.
Unless you want to listen to every radio channel at the
same time, you need a circuit that can pick out just the
signals for the channel you want to hear. That’s the role of
the tuner.
 The tuner usually employs the combination of an inductor
(for example, a coil) and a capacitor to form a circuit that
resonates at a particular frequency. This frequency, called
the resonant frequency, is determined by the values chosen
for the coil and the capacitor.
This type of circuit tends to block any AC signals at a
frequency above or below the resonant frequency.
You can adjust the resonant frequency by varying the
amount of inductance in the coil or the capacitance of the
capacitor.
 Elements of a Radio Receiver:
The Detector: Is responsible for separating the audio
information from the carrier wave. For AM signals, this
can be done with a diode that just rectifies the alternating
current signal. What’s left after the diode has its way with
the alternating current signal is a direct current signal that
can be fed to an audio amplifier circuit. For FM signals,
the detector circuit is a little more complicated.
 Elements of a Radio Receiver:

Audio amplifier: This component’s job is to

amplify the weak signal that comes from the
detector so that it can be heard. This can be
done using a simple transistor amplifier circuit.
 KEY DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN A RADIO
TRANSMITTER AND A
RADIO RECEIVER:
Radio Transmitter:

Function: Generates and sends out radio waves containing

information like audio, video, or digital data.

Elements:
1. Power Supply: Provides electrical power.
2.Oscillator: Creates the carrier wave.
3. Modulator: Adds information to the carrier wave through AM
or FM.
4. Amplifier: Increases the power of the modulated carrier wave.
5. Antenna: Converts the amplified signal to radio waves.
Radio Receiver:
Function: Captures and processes incoming radio waves to
extract desired information.

Elements:
1. Antenna: Captures radio waves.
2. RF Amplifier: Amplifies weak RF signal from the antenna.
3. Tuner: Extracts signals of a particular frequency.
4. Detector: Separates audio information from the carrier
wave.
5. Audio Amplifier: Amplifies the weak signal for output.
Their key difference in their purpose is:

A radio receiver is designed to capture and convert

incoming radio frequency signals into usable information,
while a radio transmitter is designed to generate and send
radio frequency signals carrying information. Together,
these components enable two-way communication in
radio systems.
Components: They both have antennas, transmitters
have modulators and amplifiers, whereas receivers
have RF amplifiers, tuners, detectors, and audio
amplifiers.
Direction of Signal Flow: Transmitters send signals out,
and receivers take signals in.
In terms of Output, transmitters output radio waves, and
receivers output audio or other information.
EVALUATION
1. What refers to waves of energy that are found on
the electronic spectrum?
a. Electromagnetic spectrum
b. radio receiver
c. radio wave
d. radio transmitter

2. Who proves the existence of radio waves?

a. Henry Heart
b. Heinrich Hertz
c. James Clerk Maxwell
d. Heinrich Herts
3. All electromagnetic waves travel through a vacuum at
a. At the same speed
b. Speed that are proportional to their frequency
c. Speed that are inversely proportional to their frequency
d. None of the above.

4. Which of the following has the longest wavelength?

a. Radio
a. b. Infrared
b. c. X-ray
c. d. Gamma rays
5. Which type of electromagnetic radiation is emitted by radio
stations, stars, and gases in space?
a. Microwave
b. Visible light
c. Radio wave
d. Infrared

6. Which of the following converts the amplified signal to radio

waves?
a. Oscillator
b. Amplifier
c. Antenna
d. Modulator
7. What is the job of the audio amplifier?
a. To separates the audio information from the carrier wave.
b. To amplifies the modulated carrier wave to increase its power.
c. To operates the waves.
d. To amplify the weak signal that comes from the detector so that
it can be heard.

8. Which of the following is responsible for separating the

audio information from the carrier wave?
a. Detector
b. Tuner
c. Audio amplifier
d. oscillator
9. What are the two components which are require in radio communication?
a. Radio wave and spectrum
b. Radio receivers and transmitters
c. Infrared and gamma rays
d. Radio wave and antenna

10. How are radio waves received?

a. A radio wave is generated by a transmitter and then detected by a receiver, an
antenna allows a radio transmitter to send energy and a receiver pick up energy
from the space.
b. The radio wave send energy and the antenna receive the energy from the space.
c. The transmitter detects the energy and sent it to the antenna.
d. The energy from the space detects by radio transmitter and received by the radio
receiver.
11-15

If radio waves didn't exist

what would be the impact
of this?
THANK YOU