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Procedia Computer
Procedia Computer Science
Science 00
00 (2019)
(2019) 000–000
000–000

ScienceDirect www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1279–1285

Third
Third International
International Conference
Conference on
on Computing
Computing and
and Network
Network Communications
Communications (CoCoNet’19)
(CoCoNet’19)

Omega
Omega Shaped
Shaped Complementary
Complementary Split
Split Ring
Ring Resonator
Resonator Loaded
Loaded Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Reconfigurable Antenna for Cognitive Radio Applications
Reconfigurable Antenna for Cognitive Radio Applications
a, a a
Naveen
Naveen Jacob
Jacoba,*,
*, Muralidhar
Muralidhar Kulkarni
Kulkarnia,, Krishnamoorthy
Krishnamoorthy K.
K.a
a
aDepartment
Department of
of Electronics
Electronics &
& Communication
Communication Engineering,
Engineering, National
National Institute
Institute of
of Technology
Technology Karnataka,
Karnataka, Surathkal,
Surathkal, Mangalore-575025,
Mangalore-575025, India
India

Abstract
Abstract

This
This paper
paper presents
presents aa bandwidth
bandwidth reconfigurable,
reconfigurable, circular
circular monopole
monopole antenna
antenna loaded
loaded with
with omega
omega shaped
shaped complementary
complementary split
split ring
ring resonator
resonator
(omega-CSRR).
(omega-CSRR). The CSRR is designed to produce band stop response at desired frequency, in order to control bandwidth. Two
The CSRR is designed to produce band stop response at desired frequency, in order to control bandwidth. Two slots
slots are
are
connected
connected to
to the
the CSRR
CSRR using
using PIN
PIN diodes
diodes to
to form
form the
the arms
arms ofof omega-CSRR.
omega-CSRR. Switching
Switching the
the diodes,
diodes, ON/OFF
ON/OFF will
will vary
vary the
the length
length of
of arms
arms of
of
omega.
omega. This
This will
will vary
vary the
the stop
stop band,
band, resulting
resulting in
in tuning
tuning of
of impedance
impedance bandwidth.
bandwidth. Two
Two additional
additional slots
slots loaded
loaded on
on the
the ground
ground plane,
plane, controls
controls the
the
lower
lower and
and upper
upper band
band limits.
limits. Ultra
Ultra wide
wide band
band (UWB)
(UWB) response
response (2.6GHz
(2.6GHz –– 12GHz)
12GHz) and
and narrow
narrow band
band response
response are
are obtained.
obtained. The
The bandwidth
bandwidth ofof
narrow
narrow band is varied from 1.5GHz to 4.85GHz, by maintaining the center frequency at 6GHz. The impedance bandwidth percentage ranges
band is varied from 1.5GHz to 4.85GHz, by maintaining the center frequency at 6GHz. The impedance bandwidth percentage ranges
from
from 26%
26% to
to 82.2%,
82.2%, exhibiting
exhibiting anan increase
increase by
by aa factor
factor of
of 3.16.
3.16.

© 2020
©
© 2020The
2020 TheAuthors.
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published
Published by by Elsevier
by Elsevier
Elsevier B.V. B.V.
B.V.
Thisis
This
This isisan
anopen
an openaccess
open access
access article
article
article under
under
under the the BY-NC-ND
the CC
CC CC BY-NC-ND
BY-NC-ND licenselicense
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under
Peer-review
Peer-review under responsibility
under responsibility of
responsibility of the
of the scientific
the scientific committee
scientific committee of
committee of the
of the Third
the Third International
Third International Conference
International Conference on
Conference on Computing
on Computing and
Computing and Network
and Network
Network
Communications(CoCoNet’19)
Communications
Communications (CoCoNet’19).
(CoCoNet’19)

Keywords: Reconfigurable
Keywords: Reconfigurable Antenna;
Antenna; Reconfigurable
Reconfigurable Bandwidth;
Bandwidth; Reconfigurable
Reconfigurable Frequency;
Frequency; SRR;
SRR; CSRR;
CSRR; Cognitive
Cognitive Radio;
Radio; Omega
Omega Shaped
Shaped CSRR
CSRR

1.
1. Introduction
Introduction

The fast
The fast growing
growing desires
desires in
in the
the field
field of
of wireless
wireless communication,
communication, demands
demands the the reduction
reduction inin size
size of
of antenna,
antenna, along
along with
with its
its
ability
ability to
to support
support multiple
multiple standards
standards and
and multiple
multiple operations
operations handled
handled byby single
single antenna.
antenna. Cognitive
Cognitive Radio
Radio (CR)
(CR) service
service is
is one
one such
such
application
application that
that requires
requires intelligent
intelligent spectrum
spectrum sensing
sensing and
and sharing
sharing [1].
[1].
CR services
CR services areare required
required toto adapt
adapt to
to the
the change
change inin communication
communication environment,
environment, standards,
standards, application
application andand data
data rates.
rates. In
In case
case
of
of aa change
change in in data
data rate,
rate, would
would require
require aa change
change inin system
system bandwidth
bandwidth to to match
match with
with signal
signal bandwidth,
bandwidth, in in order
order to
to maintain
maintain
desired
desired performance.
performance. Antenna
Antenna having
having wider
wider bandwidth
bandwidth than
than signal
signal bandwidth,
bandwidth, requires
requires separate
separate RFRF filters
filters in
in order
order to
to filter
filter out
out
the
the out-of-band signal. If the antenna itself is capable of reconfiguring the bandwidth, then the RF filters at the front end can
out-of-band signal. If the antenna itself is capable of reconfiguring the bandwidth, then the RF filters at the front end can be
be
avoided
avoided [2].
[2].
The
The smart
smart inclusion
inclusion of
of resonant
resonant metamaterial
metamaterial structures
structures into
into the
the antenna
antenna isis aa widely
widely used
used method
method to to improve
improve the the performance
performance
of
of antenna. Inclusion of Split Ring Resonator (SRR) or its complementary part, Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR),
antenna. Inclusion of Split Ring Resonator (SRR) or its complementary part, Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR),
will exhibit
will exhibit negative
negative permeability
permeability (μ)(μ) or
or negative
negative permittivity
permittivity (ε),
(ε), respectively,
respectively, which
which will
will alter
alter the
the normal
normal resonant
resonant condition
condition of of
antenna
antenna [2],
[2], [6],
[6], [7],
[7], [8].
[8].

** Corresponding
Corresponding author,
author, Tel.:
Tel.: +919947679397
+919947679397
E-mail address:
E-mail naveenjacob@yahoo.com
address: naveenjacob@yahoo.com

1877-0509©©2020
1877-0509 2020 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier
by Elsevier
Elsevier B.V. B.V.
1877-0509 © 2020 The Authors. Published by B.V.
Thisisisanan
This open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review
Peer-review
Peer-review under
under
under responsibility
responsibility
responsibility of
of the of thecommittee
the scientific
scientific scientificof
committee of committee
the
the Third of the Third
Third International
International International
Conference
Conference on Conference
on Computing
Computing and Networkon
and Network Computing (CoCoNet’19)
Communications
Communications and Network
(CoCoNet’19)
Communications (CoCoNet’19).
10.1016/j.procs.2020.04.136
1280 Naveen Jacob et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1279–1285
Naveen Jacob et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

In the past few years, various designs of bandwidth reconfigurable antennas have been proposed for wireless communication
systems. In [1], bandwidth reconfigurable monopole antenna is presented in which bandwidth is varied by switching PIN diodes
placed across the slots on the ground plane. But, in this work, only upper band limit can be varied by keeping lower band limit
constant. In [2], two types of bandwidth reconfigurable monopole antennas are presented, with and without loading a split ring
resonator on to the ground plane. But in this case separate antennas are needed. A coplanar waveguide fed bandwidth
reconfigurable antenna is presented in [3]. A hair pin resonator and PIN diodes are used to tune bandwidth as well as frequency.
This design also requires separate antennas for UWB and narrow band response. In [4], a bandwidth reconfigurable antenna, in
which, Vanadium Dioxide (VO2) strips are placed on the antenna and heated/cooled, for altering the bandwidth. In [5], a slot
loaded planar dipole antenna is presented. In this case, bandwidth is varied by switching PIN diodes placed across the slots.
This paper proposes a compact circular monopole antenna, with Ω-CSRR loaded ground plane. This antenna uses PIN diodes
to switch between UWB as well as narrow band response, whose bandwidth can be varied. In section 2.1, design of conventional
SRR/CSRR is discussed. In section 2.2, proposed antenna loaded by an alternative design of Ω-CSRR is presented and detailed.
Remaining sections, include simulation results and conclusions.

2. Proposed Bandwidth Reconfigurable Antenna

2.1. Design of Complementary Split Ring Resonator

Negative Index Metamaterials (NIMs) can be realized using artificial structures like SRR or CSRR, which will result in
backward-wave propagation and obtain a stop band at the frequency of interest [6]. Circular SRR and CSRR along with their
equivalent circuits are provided by J. D. Baena et al. [8], as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Circular SRR and CSRR along with their equivalent circuits.

SRR can be excited by an axial magnetic field which in turn induce currents oscillating between the two rings of the SRR.
These currents yield a resonance and prohibits signal propagation at that frequency. Similarly, CSRR can be excited by axial
electric field to obtain stop band [7], [8]. Equivalent values of inductance and capacitance of CSRR are calculated using the
design equations of SRR of same dimensions. The resonant frequency of SRR ( fSRR ) with specified dimensions, is given by the
following equation provided by Chinmoy Saha et al. [7]:
fSRR = 1/ 2π Ls Cs (1)

where, Ls and Cs are the effective inductance and capacitance in the equivalent circuit of SRR.

Ls = 0.0002 l (2.303 log10 [ 4cl ] - 2.451) µ H (2)

where, c is the width of the ring and l is the length of the outer ring.

Cs = [
π ravg Cpul
+
ε0 ch ] (3)
2 2g
where, Cpul is the capacitance per unit length between the inner and outer rings of SRR, ravg is average ring radius, g is the split
gap dimension of ring and h is the thickness of substrate.
 Naveen Jacob et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1279–1285 1281
Naveen Jacob et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

It follows from duality that the parameters of the circuit models for the SRRs and CSRRs are related by [8]:
ε0 ε0
Cc = 4( ) Ls and C0 = 4( ) L0 (4)
µ0 µ0

From the above equations, value of effective L c and Cc of CSRR can be calculated. Resonant frequency of CSRR ( fCSRR ) is
given by the following equation:

fCSRR = 1/ 2π Lc Cc (5)

In this work CSRR is loaded on the ground plane of the antenna, below the feed line in order to get maximum coupling.

2.2. Antenna Geometry and Design

A circular monopole patch with partial ground plane is selected for the design of antenna. The top view and bottom view of
the proposed antenna are shown in Fig.2 and Fig.3. All dimensions shown are in mm. The substrate material used is FR4 with
εr=4.3 and loss tangent=0.025. The height of the substrate is 1.6mm. Thickness of the copper is 35 μm. Radius of the circular
monopole is 9mm.
CSRR is designed for a resonant frequency of 4.16 GHz and its dimensions are shown in Fig.3. Here, “ro” is outer ring radius,
“ri” is the inner ring radius and “g” is the split gap dimension. CSRR is loaded on the ground plane close to the feed line to obtain
maximum coupling. Six PIN diodes are used for switching, as shown in Fig.4. Slot A is connected to CSRR using PIN diode D1,
whose length extends to cross the feed line from underneath to obtain maximum coupling.

Fig. 3. Antenna – Bottom View. ro=2.6, ri=2.2, g=0.2, width of

Fig. 2. Antenna – Top View. Radius of the disc, R= 9, W=L=40
and feed line width=3.1 (All dimensions are in mm). both rings=0.2, separation between the rings=0.2 (All dimensions
are in mm).

Arm 1 and Arm 2 are two slots connected to CSRR using PIN diodes D3 and D4 respectively, which forms the Ω shape.
These slots when connected to CSRR, by switching OFF the diodes D1, D3 and D4, will increase the effective capacitance Cc,
resulting in shifting of notch band towards the lower frequency band, thereby varying the impedance bandwidth.
PIN diode D2 is placed across the gap of outer ring of CSRR, to control its resonance. In addition to this, two slots, Slot1 and
Slot2 are cut on the ground plane and loaded using PIN diodes D5 and D6 respectively, to control the upper and lower band limit
of the impedance bandwidth.

3. Simulation Results

The simulation of antenna is carried out in CST Microwave Studio environment, for different switching configurations of PIN
diodes, as shown in Fig.4.
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Naveen Jacob et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

Fig. 5. Equivalent circuit of PIN diode (a) ON condition (b) OFF

Fig. 4. Diode positions on the ground plane.
condition

In CST, PIN diode can be modelled using lumped elements. During simulation, the ON condition of diode can be realized by
a series resistance of 1 Ω and OFF condition can be modelled by series resistance of 106 Ω. For fabrication, the actual internal
parasitic component values of the PIN diode has to be taken into consideration. The equivalent circuit of a typical PIN diode,
MADP-000907-14020W (MACOM Technology Solutions Inc.) is shown in Fig.5. The diode has to be re-modelled using these
lumped element values for simulating ON and OFF condition, before fabrication. Based on the different cases of diode
switching, the results obtained can be categorized as shown in Table 1:

Table 1. Diode switching conditions for bandwidth tuning.

Switching Conditions
Diodes
Case I Case II Case III Case IV Case V
D1 ON OFF OFF OFF OFF
D2 ON OFF ON ON ON
D3 ON ON ON OFF OFF
D4 ON ON ON OFF OFF
D5 ON OFF ON ON ON
D6 ON ON ON ON OFF

• Case I: Since the diode D1 is ON, the CSRR loses its coupling with feed line and hence, UWB response results. Fig. 6 shows,
the UWB response from 2.6GHz to 12GHz, with a bandwidth more than 9GHz.

• Case II: Here, since the diode D1 is OFF, Slot A on the ground plane which is crossing the feed line from beneath, changes
the current distribution, resulting in narrowband response. But since diode D2 is also OFF, split gap of Ω-CSRR disappears
and it does not resonate. Since diode D5 is OFF, the Slot 1 will produce a notch band at 5GHz to limit the impedance
bandwidth to 1.5GHz, centered at 6GHz. This is shown in Fig.7. A percentage bandwidth of 26% is obtained, given by the
equation, [(Fh – Fl) / Fc] x 100, where Fh is the upper band limit, Fl is the lower band limit and Fc is the center frequency.

• Case III: Here since diode D2 is ON, Ω-CSRR resonates, resulting in a notch frequency band at 3.67GHz. The shift in this
stop band from designed value of 4.16 GHz to 3.67GHz is due to the presence of Slot A connected to Ω-CSRR, which will
increase the effective value of capacitance Cc and thereby shift in resonant frequency. Hence impedance bandwidth is
increased to 2.9GHz, centered at 6GHz, as shown in Fig.7. A percentage bandwidth of 54.8% is obtained.

• Case IV: Since diodes D3 and D4 are OFF, slots, Arm1 and Arm 2 are connected to Ω-CSRR which will increase effective
value of Cc. Hence stop band shifts to lower frequency of 3.35GHz resulting in the increase of impedance bandwidth to
3.3GHz, centered at 6GHz. This is shown in Fig.7. A percentage bandwidth of 63.8% is obtained.

• Case V: Since diode D6 is OFF, the current distribution through Slot 2 will shift the upper band limit of the narrow band from
6.8GHz to 8.3GHz and hence the impedance bandwidth further increases to 4.85GHz, centered at 6GHz, as shown in Fig.7. A
percentage bandwidth of 82.2% is obtained.
 Naveen Jacob et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1279–1285 1283
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Fig. 6. Simulated |S11| for Case–I, UWB response. Fig. 7. Simulated |S11| with impedance BW for Cases II, III, IV and V.

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Fig. 8. E-Plane and H-Plane radiation patterns for case–I (UWB) at (a) 3 GHz (b) 3 GHz (c) 4 GHz (d) 4 GHz (e) 6 GHz (f) 6 GHz

Fig. 9. E-Plane and H-Plane radiation patterns at 6 GHz for case–IV, narrow band response. Fig. 10. Gain of the antenna for case–IV.
1284 Naveen
Naveen Jacob et al.Jacob et al.Computer
/ Procedia / Procedia Computer
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00 (2019) 171 (2020) 1279–1285
000–000

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Fig. 11. Surface current distribution of antenna for different cases: (a) Case–I (UWB) at 6 GHz. (b) Case–II at 5 GHz. (c) Case–III at 6 GHz.
(d) Case–III at 3.5 GHz. (e) Case–IV at 3 GHz. (f) Case–V at 8.5 GHz.

From the simulation results, it is to be noted that, both the lower as well as upper band limits are varied using Ω-CSRR and
two slots “Slot 1” and “Slot 2”, loaded on the ground plane. Hence a variation of percentage impedance bandwidth from 26% to
82.2% is achieved, showing an increase by a factor of 3.16. Table 2 presents a comparative study of proposed antenna design
with similar previous designs.

Table 2. Comparative study of this work with similar previous works.

Parameters
References Factor by which
Antenna Dimensions (mm) and Bandwidth ranges and percentage bandwidth
percentage bandwidth
technique used variation [( Fh – Fl ) / Fc] x 100
is increased
Electronically reconfigurable slot loaded 810 MHz to 1870 MHz
[1] 1.77
monopole antenna, 56 x 54 (43% – 76%)
“F” and “T” shaped monopole antennas "F"antenna – 1.5GHz and 3.5GHz.
[2] 2.39
loaded with/without SRR, 30 x 22 (31.5% – 75.4%)
Electronically reconfigurable monopole 700 MHZ and 1200 MHz
[3] 1.69
antenna, 20 x 25.32 (7.2 % – 12.2%)
Chemically reconfigurable monopole 380 MHz and 470 MHz
[4] 1.25
antenna loaded with VO2 strips (8% – 10%)
Electronically reconfigurable planar dipole 600 MHz, 690 MHz and 1030 MHz
[5] 1.54
antenna, 70 x 30 (30.9% – 47.6%)
Electronically reconfigurable circular UWB (2.6–12 GHz) and narrow bands
Proposed
monopole antenna, loaded with Ω-CSRR, centered at 6GHz (1.5GHz, 2.9GHz, 3.16
Antenna
40 x 40 3.3GHz and 4.85GHz) (26% – 82.2%)

Fig.8 shows the E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns for UWB response at 3GHz, 4GHz and 6GHz. Fig.9 shows, E-plane
and H-plane radiation patterns at 6GHz for diode switching case-IV, narrow band response, having impedance bandwidth of
3.3GHz. Fig.10, shows the simulated gain of the antenna for case-IV. It is observed that the gain reduces at the stop band.
Fig.11 shows the surface current distributions for various cases of diode switching. Fig.11(a) represents the current
distribution of case–I (UWB) where all the diodes are in ON condition hence CSRR is less coupled to feed line. Fig.11(b)
represents current distribution of case-II. Here since D1 is OFF, it is shown that Slot A varies the current distribution and hence
 Naveen Jacob et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1279–1285 1285
Naveen Jacob et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

antenna resonates at 6GHz. But, since D2 is OFF, CSRR does not resonate. Also, it is shown that, since, D5 is OFF, Slot 1 varies
the current distribution and produces notch band at 5GHz. Fig.11(c) and (d) represents current distribution of case-III, which
shows that, since D1 is OFF, antenna continues to resonate at 6GHz and since diode D2 is ON, Ω-CSRR resonates and produce
notch band at 3.67GHz. Fig.11(e) represents current distribution of case-IV. Here, since D3 and D4 are ON, it is clearly shown
that, current distribution through Arm1 and Arm2 varies, which shifts the notch band to 3.3GHz. Fig.11(f) represents the current
distribution for case-V. Here it is clearly shown that, since D6 is OFF, Slot 2 will vary the current distribution which results in
shifting of upper band limit of the narrow band from 6.8GHz to 8.3GHz.

4. Conclusions

A compact bandwidth reconfigurable monopole antenna is designed, which can switch between UWB and narrow band
responses. UWB response is obtained from 2.6GHz to 12GHz, with a bandwidth more than 9GHz. The narrow band response
obtained is centered at 6GHz. Both the lower as well as upper band limits of the narrow band is tuned by switching PIN diodes
placed at the arms of Ω shaped CSRR and two other slots cut on the ground plane. Impedance bandwidth of narrow band can be
switched to 1.5GHz, 2.9GHz, 3.3GHz and 4.85GHz whereby, the percentage impedance bandwidth is varied from 26% to
82.2%, showing an increase by a factor of 3.16. The antenna can be used in Cognitive Radio as well as WiMAX and WLAN
applications.

References

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